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Open Access
SELECTION FOR EGG PRODUCTION IN NATIVE CHICKEN AND PERFORMANCE OF ITS CROSSBREDS WITH WHITE LEGHORN
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2019-12-30) HARIKRISHNAN S
A study was conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Poultry for Eggs, Mannuthy centre, to evaluate the phenotypic and production characteristics of native chicken of Kerala and to improve its egg production through selection. From the base generation (G0) of native chicken, 775 female and 200 male native chicken (G1) were produced through a pedigreed hatch and the pullets were evaluated till 40 weeks of age for their production performance. Based on egg number 40, selection was carried out in the population using Osborne’s index and 300 dams and 50 sires were selected for producing G2 generation through a pedigreed hatch. The pullets were evaluated for their production performance till 40 weeks of age. Heritability and correlation estimates were also worked out for egg production and various correlated traits of native chicken in both G1 and G2 generations. The native chicken of Kerala had a hen housed production of 69.83 eggs, hen day egg production of 70.72 and survivor’s egg production of 70.97. Based on the selection for egg number 40 in G1 generation of native chicken, the hen day egg production (4.56 eggs) and survivor’s egg production (5.90 eggs) was significantly (p<0.05) improved but the improvement in hen housed egg production was not evident due to higher mortality occurred in G2 generation as a result of incidence of neoplastic disease of infectious origin in the flock. However, a positive phenotypic response of 2.26 eggs was obtained on hen housed basis as a result of selection for egg number 40 in G1 generation. The age at sexual maturity of native chicken was significantly (p<0.05) improved in G2 generation. Improvement was noticed in the clutch size of the birds in G2 generation while per cent broodiness was reduced as a result of selection for egg number 40. The majority of egg shell colour noticed in native chicken of Kerala was tinted followed by medium brown, white and light brown. The performance of egg quality, fertility and hatchability percentage were comparable in both generations. The sire+dam component of heritability (h²s+d ) for ASM was 0.464 in G1 generation and 0.238 in G2 generation. For the trait egg number at 40 weeks of age, the values observed were 0.364 and 0.218 in G1 and G2 generation, respectively. The realised heritability worked out was 0.19. The h²s+d estimates for egg weight in G1 and G2 generation had no much variation among generation, consequent to selection. The phenotypic correlation (rp) between body weight 16 and egg number 40 was of low magnitude while egg number and egg weights were nearing zero. The rp between ASM and egg number was negative. Genetic correlation (rg) between body weight 16 and egg number, between egg weight 28 and egg weight 40 were positive with high magnitude while ASM with egg number was strong negative. The rg between egg number and egg weights was not significant. Upon estimating genetic correlation, it was evident that correlation between most of the traits was higher in G1.The average effective selection differential for egg number 40 in the generation was 12.03 and the selection intensity was 0.45. The genetic parameters and phenotypic response for egg production and various correlated traits revealed that there is further scope for selection in native chicken of Kerala to improve its egg production. The study was also aimed at evaluating the production performances of the selected native chicken in G1 and G2 generation with improved ‘N’ strain of White Leghorn (IWN). Based on the results of crossbreds (Native x IWN), significantly (p<0.05) higher number of eggs with early sexual maturity in birds was observed for the progeny of the birds with IWN as sire and native chicken as dam (ND) than its reciprocal cross (DN). The performance of the crossbreds with respect to egg weight and egg quality traits was comparable. The feed intake was higher for ND birds compared to DN, while livability, broodiness and presence of fawn colour plumage was higher for DN birds compared to ND. Based on the study of the crossbreds, it could be observed that ND birds were better in egg production while DN birds were better in terms of livability, broodiness and plumage. However, field trials have to be conducted to confirm the present results under backyard conditions.
