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ThesisItem Open Access ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) DEEPA C K; K. DevadaInvestigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Thrissur Corporation area was carried out by detecting faecal eggs and larvae after coprological examination and coproculture respectively. The faecal samples for coprological examination were collected from animals brought to the University Veterinary hospitals, Kokkalai and Mannuthy, University Goat and Sheep farm and from nearby houses around Mannuthy. Screening of faecal samples of 320 goats during the period of study from June 2004 to May 2005 revealed 114 as positive (35.63 per cent). The type of positive infection noted were Strongyle (95.61 per cent) and Strongyloides (4.38 per cent) infection. Monthwise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes showed maximum infection in May (48 per cent) while a lower prevalence in August (28 per cent). Seasonwise, the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was found to be 30.7 per cent, 33.33 per cent and 39.13 per cent during cold wet South West monsoon (heavy rainfall), warm wet North East monsoon (low rainfall) and dry season respectively. The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was observed to be higher in young goats below one year (42.10 per cent) and in females (85.96 per cent) than males (14.03 per cent). There was no significant variation between breeds and management. The species of nematodes encountered were Haemonchus contortus (55.26 per cent), Oesophagostomum columbianum (13.15per cent), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (21.05 per cent), Bunostomum trigonocephalum (6.14 per cent) and Strongyloides papillosus (4.38 per cent). The comparative biometry of various infective larvae of the commonly found nematodes were noted. Resistance to various anthelmintics by the nematodes in goats of the University Goat and Sheep farm, Mannuthy were detected by the methods namely Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and Egg Hatch Test (EHT). Forty kids aged between three to six months were used for this purpose. Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test revealed resistance to albendazole, ivermectin and morantel citrate by the gastrointestinal nematodes. The drugs namely albendazole, ivermectin and morantel citrate showed a per cent worm reductions of 30, 53, 45 with 52, 34 and 62 as lower 95 per cent confidence limits. Specific resistance to benzimidazole group by EHT showed the ED50 value of albendazole (pg per ml) in EHT to be 0.211556 which further established resistance to albendazole by the gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Anthelmintic resistance is best controlled in the ground level by the use of correct type of anthelmintics at the correct dose against nematodes in goats. Breeding for disease resistance, development and use of vaccines and biological control using nematophagous fungi are the prospective methods for the control of anthelmintic resistance.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE GASTROTHYLACOSIS USING COPROANTIGENS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2000) A KANDASAMY; K. DevadaA study was conducted on the prevalence of paramphistomatidosis in Thrissur from June 1999 to May 2000. feasibility of coproantigen detection by ELISA and comparison of sensitivity of ELISA using coproantigens and ELISA using serum antibodies in diagnosis of gastrothylacosis, caused by Gastrothylax crumenifer, in cattle. It was noted from the registers maintained at the University Veterinary Hospitals at Kokkalai and Mannuthy and that at the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, that out of a total number of 1534 faecal samples from bovines examined, 253 (16.5 per cent) animals were found to be positive for amphistome eggs with the maximum prevalence (23 per cent) in June and July. Generally the infection was prevalent throughout the year. An indirect ELISA using rabbit hyperimmune serum against somatic antigens of G. crumenifer was performed to detect coproantigens in faecal samples collected from 100 known G. crumenifer infected cattle. Seventy four samples were found to contain detectable levels of coproantigen indicating a sensitivity of 74 per cent. Serum samples collected from the same infected cattle were tested for antibodies to G. crumenifer by an indirect ELISA using somatic antigens. Fifty one samples were found positive for antibodies indicating a sensitivity of 51 percent. It was seen that when 43 cattle were positive for both coproantigens and serum antibodies, 18 cattle were negative for both of them. Although 31 cattle which were negative for serum antibodies were found positive for coproantigens, eight cattle negative for coproantigens were found positive for serum antibodies. The results showed that coproantigen detection, which revealed a higher sensitivity than the detection of serum antibodies by ELISA, is feasible for the diagnosis of gastrothylacosis in bovines.