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Open Access
LACTATION PERFORMANCE AND MILK COMPOSITION OF ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-08-30) SUDHARSAN M.; A. Kannan
Open Access
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) N. SASIKALA; Sabin George
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different milk replacers in Malabari kids on their growth performance for the period of two months. Twenty four healthy Malabari kids of four days of age were selected and divided into four groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight and were allotted randomly to different experimental rations. Experimental rations were T1 (control, dam’s milk), T2 (Milk replacer based on whey powder), T3 (Milk replacer based on groundnut oilcake) and T4 (Milk replacer based on coconut oilcake). Dam’s milk and milk replacers were fed to kids at the rate of 1/6th and 1/8th of the body weight during first month and second month respectively. Kid starter and fresh green grass were offered to the kids from 15th day onwards to all the experimental kids throughout the experimental period. Data on body weight gain, body measurements, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, serum calcium and phosphorus, faecal consistency score, incidence of diseases and techno economics of production were employed for evaluation of different treatments. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 63 g and 3.98 kg, 62 g and 3.91 kg, 49 g and 3.07 kg and 47 g and 2.96 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4. Average daily gain and total weight gain were significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared to the kid fed T3 and T4. Over all mean of body length at two months ranged from 37.75 to 39.92 cm. Mean heart girth ranged from 35.50 to 36.33 cm. Mean height at withers ranged from 36.83 to 39.92 cm. Body measurements showed no significant difference between the treatments. Total dry matter intake of kids was 6.93, 5.23, 4.80 and 4.88 kg, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Total dry matter intake was significantly higher in T1 than T2, T3 and T4. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 1.73, 1.34, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Faecal consistency score was comparatively higher in the first fortnight than the following fortnights and the values were similar between the treatments. Out of the total cases of diarrhea, incidence was more in kids fed T4 (30 per cent). Respiratory illness was noticed higher in kids fed T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. Majority of the cases of bloat was noticed in T4 group. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 580.02, 139.60, 176.94, 179.78, respectively. Feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower in kids fed with T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 groups. From the results obtained on the present study it could be inferred that kids in T2 had similar growth performance as that of control (T1) group. Feed cost per kg gain in T2, T3 and T4 was better than T1. Therefore it could be concluded that milk replacer based on whey powder can be given to the kids as an alternative to milk without compromising the growth performance.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-09-03) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-09-30) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm.The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD 5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count.Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD 5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD 5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.`Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD 5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, toconserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.
Open Access
EFFECT OF HOUSING SYSTEMS ON GROWTH RATE, CARCASS TRAITS AND MEAT QUALITY OF RABBITS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) AMALU SABU; Suraj P.T
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of housing on growth rate, carcass traits and meat quality of rabbits. Twenty four New Zealand White rabbits of both sexes (1:1) were weaned and selected at five weeks of age. The animals were randomly divided into two groups (T1 and T2) of 12 rabbits each with an average uniform body weight. Rabbits in group T1 were housed in cages with stainless steel floors and T2 with plastic slatted floors. The experiment was conducted during the post monsoon season for a period of nine weeks. There was significant difference in the body weight gain of the animals in T1 and T2 during 10th and 14th weeks of age. The animals were slaughtered and carcass traits and meat qualities were observed for pH, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), colour, Warner - Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), collagen solubility, proximate composition and sensory evaluation. Carcass traits and bleeding efficiency were not significantly different between T1 and T2. Carcass defects such a bruising was found comparatively higher for rabbits in T1 than T2. There was significant difference (p<0.01) between T1 and T2 in dressing percentage (44.003 ± 0.579, 46.870 ± 0.742), WHC (18.717 ± 1.355, 29.218 ± 1.374, WBSF (35.714 ± 1.694, 19.612 ± 1.629), collagen solubility (30.91 ± 1.928, 38.26 ± 1.557) and fat content (p<0.05) (5.088 ± 0.783, 2.823 ± 0.314). There was no significant difference between T1 and T2 in pH (5.931 ± 0.013, 5.882 ± 0.022), colour (52.582 ± 1.252, 52.500 ± 0.797), protein (21.999 ± 0.583, 22.678 ± 0.219) and moisture (71.545 ± 0.517, 72.136 ± 0.217). The sensory evaluation of cooked rabbit meat from T2 showed significantly higher score for appearance, tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability than T1. The results indicated that rabbits reared on plastic slatted floors had better growth rate, carcass traits and meat qualities and can be recommended to farmers for rearing rabbits.