Open Access
LACTATION PERFORMANCE AND MILK COMPOSITION OF ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-08-30) SUDHARSAN M.; A. Kannan
Open Access
PORCINE DERIVED SCAFFOLD ASSISTED FULL THICKNESS SKIN WOUND HEALING IN RABBIT MODEL
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-06-15) SUVANEETH P; SUVANEETH P; N. Divakaran Nair; N. Divakaran Nair
The remodeling and regenerative responses of porcine cholecyst on full thickness skin wounds were evaluated in this study using rabbit as an animal model. Comparison of porcine cholecyst, porcine cholecyst seeded with autologous bone marrow cells and open wound control were made for evaluation. Porcine cholecyst was decellularized using a non-enzymatic, non-detergent based protocol and was checked for cellularity prior to in vivo evaluation. The in vivo evaluations were done on full thickness skin wound healing model in New Zealand White rabbits. The inflammatory, remodeling, and regenerative responses were evaluated 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post implantation. The H&E stained sections were evaluated for inflammatory and remodeling responses. Collagenization was evaluated and quantified using Masson’s trichrome and Picrosirius red staining. Differential collagenization was quantified using Herovici staining. Elastin deposition was ascertained using Verhoeff-Van Gieson’s staining. Proliferative response of the fibroblasts was evaluated by argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Dermal cellular proliferation was quantified using PCNA immunohistochemistry. Re-epithelialization and epidermal formation was quantified using cytokeratin based immunohistochemistry. Vimentin immunohistochemistry was used to assess the mesenchymal cell response. ASMA immunohistochemistry was carried out to assess myofibroblast activity and CD 31 for neoangiogenesis. The results of the current study indicated that porcine derived cholecyst scaffolds are very well suited to be used as a bioscaffold material for full thickness skin wound healing, owing to their biochemical, biodegradable, biocompatible and tissue remodeling responses. The use of porcine cholecyst in full thickness skin wounds showed improved epithelialization and faster remodeling devoid of infections or graft rejections in all the animals under study. Scab formation, ulcerations, infections and other complications were also not observed in any of the scaffold assisted wounds. The scaffold enhanced cellular proliferation and keratinocyte activity. Controlled collagenization and faster replacement of immature collagen to mature collagen were also observed in scaffold assisted treatments. Improved neoangiogenesis were seen on scaffold assisted wounds from day seven itself which aided in faster healing of granulation tissue. Complete healing occurred around 14 days in graft assisted treatments, which was significantly early for the size of the wounds. Porcine cholecyst assisted healed wounds showed minimal wound contraction and reduced the chances of scar formation. The presence of autologous marrow cells enhanced proliferating cells, possibly due to the presence of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, as observed by a higher mesenchymal cell activity in vivo in marrow cells supplied scaffold. Use of autologous marrow cells has improved the time of healing in porcine cholecyst assisted skin wound healing, but not significantly from the application of a non-cell seeded matrix.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODIFIED INACTIVATED VACCINE AND ITS COMBINATION WITH A RECOMBINANT PROTEIN AGAINST LEPTOSPIROSIS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-12-30) MANJU SOMAN; M.Mini
The study was taken up with an aim to develop a foolproof technique for prevention of leptospirosis. It involved the development and immunity evaluation of a modified whole cell inactivated vaccine incorporating the predominant leptospiral serovars, Australis, Autumnalis and Pomona in hamsters. The study also ascertained the genus specific immunoreactivity of a truncated recombinant leptospiral LigA protein and its combination with the modified inactivated vaccine, in hamsters. The immunomodulatory effect of incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) and the aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant in hamsters was also assessed. Primers were designed for a highly immunodominant region of the ligA gene, spanning nucleotides from 1873 to 3363. The PCR amplified 1491 bp fragment of ligA DNA was cloned into pET -32a vector and expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3). The conditions optimum for expression of this recombinant protein were analysed. Maximum expression was obtained following induction with 2 mM IPTG, at an incubation temperature of 28o C following six hours of incubation at 200 rpm shaking speed. The Ni-NTA purified rLigA protein was used for immunization of hamsters. The optimum concentration of the rLigA protein and modified inactivated vaccine required for immunisation of hamsters, was determined by immunising four sets of hamsters with four different concentrations of the antigens, 14 days apart. It was revealed that the concentration of 80µg/ 40 µg of Lig A protein and 108 leptospires per millilitre gave the maximum IgG ELISA and MAT titres.Six vaccine groups were set up for six different vaccine combinations which included the modified inactivated vaccine, rLigA protein and a combination of the modified inactivated vaccine and rLigA protein. Adjuvants IFA and aluminium hydroxide were used in the study. The serum antibody titres on days 0, 7,14 and 27 were determined by MAT and recombinant IgG ELISA The virulence of laboratory strains of Leptospira interrogans serovars Pomona (homologous) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (heterologous) was enhanced by serial passage in hamsters and these were used as challenge organisms in the study. The LD50, of the serovars Pomona and Icterohaemorrhagiae, in hamsters was determined as 106.893 organisms and 107.38 organisms, respectively and the challenge was carried out with 100 LD50 (≈109 ) organisms, on 28th day post first immunization. Challenge studies revealed maximum protection levels of 80 to 100 per cent in groups immunised by modified inactivated vaccine alone and combination of rLigA and inactivated vaccine. Groups immunised with rLigA protein alone showed 60-70 per cent protection to both serovars. The highest MAT titres to homologous and heterologous serovars were presented by the groups immunized with a combination of rLigA protein and modified inactivated vaccine. These groups elicited higher MAT titres to heterologous serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae compared to whole cell vaccine alone, which indicated the genus specificity contributed by the partial rLigA protein. It also showed that the inactivated vaccine and recombinant protein compliment each other in increasing the respective immunogenicity. The study revealed that IFA adjuvanted rLigA protein could elicit the maximum ELISA titres in hamsters, followed by the group immunised by IFA adjuvanted rLigA protein combined with modified inactivated vaccine. The IFA adjuvanted vaccine groups showed higher ELISA titres compared to those adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide but the aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine groups showed consistent increase in antibody titres.