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT ON MILK PRODUCTION IN SUBCLINICAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS OF COWS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 1994) MAJOR K. G. RAJASEKHARAN NAIR; K. RAJAMOHANANA Study was conducted on the incidence of subclinical gastrointestinal nematodiasis in diary cows and heifers, and the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. It was found that all the animals examined in the two livestock farms of Kerala Agricultural University were harbouring the infection. Faecal culture was found to be the method of choice for detection of nematode infection when compared to microscopical examination of faeces. The nematodes involved, as identified by morphological examination of infective larvae were, Trichostronqylus sp., Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. Of these, Trichostronqylus sp. was the commonest one. Albendazole at a dose of 7.5 mg per kg body weight was administered to the animals to detect the effect of anthelmintic treatment on their milk production. A positive influence, albeit not statistically significant, was observed in all the treated groups of animals. Evaluation of heamatological parameters, PCV, Hb, TRBC and TLC did not show any variation before and after treatment. The study proved that anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle in late pregnancy and early lactation can improve their milk production.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE GASTROTHYLACOSIS USING COPROANTIGENS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2000) A. Kandasamy; K. DevadaA study was conducted on the prevalence of paramphistomatidosis in Thrissur from June 1999 to May 2000. feasibility of coproantigen detection by ELISA and comparison of sensitivity of ELISA using coproantigens and ELISA using serum antibodies in diagnosis of gastrothylacosis, caused by Gastrothylax crumenifer, in cattle. It was noted from the registers maintained at the University Veterinary Hospitals at Kokkalai and Mannuthy and that at the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, that out of a total number of 1534 faecal samples from bovines examined, 253 (16.5 per cent) animals were found to be positive for amphistome eggs with the maximum prevalence (23 per cent) in June and July. Generally the infection was prevalent throughout the year. An indirect ELISA using rabbit hyperimmune serum against somatic antigens of G. crumenifer was performed to detect coproantigens in faecal samples collected from 100 known G. crumenifer infected cattle. Seventy four samples were found to contain detectable levels of coproantigen indicating a sensitivity of 74 per cent. Serum samples collected from the same infected cattle were tested for antibodies to G. crumenifer by an indirect ELISA using somatic antigens. Fifty one samples were found positive for antibodies indicating a sensitivity of 51 percent. It was seen that when 43 cattle were positive for both coproantigens and serum antibodies, 18 cattle were negative for both of them. Although 31 cattle which were negative for serum antibodies were found positive for coproantigens, eight cattle negative for coproantigens were found positive for serum antibodies. The results showed that coproantigen detection, which revealed a higher sensitivity than the detection of serum antibodies by ELISA, is feasible for the diagnosis of gastrothylacosis in bovines.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE BABESIOSIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2003) REJITHA. T. S.; K. DevadaDifferent techniques to diagnose bovine babesiosis were evaluated by screening 71 cattle presented at the various Veterinary Hospitals of Thrissur and Ernakulam districts and those maintained at the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and the Cattle Breeding Farm, Thumburmuzhi with symptoms suggestive of the disease. The techniques employed were examination of Giemsa stained blood smears, examination of ticks collected from suspected animals and serological tests like the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and Slide- Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Slide-ELISA).Among the 71 cattle, II were suffering from an acute illness whereas 60 showed only subclinical symptoms. Examination of Giemsa stained blood smear could detect Babesia bigemina organisms in 9 (12.68 per cent) of the total samples, which were mainly from the aciitely infected cattle, except for one, that was obtained from a subclinically infected calf. The principal vector of babesiosis wasidentified as Boophilus annulatus in the present study. Parasitic masses indicative of the organisms were identified from the various tick tissues dissected and stained with methyl green pyronine. Considering the ticks as positive on detection of developmental stages of the parasite in any of the tissues, ticks from 27 (54 per cent) out of total 50 animals were interpreted as positive. The IF AT detected B. bigemina antibodies in 37 (52.11 