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Open Access
EFFECT OF REPLACING DRIED FISH WITH LYSINE AND METHIONINE IN THE CALF STARTER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED CALVES
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) JITH JOHN MATHEW; ALLY, K.
A growth trial was conducted with fourteen crossbred calves below one month of Ige for 145 days to study the effect of replacement of unsalted dried fish in the calf starter with a total vegetable protein source supplemented with lysine and methionine. Calves were divided into two groups as uniformly as possible and allotted randomly to two dietary treatments. The control group was fed with a calf starter containing unsalted dried fish. The treatment group was fed a calf starter with only vegetable protein sources formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with control calf starter and equated by supplementation, with the same as regard to amino acids lysine and methionine plus cystine. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference in any of the parameters recorded during the study. An average daily gain of 325 grams and 348 grams were obtained in calves fed with the control and treatment diets respectively. Feed to gain ratio for the control and treatment groups were 3.85 and 3.81 respectively. Dry matter intake and haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, serum phosphorus, serum calcium, plasma glucose, serum total protein and blood urea nitrogen were similar in calves receiving the two dietary treatments. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients observed were 66.37 and 65.84 for dry matter, 72.21 and 72.36 for crude protein, 64.28 and 61.85 for ether extract, 62.34 and 60.71 for neutral detergent fibre and 51.95 and 52.25 for acid detergent fibre for the control and treatment diets respectively. Identical performance was obtained in all the parameters recorded. Cost per kilogram body weight gain was Rs 71.40 for the control group and Rs 69.63 in the treatment group. It could be inferred from the study that unsalted fish in a calf starter can be fully replaced by plant protein sources supplemented for existing deficiencies in lysine and methionine plus cystine to obtain similar growth performance of cross bred pre-ruminant calves.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND UTILISATION PATTERN OF CAPTIVE MALE ELEPHANTS {Elephas maximus) KERALA
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) CIJO K. JOSEPH; K.S. Anil
The utilization pattern, management and nutrition of the elephants of Kerala under different ownership conditions were studied between June-2003 and July-2004 using survey method. The credibility of the information so collected was checked using triangulation method where, the information about an animal was collected from the owner, mahout, and also by physical verification of the claims in all possible cases. It was seen that the elephants of private owners with one elephant (25.2years) were significantly younger than the elephants of private owners with more than one elephant and elephants of temple trusts with one elephant (32.7 and 35.4 years respectively). The comparison of the height of the elephants revealed that the average height of elephants of forest department (245cm) was significantly lesser than the average height of elephants of private owners with more than one elephant and elephants of temple trusts with one elephant (278.7cm and 283.9cm respectively). The group wise variations in the frequencies of bath given to the elephants were insignificant but the duration of bath in elephants of forest department was significantly lesser than the average duration of bath in all other groups. It was also seen that most of the elephants in Kerala did not have proper housing facilities, and that majority of them were tied under tree on sandy floor. Studies on the utilization pattern of the elephants revealed that the elephants irrespective of their type of ownership were idle for most of the time in the year and that the elephants idled for the maximum number of days in a year (322.3 days). Further, the elephants of group-2 attended the maximum number of festivals in a year (82.9 ±6.92 days). Proximate analysis of the feed fed to the elephants revealed that the nutritional status of elephants of temples with one elephant was the highest. The study also revealed that all the elephants of group-4 were given restorative therapy and the elephants of group-5 were not given restorative therapy.
