Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
EFFECT OF BREWERY WASTE ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF PADDY STRAW BASED DIET IN LACTATING COWS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2009) S. SENTHILKUMAR; T V VISWANATHAN
Two experiments were conducted, one to assess the effect of brewery waste on nutrient digestibility of paddy straw based diet in lactatiiig cows and the other to study the in vitro disappearance, degradability and rumen fermentation characteristics of various experimental feeds in Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC). In animal study, eighteen early lactating cross bred cows within 20 days of lactation were selected and grouped into three as uniform as possible with regard to their age, body weight, parity, previous milk yield and stage of lactation. They were randomly allotted to the three dietary treatments Tl, T2 and T3. The control concentrate mixture and paddy straw formed the Tl ration. The animals of T2 and T3 were fed with experimental concentrate mixture containing 25 per cent brewery waste (on DM basis) and paddy straw as roughage. In T2, the brewery waste was fed separately on wet basis, while in T3, the brewery waste to be incorporated in the concentrate mixture was treated with required quantity of paddy straw, three days before feeding. A feeding trial was carried out for a period of 60 days. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in body weight and average daily dry matter intake (DMI) of experimental animals among the treatment groups Tl, T2 and T3. The animals maintained on the three dietary treatments Tl, T2 and T3 showed an average daily milk production of 8.03, 10.14 and 11.09 kg, respectively during the 60 day period of the experiment. The milk production was significantly increased (P<0.05) from fourth week onwards in brewery waste fed groups (T2 and T3) when compared with control (Tl). The cost of feed per kg milk produced was lower in animals maintained on T2 and T3 rations (Rs. 7.89 and 8.37, respectively) than those fed control ration (Rs. 10.40). The brewery waste feeding did not affect milk composition such as percentage of total solids, milk fat, solids not fat (SNF) and milk protein and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The four per cent FCM yield and total yield of milk fat and protein remained unaffected by brewery waste incorporation. Animals in all the three groups showed similar blood parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma glucose, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and plasma calcium and phosphorus. The MUN and PUN concentrations were significantly higher (PO.05) in T2 at 60th day than that of Tl andT3. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in rumen fermentation parameters, such as ruminal pH, NH3-N and TVFA concentration of the animals fed three experimental diets Tl, T2 and T3. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE, ADF, cellulose and gross energy among the three treatment rations. Brewery waste fed groups (T2 and T3 ration) recorded significantly higher apparent digestibility of CF and NDF (PO.05) and hemicellulose (P<0.01) than those fed control diet. An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the disappearance, degradability and rumen fermentation parameters such as pH, total gas production, C02 production, NH3-N and TVFA and their fractions such as acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate and valerate concentration of experimental feeds incubated at different incubation periods in RUSITEC. The following experimental feeds were incubated in the RUSITEC, 1) control feed; 2) experimental feed (75%) + fresh brewery waste (25%) (EFFBW); 3) experimental feed (75%) + dried brewery waste (25%) (EFDBW); 4) fresh brewery waste (FBW); 5) dried brewery waste (DBW); 6) paddy straw (PS) and 7) brewery waste incorporated paddy straw (BWIPS). Among the feeds experimented in RUSITEC, disappearance was more in the control feed, EFFBW and EFDBW when compared to other experimental feeds. Similarly, the disappearance was more in BWIPS compared to paddy straw. The in vitro DM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose disappearance rate at all incubation periods were higher for FBW than those for DBW. The control feed, EFFBW and EFDBW had higher V and 'Z>' fractions, rate of degradation V and in vitro effective degradability of DM and CP than other experimental feeds such as FBW, DBW, PS and BWIPS and paddy straw showed the lowest. The BWIPS showed higher in vitro effective DM and CP degradability compared to paddy straw. The FBW showed higher DM and CP V and '6' fractions, rate of degradation V and effective degradability than DBW. A low in vitro DM