per cent) and Slide-ELISA in 39 (54.93 per cent) sera out of 71 samples that were screened. These two serological techniques were found to be equally efficient, with Slide- ELISA proving more suitable for use as a field diagnostic test.Most of the animals that were detected positive for the organisms by all the tests were above one year of age. As the number of male and female animals was too uneven, a sex related comparison could not be appropriately done. Similarly, a comparison on the performance of the different tests between the breeds of also not feasible owing to the wide variation between the numbers of breeds studied. on evaluation of the different diagnostic techniques, serology and examination of ticks were found equally effective in detecting both the clinical and subclinical forms of the disease over and above the conventtona, method i.e the blood smear examination. However, examination of Giemsa stained blood smears continues to be the method of choice to detect acute infectionsThesisItem Open Access IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF CANINE DIROFILARIOSIS USING MICROFILARIAL ANTIGEN(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2003) PRIYA. M. N.; H- SubramanianA detailed study was conducted on the prevalence on canine dirofilariosis in Thrissur from June 2002 to May 2003, feasibility of microfilarial antibody detection by ELISA and comparison of sensitivity of Indirect ELISA and dot- ELISA in the detection of dirofilariosis. Microfilariae encountered were identified as those of Dirofilaria repens.Out of the total number of 2435 blood samples from dogs screened by wet film examination 172 (7.06 per cent) dogs were found positive for microfilariae. It has been found that canine dirofilariosis was prevalent throughout the year with more incidence during summer. An Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA were also conducted in three groups of animals using microfilarial antigen prepared from known microfilaria positive serum samples. Out of the total number of 50 samples of known microfilaria positive dogs 49 (98 per cent) and 47 (94 per cent) were found positive by Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA respectively. The corresponding figures in 36 dogs with other helminths were 15 (41.67 per cent) and 19 (52.77 per cent) and that of 32 totally helminth free dogs were 10 (31.25 per cent) and 12 (37.5 per cent) respectively. The results indicate that both Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA are feasible for the detection of the microfilarial antibodies though they are less specific.ThesisItem Open Access INTERTRANSMISSIBILITY OF THE COMMON NEMATODE PARASITES OF PIGEON (columbalivia domestica) AND DOMESTIC FOWL (gallus gallus domesticus)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1996) SENTHILVEL, K.; Madhavan Pillai, K.; SENTHILVEL, K.An investigation was tnade on the prevalence of neinatode infections in pigeons for a period of one year by faecal and postmortem examinationsand the percentage prevalence was 35.24 and 46.74 respectively. The species of nematodes collected from pigeons were Ascaridia columbae, C3.pill3-ria. obsignsta., Ornithostrongylus guadriradiatus, Acuaria spiralis and gt-j^oTigyloid-GS aviuiu. Capillaria obsignata had the highest prevalence. The development of egg and the time taken to reach the infective stage in egg cultures of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae, Syngamus trachea, Ascaiidia columbae, Capillaria obsignata and Ornithostrongylus qiadriradiatus maintained at different room temperature were studied and recorded. The cross transmission trnls with fowl nematodes; A. galli, H. gallinae and S. trachea and pigeon nematodes; A. columbae, C. obsignata and 0. qadriradiatus were conducted in pigeons and chicks respectivdy. Syngamus trachea and C. obsignata were found to be trasmissible between pigeons and chicks. The detailed life cycles of A columbae, S. trachea and 0. quadriradiatus in pigeons were worked out in detail. The prepatent period for these species was 46, 28 and 7 days respectively. The infective larvae of 0. quadriradiatus were seen to be phototropic and hydrotactic. They remained viable for 47 to 52 and 60 to 67 days in dry and wet seasons respectively. The clinical signs, gross and hlstopathological lesions produced by the nematodes in pigeons were recorded. Moderate infections of 0. guadriradlatus produced anaemic changes in pigeons.