Open Access
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF UROLITHIASIS IN DOGS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) RESHMA DAMODARAN; T. SARADA AMMA
Ten clinical cases of canine urolithiasis were studied for age, breed and sex incidence, clinical signs, radiological evaluation, site of obstruction, effect of surgery and its complications, urine analysis, urolith composition and recurrence. The mean age of incidence was found to be 6.3 years. Incidence was more in German Shepherd Dog followed by Pomeranian and Labrador. There were nine males and one female in the study. Urethral obstruction was seen in all cases including one female. Out often animals one animal (D8) was dull and weak in appearance and all others were active. Difficulty in urination was reported in all the animals. Haematuria was present in five animals (D3, D5, D6, D7 and DIO). Moderate abdominal distention was noticed in nine animals. Palpation of the abdomen revealed distended urinary bladder in all animals except in one animal (D8), where bladder could not be palpated and fluid thrill was felt on abdominal palpation indicating rupture of urinary bladder. Radiographic study revealed that the most common site of obstruction was m the groove of the os penis. The ten clinical cases of urolithiasis were subjected to fourteen operations viz., nine uretlirotomy, two urethrotomy and cystotomy (four operations) and one cystotomy. The study revealed that relieving obstruction by surgical correction was effective, as it ensures immediate relief of obstruction and stress. Urethrotomy was found to be satisfactory in removing urethral calculi in males and compression and flushing of bladder enabled to remove small cystic calculi through the urethrotomy incision. Cystotomy was required to remove large cystic calculi. The surgical intervention adopted was found effective in relieving obstruction. The pH of the urine collected during surgery ranged from 6.5 to 8, colour varied from straw coloured to dark red. Consistency of the urine was turbid in all the animals. On microscopical examination of urine, sediments were present in all the animals. In one dog (D5) crystals were present and identified as triple phosphate and oxalate. In all animals urine samples showed growth of the microorganisms were more sensitive to ciprofloxacin followed by ampicillin and amoxycillin. Catheter tolerance was poor in all the animals. Catheter was found removed on the same day itself by all the animals. Healing of the surgical wound by granulation was good except in two animals where swelling and oedema of the scrotal sac was seen ( D1 and D8)^which were subjected to post scrotal urethrotomy. In all these animals swelling subsided and healing was completed by 30''' post operative day. Bleeding was noticed during and after completion of the surgery in two dogs D4 and D7. In dog D7, injury to cavernosus tissue during the removal of calculi was the cause and was controlled by suturing. In animal D4^ bleeding was controlled by administering ethamsylate 1 ml intramuscular for two days. Recurrence was observed in two cases (20%). In these cases numerous cystic calculi were present when it was originally presented for treatment which might be due to migration of cystic calculi. The haematological examination showed low haemoglobin content, erythrocyte count, volume of packed red cell in all cases before surgery which increased significantly and reached towards normal by 30 post operative day. There was leucocytosis with shift to left and increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate which decreased significantly and were normal by 30th post operative day. The biochemical examination showed elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, phosphorus, serum calcium and potassium levels in all the cases before surgery and lowered significantly by 30"^ day. The fall in serum sodium level seen before surgery showed rise by 30"^ day and attained near normal value. Composition of the urolith were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, calcium formed the major component of the calculi followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Histopathological study of the urinary bladder revealed inflammation and haemorrhage in the submucosa indicating chronic irritation and injury produced by the calculi to the bladder wall. Electron microscopic study of one of the calculi (D9) was conducted which revealed deposition of concretions around the nidus in concentric rings of varying density and the outer surface showed porosity of varying diameter.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF BAKER'S YEAST {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) RENJITH. P. M.; Amritha Viswanath
An experiment was designed and conducted at the Department of Poultry Science to investigate the effect of feeding baker's yeast on growth, feed consumption and nutrient utilization of broilers. One hundred and forty four day old commercial broiler chicks were reared under three different treatments with four replicates per treatment. The treatment consisted of control diet with standard broiler ration (Tl) and T2 and T3 with 0.3 and 0.6 per cent baker's yeast supplemented respectively with control diet. Chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to 8 weeks of age. Broiler starter ration was fed up to 6 weeks of age and finisher ration up to 8 weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that cumulative body weight and body weight gain up to six weeks and eight weeks of age were not affected by the inclusion of yeast. Mean weekly feed consumption recorded significant (P<0.05) difference between treatment during fifth, seventh and eighth weeks of age. Cumulative feed intake up to six weeks and eight weeks of age did not differ significantly. But yeast supplemented groups recorded numerically lower feed consumption compared to control group. Feed conversion ratio revealed significant difference (P< 0.05) at sixth week of age recording lower feed efficiency in T2 and T3 compared to control (Tl). But cumulative feed conversion ratio from zero to six weeks and zero to eight weeks of age did not differ significantly. Supplementation of baker's yeast had no effect on processing yields and losses. Numerically lower fat deposition was recorded in yeast supplemented groups than in control group, eventhough there was no significant difference. The addition of yeast at 0.3 per cent and 0.6 per cent levels significantly increased (P<0.05) crude fiber digestibility. Other parameters like retention of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were not affected by yeast supplementation. Serum protein, serum cholesterol and livability were not affected by yeast supplementation. The net profit per bird was less in yeast supplemented group compared to control group. The higher cost of feed resulted in lower economical return from the treatment groups. The result suggests that inclusion of yeast is not beneficial on economical point of view. However the lower fat deposition consequent to yeast supplementation seems to be advantageous.