Open Access
DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BENZIMIDAZOLE RESISTANCE IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF GOATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-06-23) ASHA RAJAGOPAL; Lucy Sabu
The study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the status of benzimidazole resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of goats in Kerala, detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with benzimidazole resistance in the β-tubulin gene of predominant GI nematode species and to evaluate the efficacy of the egg hatch assay, larval development assay and PCR-RFLP in detection of benzimidazole resistance. Microscopical examination of 520 faecal samples collected from goats from 10 organized farms and 16 small holder farmers’ flocks in eight agro-ecological zones of Kerala revealed an overall prevalence of 81.5 + 5.54 per cent strongyles in goats. There was significant difference between the prevalence of strongylosis in organized farms (91.19 + 4.33 %) and small holder farmers’ flocks (65.34 + 10.27 %). The mean faecal egg counts (FECs) also differed significantly between organized farms and small holder farmers’ flocks. The prevalent genera of strongyles identified on coproculture were Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) done for screening the benzimidazole resistance status in 10 organized farms and 16 small holder farmers’ flocks identified benzimidazole resistance in all the organized farms. Among the small holder farmers’ flocks, 43.75 per cent were found to be resistant to benzimidazoles. Susceptibility was identified in 37.5 per cent of the small holder farmers’ flocks while resistance was suspected in 18.75 per cent of the flocks. Statistical analysis revealed significant association between the resistance status and farm type. Haemonchus spp. was found to be the most predominant GI nematode in post-treatment faecal cultures indicating that it is the major species responsible for benzimidazole resistance. Resistance status was found to be significantly correlated with the frequency of deworming in flocks. Molecular genotyping by PCR-RFLP revealed E198A polymorphism in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene in Haemonchus spp. with an overall frequency of 0.516 for the resistant allele (r). The overall prevalence of homozygous resistant genotype (rr) at codon 198 in Haemonchus spp. was 25.6 per cent. No polymorphism was identified at codons 167 and 200 in Haemonchus spp. in this study. In Trichostrongylus spp., F200Y polymorphism was identified in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene with an overall gene frequency of 0.337 for the resistant allele and with 28 per cent of the larvae genotyped being homozygous resistant (rr). Susceptible genotype was identified at codons 167 and 198. All the Oesophagostomum spp. larvae genotyped were found to be of the susceptible genotype at codons 198 and 200. In vitro detection of benzimidazole resistance was done by egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA). Correlation of the results of FECRT, EHA, LDA and PCR-RFLP revealed significant correlation (p < 0.05) between FECR per cent, ED50 in EHA, Pdd (proportion of larvae hatching at the discriminating dose of 0.02 µg/ml) in LDA and the percentage of homozygous resistant (rr) genotype in PCR-RFLP. There was significant correlation between ED50 and Hdd (hatching ratio of strongyle eggs at the discriminating dose of 0.1 µg/ml) values in egg hatch assay. Pdd values were found to be significantly correlated with other resistance parameters indicating that it is a better criterion for resistance detection than LD50 in LDA. To predict the genotypic resistance using phenotypic resistance indicators, regression equations were derived with rr genotype per cent as dependent variable and FECR per cent, ED50 and Pdd as the independent variables.