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PARATENIC HOSTS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF Ancylostoma caninum TO DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1997) DEENA ANTONY. U.; George Varghese, CAn investigation into the "Assessment of paratenic hosts in the transmission of Ancylostoma caninum to dogs" was carried out during the period from October 1996 to September 1997. The experimental animals comprised of 24 day old chicks, 15 one month old albino mice, 60 cockroaches collected locally and 10 pups of 6 to 8 weeks old. Larvae obtained from faecal cultures set in room temperature were used for infecting paratemic hosts. The migration and distribution of A. caninum larvae in the tissues of chicks infected orally with 1000 larvae were studied. Larval yield at necropsy from different organs after digestion with artificial gastric juice revealed a 50.1 per cent recovery at 4 hr after inoculation followed by a sharp decline to 4.5 per cent at 72 hr. Larvae were detected in the lungs and liver at 12 hr at the rate of 67 and 63 respectively. The gastro intestinal tract yielded the maximum number of larvae (215) at 4 hr after infection. Migration in the muscles of neck and thorax was detected at 12 hr after infection. But no larvae were recovered from heart, spleen and kidney. Migration and distribution of A. caninum larvae in the tissues of mice orally infected with 1000 larvae and the establishment of patent infection from mice to definite host were studied. Highest larval recovery was at 4 hr post infection (48.6%) and lowest was (13.6%) at 30 days post infection. Migration of larvae to the liver and lungs occurred within 24 hr. No larvae were recovered from spleen, kidney and heart. Migration in the muscles of thorax and head and neck occurred within 4 days. In the infected cockroaches, living larvae were found in the muscles, wall and lumen of the gut region and haemocele. Histopathological lesions included mild disruption of the villi with mild infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the intestine, areas of congestion, haemorrhage and necrosis were noticed in the liver and lungs with sections of larvae found rupturing the wall of the alveoli. Patent infection was established in hookworm free pups, infected with larvae, recovered from infected chicks, mice and cockroaches and the pre-patent period was found to be 18 to 19 days. The present observations established that chicken, mice and insects like cockroaches might act as paratenic hosts for A. caninum, thus serving as natural sources of infection to pups.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1997) SYAMALA, K.; Devada, K.; SYAMALA, K.A serological survey was carried out on the prevalence of caprine toxoplasmosis in Kerala, by two simple and sensitive serological tests-modified agglutination test (MAT) and carbon immuno assay (CIA). A total of 152 goat sera were collected from the Government Goat Farms, Attappady and Kommeri, Kerala Agricultural University Goat Farm, Mannuthy and from the slaughter houses at Trichur and Ernakulam. The MAT carried out for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies revealed 53.29 per cent as seropositive while CIA revealed 44.07 per cent. A higher prevalence was detected among does than in bucks. A remarkable age-wise prevalence was not observed in this study. Eventhough a higher prevalence was noticed in Malabari breeds, as the number of goats in each breed was too uneven, a breed-wise prevalence could not be ascertained. Area-wise, a higher prevalence was noticed in goats that belonged to Kannur district, both by MAT and CIA. Modified agglutination test was a sensitive and specific test for the serological surveys on caprine toxoplasmosis, while CIA was a cost effective and simple test which could be made use of under our field conditions. The methods of maintenance and propagation of T. gondii RH strain in mice in the laboratory were standardised and it was found that a dose of 0.30 ml of "+ + +' infective fluid given intraperitoneally was sufficient for propagation of the strain in mice in the laboratory. White mice experimentally inoculated subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, exhibited similar symptoms like huddling in one corner, anorexia, rough hair coat, respiratory distress and ascites. The intracerebrally inoculated mice showed epileptic symptoms and blindness. Haemorrhage and congestion of lungs, catarrhal inflammation of stomach and intestine and necrosis of liver were the main gross lesions noticed in the acutely infected mice. Alveolar and interstitial pneumonia, coagulative necrosis of liver, destruction of tubular and glomerular epithelium of kidney, necrosis of spleen and destruction of cardiac musculature were the prominent microscopic changes observed. Infection in mice by bioassay with acid pepsin digested visceral organs of acutely infected mice was successful. This indicated that T. gondii tachyzoites could survive acid pepsin for 75 min, as the tissues utilised for bioassay carried only Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Studies on the sensitivity of T. gondii tachyzoites to heat revealed that they could be killed by incubating at 56°C for 30 min or boiling at IGQOC for five minutes. The method of cultivation of T. gondii tachyzoites in duck embryos by the chorioallantoic membrane route was successful resulting in yellowish white pock lesions on CAM, with congestion and haemorrhage on embryos and brain. A successful cryopreservation of T. gondii using tris-glycerol as cryoprotectant for 145 days at -20°C and for 250 days at -56°C was achieved.