Open Access
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF INDIGENOUS LAYER DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos)
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2002) RAVI. S.; P.A. Peethambaran
A 3 X 3 factorial experiment was carried out at the Department of Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University during the period from February to July 2002 to establish the optimum requirements of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) in the diets for indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing. The Kuttanad varieties of indigenous ducklings of Kerala were maintained on deep litter system of rearing until 18 weeks of age at the University poultry farm, Mannuthy. From this flock. Ninety (90) female ducks were housed in 45 California type cages at the rate of two ducks per cage and they were weighed individually at 20 weeks of age. The dimension of each cage was 60 x 45 x 40 cm and the floor area of 1350 cm^ per duck was provided in the cage. The experimental diets were fed from 21 to 40 weeks of age and the observations were recorded in five periods of 28 days each. Nine experimental diets containing three levels of Ca viz., 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 percent with three levels of AP viz., 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 percent were formulated and were fed to nine treatments consisting of five replicates of two ducks per cage in each treatment in a 3x3 factorial design. The mean body weight of ducks at 20 weeks of age was uniform in all groups ranging from 1400±9.11 to 1465±53.24 g with an overall mean of 1431 ±9.96 g. The Ca and AP levels did not influence significantly the 40*^ week body weight, which ranged from 1473±18.10 to 1579±58.28 g with an overall mean of 1544±13.76g. The age at first egg in the flock with 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 percent Ca levels were 154, 158 and 148 days respectively and with AP levels 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 per cent the same were 161, 154 and 148 days respectively. The period wise mean duck housed number (DHN) from 25-40 weeks of age (IS.leggs) was significantly higher with ducks fed 4.0 percent Ca (P<0.05). The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) for the dietary combination of 4.0 per cent Ca and 0.6 percent AP with 20.2 eggs. The cumulative egg number (EN) of 75.7 eggs from 21 to 40 weeks of age was also higher with the Ca level 4.0 per cent and the 71.9 percent production with diet T9 was superior by interaction effect (P<0.05). The duck housed percent (DHP) production from 25 to 40 weeks of age averaged 64.6±1.92 per cent with 4.0 per cent Ca level. The Ca and AP levels in the diet did not influence the mean daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg mass and shell thickness. The overall mean daily feed consumption was 137.2±1.49 g per duck. The FCR per dozen eggs was 2.8±0.078 and that per kg egg was 3.9±0.099 for the period from 25 to 40 weeks of age. The mean egg weight (EW) and per cent shell were highly significant and the EW of 60.1±0.575 g averaged with 3.0 percent Ca and 0.5 per cent AP level as well were high (P<0.01). The interaction effect with the above combination was also significant (P<0.01). The 9.7±0.081 per cent shell recorded with 0.5 per cent AP was significantly lower in comparison with other AP levels (P<0.05). At 40 weeks of age, the overall mean serum Ca was 15.42±0.35 mg/dl and serum P was 3.18±0.081 mg/dl. The mean serum inorganic P value of 2.92±0.164 mg/dl recorded with dietary Ca level 4.0 percent was significantly lower than that of 3.5 percent Ca level (P<0.05). The tibia ash (62.34±0.512 percent) was significantly higher with 0.6 percent dietary AP level (P<0.05) and the tibia ash Ca with 4.0 percent dietary Ca level was significantly higher and the interaction effect with 0.6 per cent AP level was also significant. With this AP level, the tibia P was reduced significantly, but the interaction showed that the tibia P was high with diet T9. The liveability was excellent in ducks reared in cages (100 per cent) and there was no mortality during the period from 21 to 40 weeks of age. In the present study, the production traits used for evaluating the Ca and AP requirements of caged layer ducks were EN, EW, egg mass, feed consumption and FCR. The study revealed that 4.0 per cent Ca in the diet was superior over other Ca levels in the diet. The dietary Ca and AP levels did not influence the mean daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratios significantly. On the other hand, dietary AP levels influenced the mean EW, per cent shell, tibia ash weight and tibia ash Ca and P. Though the mean EW of 60.1 ±0.566 g recorded with 0.5 percent AP was significantly higher, the significant interaction on egg number with the 0.6 per cent AP with 4.0 per cent Ca was found superior. Therefore it will be logical to set the requirements of AP at 0.6 per cent level. Thus, the overall results of the present study revealed that the 4.0 percent Ca and 0.6 per cent AP levels with 18 percent Crude Protein and 2650 Kcal ME/kg was optimum for egg production in indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing
Unknown
TRAINING NEEDS OF DAIRY FARM INSTRUCTORS OF THE DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF KERALA
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2003) N. VIMAL RAJ KUMAR; R.S, Jiji
The objectives of the study were to identify the training needs of the Dairy Farm Instructors (DFIs) of Dairy Development Department of Kerala and find out the determinants of their training needs. The data were collected through questionnaires to which 75 DFIs responded. Information technology was the most preferred major subject matter domain for training followed by milk and milk products, dairy cattle production and management, dairy extension, professional management and fodder production and management. Among the socio-personal characteristics, the training exposure and role perception of the respondents had significant relationship with the training need. Both the role perception and training need of most of the respondents were medium only. For all the domains, institutional type of training as well as trainers from outside the parent organization but within the state were preferred the most. Demonstration was the most preferred method of training for most of the domains. The most preferred periodicity for the trainings of one to seven days duration was six months, those of eight to fourteen days was one year and those of fifteen to thirty days and more than a month was more than a
Open Access
EFFECT OF CITRIC ACID AND MICROBIAL PHYTASE ON PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION AND GROWTH IN BROILER CHICKEN
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2003) T. HARIHARAN; P. Gangadevi
An investigation spread over a period of eight weeks was carried out to study the effect of citric acid and microbial phytase (Natuphos®-5000G) on nutrient utilization and growth performance in broiler chicken. One hundred and ninety two day-old broiler chicks (Ven cob) were divided into four identical groups having four replicates in each group with 12 birds in each replicate and allotted randomly into four dietary treatments viz., Tl, T2,13 and T4. The treatments consisted of a standard broiler ration (SBR) with 0.5 per cent available P (Tl), low available P broiler ration having 0.3 per cent available P (TAPER) and 3.0 per cent citric acid (T2), TAPER supplemented with 700 U of phytase/kg feed (T3) and TAPER with 1.5 per cent citric acid and 350 U of phytase/kg feed (T4). All the rations were formulated as per EIS specifications except in the level of available P. Effect on body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency, DM retention, nitrogen balance, mineral availability, serum and tibial mineral contents, processing yields and livability of birds were the criteria employed for evaluation. Eody weight and weight gain of the experimental birds were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. Maximum weight and weight gain were recorded in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl in the descending order, indicating the positive and synergistic effects of citric acid and phytase on phosphorus utilization and growth. Cumulative feed intake of experimental birds was significantly (P<0.01) enhanced in the additive supplemented groups over the control, the highest feed intake being noticed in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl. Cumulative FCR did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between treatments. However, comparatively better feed efficiency was recorded in citric acid and phytase groups (T2, T3 and T4) at sixth week and comparable values at eighth week with the control group (Tl). Cumulative PER also showed similar trend in eight week with significantly high (P<0.05) PER in T2 and T4 at sixth week. Though not differed significantly, better DM retention, nitrogen balance, per cent retention and reduced nitrogen excretion were noticed in T2, T3 and T4 than Tl. Availability of P, Mg, Zn and Mn were enhanced (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 by citric acid and phytase addition compared to T1 group on SBR. Mg and Mn availability were significantly influenced by dietary treatments with highest availability of Mg and Mn noticed in T3 (P<0.05) followed by T4, T2 and Tl. The excretion of P was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and 14 on citric acid and /or phytase supplementation. Weight of dried tibia was significantly high (P<0.05) in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl at sixth week. Per cent tibial ash at sixth and eighth week were also high (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 compared to Tl on SBR which could indicate that citric acid and/or phytase favour P utilization and bone development. No significant difference could be noticed in tibial and serum Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Mn except for a significantly high tibial Mg (P<0.05) in T4 and serum Zn (P<0.05) in T3 at sixth week. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced (P<0.01) with maximum reduction in T4 followed by T3, T2 and Tl. Birds of citric acid, phytase and combination group though maintained on low P diet registered no significant difference in per cent dressed yield, ready-to-cook yield, giblet yield, abdominal fat yield and livability, when compared to Tl fed on SBR. Regarding the cost of production as feed cost/kg gain, phytase group (T3) recorded the lowest due to high cost citric acid. Overall evaluation of the results of the present study revealed that inclusion of either 3.0 per cent citric acid or phytase (700U/kg feed) or its combination (1.5 per cent citric acid + 350 U phytase/kg feed) in low available P diet (0.3 per cent) resulted in better nutrient utilization and growth performance in chicks than chicks maintained on SBR with 0.5 per cent available P; tending to suggest that available P level in the feed could be reduced by 40 per cent without affecting the performance and health of broiler chicks by dietary inclusion of citric acid and/or phytase.
Unknown
EFFECT OF INDUCED STRESS AND ANTISTRESS AGENTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN BROILER CHICKEN
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2003) SRINIVAS REDDY BELLUR; P.T. Philomina
In modern poultry production system various factors name!}' floor space reduction, feed and water restriction, high environmental temperature, vaccination, medication, debeaking etc. have the potential to induce stress in poultry which results in poor performance as well as reduction m immune response as the nutrients normally utilized for growth and production are diverted to counteract the stress and survival. The study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the influence of induced stress and antistress agents (dietary ascorbic acid and Zeetress®) on various physiological, biochemical and production parameters in broiler chicken. Fiffy six numbers of day old broiler chicks (Vencob) procured from a commercial hatchery were reared in battery cages under the standard managemental conditions upto four weeks of age. Then they were randomly selected and divided into seven groups (G-1 to G-Vll) with eight birds per group. The birds in different groups were as follows: G-1 as the control, G-11 as floor space reduced group (33%), G-111 as floor space reduced group supplemented with Zeetress® @ 0.01%, G-IV as floor space reduced group supplemented with ascorbic acid xi 0.02%, G-V as j)0% feed restiictioii. G-Vl as 30% feed restriction with dietary supplementation of Zeetress® % 0.01% and G-Vll as 30% feed restriction with dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid @ 0.02%. The birds were maintained in battery cages under standard managemental conditions on broiler ration with the exception of flooi space reduction, feed restriction and incorporation of dietary antistiess agents. Produclion parameters such as weekly weight gain and teed efficienc) weie analyzed on weekly basis. Blood was collected with suitable anticoagulants, initially at fourth and then at sixth and eighth week of age. Whole blood was utilized tor analysis of haematological parameters, heterophil; lymphocyte (H:L.) ratio and milogcn induced lymphocyte proliferation test. Plasma was utilized tor biochemical analyses i.e. for protein profile, lipid profile and estimation of glucose, uric acid and cortisol. The data were statistically analysed by appropriate tests. The birds of G-V group showed significantly lower values of TEC, Hb. VPRC and TEC at sixth and eight week of age. The dietary supplementation oi Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in floor space reduced groups feed restiicted groups did not show any significant influence on the values of TEC, Elb, VPRC, ESR, TEC when compared to the birds of respective stress induced groups G-II and G-V. The birds of stress induced groups G-Il and G-V had lower lymphocyte count and higher heterophil and basophil count, higher 1 1:1. ratio and suppressed mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation (probably due to a rise in level of plasma corticosteroids as a result of stress response) when compared to birds of G-1 group, both at si.xth and eighth week of age. Dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in fioor space reduced groups and feed restricted groups elevated the lymphocyte counts, suppressed heterophil and basophil counts. 