Open Access
COMPARISON OF THERMAL STRESS ALLEVIATION METHODS FOR MURRAH BUFFALOES IN HUMID TROPICS
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) SRUTHI S.; Manju Sasidharan
A study was conducted to compare the different thermal stress alleviating methods for Murrah buffaloes in humid tropics. Twenty-four lactating Murrah buffaloes were randomly selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research Development Scheme, Mannuthy and grouped into four treatments with six animals each namely, T1 as control, T2 was allowed to wallow, T3 was provided with THI based automated foggers and T4 was provided with THI based automated wetting and forced ventilation and were studied under two seasons with different THIs (low – 76.93 ± 0.53) and high – 82.55 ± 0.35). The mean rectal temperature (°F) was 102.04 ± 0.02, 102.08 ± 0.02, 101.96 ± 0.02 and 100.89 ± 0.02 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively during high THI season. The mean pulse rate (beats per minute) was 57.92 ± 0.15, 55.71 ± 0.15, 56.33 ± 0.15 and 55.23 ± 0.15 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively during high THI season. The mean respiratory rate (breaths per minute) was 17.92 ± 0.15, 16.48 ± 0.15, 17.08 ± 0.15, 15.28 ± 0.15 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively during high THI season. The respiratory rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were found to be lowest in T4 with a significant difference with all other treatment groups in both seasons. On analysis for cortisol, no significant difference was observed in low THI season but significant difference was observed within the treatments in the high THI season. In high THI season, cortisol level in T4 group was significantly higher than the control group. Even though there was no significant difference, a substantial increase in milk yield was found in T4 when compared to control group in both the seasons. It may be concluded that animals in T4 group experienced relatively mild heat stress when compared to control group. Among the three thermal stress alleviating measures, T4 (automated wetting and forced ventilation) was the group that exhibited lowest heat stress during high THI which was evident by the lower values in physiological and biochemical parameters. So, it could be suggested that in tropical humid climate, automated wetting and forced ventilation with respect to dynamic variation in temperature and relative humidity maybe preferred in comparison to other thermal stress alleviating measures for Murrah buffaloes.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm. The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count. Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.` Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, to conserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2018) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p<0.05) on hoof disorder. The animals which are stall fed were found to be more suffering from hoof problem (36.8 per cent) compared to a combination of grazing and stall feeding (p<0.05). The animals fed with less than 15 kg green fodder/day were found to have more hoof disorders (77.8 per cent) with p<0.01. The hoof problem was about 87.5 per cent in animals that are fed with unconventional feed like brewer’s yeast. The quantity of unconventional feed was found to be the most affecting factor for the occurrence of hoof problem( p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was 80.0 per cent in animals without vitamin and mineral supplementation (p>0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
BIOGAS PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF PRE-TREATED FODDER RESIDUE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2017) SARATH KRISHNAN; DEEPAK MATHEW D. K.
The present study was undertaken to study the biogas production potential of pre-treated fodder residue. The research work was conducted at University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy using portable floating drum biogas plants of 0.5 m3 capacity. The study was conducted for 42 days, with daily loading rate of one kg cow dung and one kg chopped fodder residue (T1), one kg cow dung mixed with one kg chopped fodder residue soaked in water for seven days (T2), one kg cow dung and one kg chopped fodder residue soaked in biogas slurry for seven days (T3), one kg cow dung mixed with one kg chopped fodder residue soaked in one % NaOH for seven days (T4), and all the treatments were further diluted to 10% dry matter level. Volume of gas was taken throughout the entire observation period at constant pressure. Carbon Nitrogen ratio of the substrate and Heat Generation potential of biogas were analysed. The fertilizer value [Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content of sludge were analysed fortnightly. Results indicated that there exists significant difference between treatments in case of volume of biogas production, carbon nitrogen ratio. The mean values of biogas volume in m3 were in the order of group T4 at the highest (0.096 ± 0.001) followed by T3 (0.078 ± 0.001), T2 (0.074±.001) and T1 (0.073±.0005). The mean value of Carbon Nitrogen ratio shows that T4 (26.41±0.23) had optimum C:N ratio than T3 (29.49±0.34), T2 (31.58±0.05) and T1 (32.59±0.19). The sludge was observed to have better fertilizer value than the substrate.

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