Open Access
CONSERVATION ECOLOGY BASED ON PARASITE-NUTRIENT-SEASONAL INTERACTIONS IN NILGIRI TAHR (Nilgiritragus hylocrius)
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-12-30) BIJU S.; P. C. Saseendran
The study was conducted to evolve suitable strategies for the conservation of the endangered Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius Ogilby, 1838) by investigating the primary interaction of the species with its parasites, forages and the season. The three habitats of Eravikulam, Nelliampathi and Kochupamba were selected and the study was conducted in the three seasons of summer, monsoon and post-monsoon. The indicators selected were incidence of parasitism, the degree of parasitic infection, the nutrient composition of forage, health status of the herd, stress level of animals, habitat features, herd structure and the general behavior of the herd. The indices in this regard were examined and recorded across the seasons. The herd size recorded ranged from 12 in Kochupamba to 36 in Eravikulam with adult females comprising nearly half of the herd. The habitats were typically of grass lands with short grasses adjacent to rocky cliffs. The activity budget was recorded to assess the behavior of the animals and it revealed grazing (37.4%) and resting (23.3%) as the prominent activity in tahr with very low share of browsing (0.8%) in the species. The activity budget also observed minor shifts between seasons, habitats and in age-sex class. The predominant grass species in each habitat were identified and the nutrient composition of the grasses was analysed showing significant difference between seasons in dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract. The body condition score (BCS) of all the animals ranged from three to five indicating the herds to be healthy across all seasons. There were no reports of disease or mortality in the animals in the study period. A total parasitic incidence of 38.9 per cent was observed and the degree of infection was assessed to be mild as indicated by the eggs per gram (EPG) below 1000 in the observed data. Strongyles and coccidia were the major parasites with 34.3 per cent and 15.5 per cent incidence respectively and the other parasites recorded were Moniezia, Trichuris, Capillaria, and Strongyloides. There was significant difference in parasitic incidence between habitats and seasons, with higher share in monsoon (58.9%) followed by summer (40%) and post-monsoon (17.8%). Eggs per gram also observed significant seasonal difference with higher count in monsoon (360.64) followed by post-monsoon (232.81) and summer (114.29). The faecal cortisol metabolite level estimated by enzyme immunoassay was significantly different between habitats, with Eravikulam recording a higher mean value of 472.17 ng/g, and the difference was non-significant between seasons. Significantly higher faecal cortisol metabolite was observed in parasite infected animals compared to non-infected animals. The study identified the significant presence of parasites in tahr population, indicating the dynamism and balance in equilibrium of host-parasite relationship which is a major driver in the organization of the ecosystem. The energy flow dynamics across seasons and habitats significantly influence the interrelationship of the host and parasite.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERN AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN MURRAH BUFFALO, VECHUR AND CROSSBRED CATTLE ON DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMEN
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) SAJITH PURUSHOTHAMAN; Shyama K.
A study was conducted to assess the rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes, Vechur and Crossbred cows fed different total mixed rations (TMR). Six each of Murrah buffalo, Vechur and crossbred calves were selected as uniformly as possible with regard to age (8-12 months), sex and body weight from Vechur farm, University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy and formed three treatment groups. In phase-I all the animals were fed with standard farm ration as TMR for a period of one month and rumen fermentation profile, nutrient digestibility, hematological profile and microbial protein production was studied. Thirty TMRs were prepared using unconventional feed ingredients available locally and green grass in 50:50 and in vitro evaluation of 30 TMRs in all three species was conducted using in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT). Ranking of the TMR’s was done using cluster analysis and two best TMR for each species were selected. Using the two TMR selected, two feeding trials of one month duration was conducted for all three species. The results revealed that rumen fermentation parameters such as rumen ammonia nitrogen, TCA nitrogen and total nitrogen were non significant between the groups. Crossbred cows fed with TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residue (trial-I) showed significant increase in dry matter intake (per 100 kg and per unit metabolic body weight) than TMR containing rape seed cake (trial-II). Haematological and biochemical parameters falls in the physiological range for both groups. Apparent digestibility co-efficient for TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residue showed significant improvement for ether extract digestibility while crude fiber digestibility was more in Trial-II. On volatile fatty acid analysis it showed increased concentration for acetic acid in trial-I while propionic acid production was improved in trial-II. In Murrah buffaloes, group fed with TMRs containing turmeric waste (trial-I) and tapioca starch waste (trial-II) did not show any significant difference for rumen fermentation parameters. Animals fed with TMR-I containing turmeric waste showed significantly improved digestibility for crude protein, organic matter and nitrogen free extract than animals fed TMR-2 containing tapioca starch waste. Volatile fatty acid profile showed increased concentration of acetic acid and acetate: propionate ratio in TMR-2. In Vechur cows animals fed with TMR containing soya sauce waste (trial-I) showed a significantly increased total nitrogen content than animals fed with tapioca starch waste in trial-II and control. All haematological parameters were not significant among animals of different groups and well within the normal range. In Vechur cows on volatile fatty acid analysis TMR-I fed animals showed improved acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid production than TMR-II and control. DMI/100 kg bodyweight and DMI/kg metabolic body weight were also significantly improved in Trail-I than as compared to animals fed with tapioca starch waste in trial-II. On thorough examination of results, it can be concluded that crossbred cows fed with TMR containing dhanwantharam thailam residues showed improved nutrient digestibility than animals fed with TMR containing rape seed cake without any difference in rumen fermentation parameters and hence can be recommended. In Murrah buffaloes, the group fed with TMR containing turmeric waste showed better performance and hence can be recommended. In Vechur cows the TMR containing soya sauce waste fed animal showed better nutrient digestibility and dry matter intake and hence recommended.