11:1. ratio and considerably improved the mitogen induced lymphoblastogenic response both at sixth and eighth week ot a a In the present study the birds ot G-11 and G-V group iiad no significaih variation in plasma protein profile and glucose levels but had increased plasm concentration of cortisol (probably due to stress induced adrenal hyper activit\ and decreased uric acid, when compared to birds of control group G-1. botli . sixth and eighth week of age. Dietary Zeetress® and ascorbic aci^l supplementation in floor space reduced groups and feed restricted groups showed a lower plasma concentration of cortisol both at sixth and eighth week of age, and significantly increased uric acid at eighth week of age. Dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in floor space reduced groups decreased plasma concentration of cholesterol both at sixth and eighth week of age and total lipids at sixth week of age. In birds of feed restricted G-V group plasma concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids were lower both at sixth and eighth week of age when compared to birds of control group G-I. The dietary supplementation of Zeetress® and ascorbic acid in feed restricted groups had no significant influence on plasma concentration of cholesterol both at sixth and eighth week of age. Mowcwi there was an increased concentration of triglycerides both at sixth and eightli week of age with significant increase in total lipids at eighth week of age. wiicn compared to birds of G-V group. There was no significant variation in body weight and weight gain ni birds in all floor space reduced groups compared to birds of control group (Xi-I > at all weeks of age with the exception of lower weight gain in G-Ill and G-l\ when compared to G-11 at eighth week of age. The body weight and weight gain in the birds of all feed restricted groups were lower when compared to birds of control group (G-I), at all weeks of age. A perusal of the overall feed efficiency from 5 to 8 weeks of age revealed that the birds of G-VI group supplemented with Zeetress® recorded a superior FE (2.22) whereas an inferior value of 2.59 was noted in G-V group without any dietary antistress agent. The control group recorded a FE of 2.29. Zeetress® supplementation improved overall FE in feed restricted group (G VI). On the other hand this advantage was not observed in floor space reduced group (G-III). Dietary ascorbic acid improved overall FE only in case of feed restricted group G-VII when compared to that of G-V group. However, in ilooi space reduced group (G-IV), ascorbic acid supplementation could not impiove the FE. The observations of the present study revealed that both feed restriction and floor space reduction resulted in some sort of chronic stress which led to variation in haematological and biochemical parameters, and impaired giowtli (in feed restricted groups). Analysis of TLC. DEC, mitogen induced lymphocyte blastogenic response and plasma cortisol values indicated that thcic was a marked level of immunosuppression in the stressed birds. 1 he magnilUUc of variation in most of these parameters was higher at sixth week oi age when compared to that of eighth week values indicating some sort ot habituation adaptation occurred upon chronic stress in the broiler chicken. 1 he antisliess agents — Zeetress® and ascorbic acid were equally effective in reversal of siic,-o induced alterations in haematological, biochemical and production parameteis.
Unknown
CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL MASTITIS IN BOVINES
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2001) SMITHA ROSE SEBASTIAN; K. Vijayakumar
A study was carried out to detect subclinical mastitis by California mastitis test, to compare the different mastitis indicators, to identify the bacterial agents responsible and their antibiogram and to assess the efficacy of different treatments adopted. Tlie occurrence of subclinical mastitis in organized farms and m and around ntrissur rvas found to be 25.17 per cent, after examining 1053 quarter milk samples by California mastitis test. A total of 265 milk samples were subjected to somatic cell count, modified Whiteside test and modified Aulendorfer mastitis probe test. These tests showed a positi\'e correlation with somatic cell count. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the chief etiological agent followed by coagulase negative staphylococci, coliforms and Streptococcus agalacliae. Chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against bacterial isolates from mastitis cases and sulphadiazine and irimethoprim the least effective. In vivo studies revealed that oxytetracycine is more effective followed by enrofloxacin and amoxycillin-cloxacillin combination. But the bacteriological cure was same for all the treatments. The twenty four Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical mastitis were grouped into seven different genotypes using RAPD analysis. The four Escherichia coli isolates gave single RAPD pattem. S. aureus genotype a was found to be more prevalent.

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