Open Access
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EARLY POSTPARTUM CROSSBRED COWS SUPLLEMENTED WITH BYPASS FAT AND SUBJECTED TO HORMONAL INDUCTION OF OESTRUS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-11-30) ANI S.DAS; Metilda Joseph
Postpartum infertility due to negative energy balance is a major problem among the high producing cows of Kerala, incurring huge economic loss. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of bypass fat on the reproduction and production parameters of high yielding crossbred cows with or without postpartum hormonal induction of oestrus and its techno-economics. The trial was conducted with four experimental groups of six cows each (GI – control, GII- 200 g bypass fat 90 days, GIII – 200g bypass fat daily + Ovsynch protocol on day 45postpartum, GIV – Ovsynch protocol alone). The animals in GII and GIII were observed to be superior in milk production parameters viz. peak yield (P<0.05), and days taken for attaining peak yield. Cessation of post-patum lochial discharge and its characteristics were normal in all groups. The animals in GII and GIII showed earlier post-partum oestrus compared to others (P<0.05). As per rectal examination and ultrasonographic findings, more number of animals in GII and GIII showed early resumption of ovarian cyclicity. The number of days taken for complete involution of uterus and reduction of uterine wall thickness as per ultrasonographic examination were significantly lower in those animals fed with bypass fat. With respect to various serum biochemical parameters, blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly higher (P<0.01) in those animals fed with bypass fat. Blood urea nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides were significantly lower (P<0.01) in bypass fat fed groups. (GII and GIII). The mean circulating blood progesterone level and serum insulin concentration were also significantly higher (P<0.05) in the animals fed with bypass fat. The conception rate was highest in GIII followed by GII. The study indicated that it is ideal to supplement bypass fat before attempting hormonal induction of oestrus in early postpartum cows for enhanced reproductive efficiency. The techno-economic analysis of study showed that bypass fat supplementation is a financially viable, eco-friendly and socially acceptable method for improving the production and reproduction parameters of the cows, thereby augmenting the farm income.
Open Access
YIELD AND QUALITY OF TRANSVAGINALLY RETRIEVED OOCYTES IN NORMAL AND REPEAT BREEDING CATTLE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-12-01) ABHILASH R. S; ABHILASH R. S; Metilda Joseph; Metilda Joseph
The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of transvaginal oocyte recovery (TVOR) and to evaluate the quality of oocytes recovered from 12 normal and 12 repeat breeder crossbred cows stationed at the University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research Station, Mannuthy. Both normal and repeat breeder cows further divided into two groups of six animals each based on the TVOR frequency. Transvaginal oocyte recovery was performed at a frequency of once weekly in groups I and III and twice weekly in group II and IV for a period of two months (Group I and II- normal cows, and group III and IV- repeat breeders, six animals each). Frequency of TVOR or reproductive status of animal was not found to influence ovarian biometry. Number of small ( 9 mm) follicles were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in normal and repeat breeder cows subjected to twice weekly TVOR. The number of follicles aspirated, number of oocytes retrieved, culture grade oocytes, matured oocytes, fertilized oocytes, cleaved oocytes per session and oocyte recovery rate (%) were siginicantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in normal animals and those animals subjected to twice weekly TVOR. However, there was no significant difference between maturation rate, fertilization rate and cleavage rates between normal and repeat breeder animals and animals subjected to once and twice weekly TVOR. Evaluation of oocyte maturation rate using Hoechst 33342 and FDA also revealed that maturation rate was higher in normal breeders. No significant difference in the serum progesterone and blood urea nitrogen level were observed when normal and repeat breeder cows were subjected to TVOR at varying frequencies. A significantly higher follicular fluid progesterone concentration was observed in normal animals when compared to repeat breeders. The present study revealed that oocyte quality in repeat breeders is significantly lower than normal breeders, and TVOR at twice weekly interval was found to be an effective tool for harvesting maximum number of oocytes from crossbred cows.

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