and CP disappearance of 33.24 and 30.75 per cent, respectively were recorded at 72 hours of incubation (effective DM and CP degradability of 30.59 and 28.64 per cent, respectively), whereas the BWIPS had improved in vitro DM and CP disappearance of 42.25 and 38.36 per cent, respectively, at 72 hours of incubation (effective DM and CP degradability of 39.93 and 36.32 per cent, respectively). The data on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics indicated that during initial incubation periods (2, 6, 12 and 24 hours), the control feed, EFFBW, EFDBW and FBW showed higher in vitro gas production than other experimental feeds, whereas, during later incubation periods (48 and 72 hours), DBW, paddy straw and BWIPS showed higher in vitro gas production than other experimental feeds. Almost similar in vitro C02 production and pH were recorded at all periods of incubation in seven experimental feeds incubated in RUSITEC. The FBW showed the highest in vitro NH3-N production at all incubation periods, followed by control feed and EFFBW. The paddy straw had the lowest NH3-N production at all incubation periods compared to other experimental feeds. However, the BWIPS showed slightly higher NH3-N production at all incubation periods than paddy straw. The EFF0W and DBW were intermediary NH3-N production at all periods of incubation compared to other experimental feeds in RUSITEC. The TVFA concentration was comparatively higher in control feed, EFFBW and EFDBW at all periods of incubation than the rest of experimental feeds. The FBW had higher TVFA concentration than DBW in later incubation periods (12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). The EFFBW had higher TVFA concentration during initial incubation periods (2, 6 and 12 hours) than DBW, whereas the DBW had higher TVFA concentration during later incubation periods (24, 48 and 72 hours). During initial incubation periods (2, 6, 12 and 24 hours) all the experimental feeds showed higher acetate concentration than later incubation periods (48 and 72 hours). The EFDBW showed the highest acetate, propionate and iso butyrate concentration (349.64, 266.54 and 90.63 mmol/1, respectively) at 24 hours of incubation, compared to other experimental feeds. The paddy straw and BWIPS showed lower acetate and propionate concentration at all incubation periods. From the RUSITEC experiment, the effective CP degradability of paddy straw, control concentrate mixture and experimental concentrate mixture (containing 25 per cent brewery waste) were 28.64, 53.97 and 52.37 per cent, respectively. The average daily RUP intake of the animals of three experimental groups Tl, T2 and T3 calculated using the effective degradability values were 0.68, 0.71 and 0.72 kg, respectively and the values are higher than the NRC (2001) recommended requirement of 0.50 kg RUP per day for early lactating cows producing 15 kg of milk. Inclusion of brewery waste at 25 per cent (DM basis) in concentrate mixture in a paddy straw based diet resulted in significantly improved milk production as well as digestibility of crude fibre, NDF and hemicellulose in medium yielding cows in early lactation. The cost of feed per kg milk produced was reduced by 24 per cent by incorporation of brewery waste at 25 per cent level in concentrate mixture (DM basis) in early lactating crossbred cows producing about 10 kg milk per day.
Open Access
PHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF DIFFERENT MINERALS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN PIGS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2009) K. Shyama; A. D. Mercy
Two feeding experiments were conducted using 100 weaned piglets to study the effect of dietary supplementation of calcium, phosphorus and phytase in different levels and their interactions on growth, nutrient digestibility, mineral availability and blood and bone mineral profile. In experiment one, sixty four weaned Large White Yorkshire x Desi piglets (32 castrated male and 32 female) belonging to the Centre for Pig Production and Research, Mannuthy were used as experimental animals. All animals were dewormed before the start of the experiment. The piglets were divided into eight groups as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and weight. Piglets of each group were allotted randomly into four pens with two piglets in each pen. Piglets in each replicate were maintained under identical management conditions throughout the experimental period of 88 days. Restricted feeding was followed throughout the experimental period and daily feed intake was recorded. Clean drinking water was provided ad libitum in all the pens throughout the experimental period. The animals were fed with standard grower ration with 18 per cent CP and 3200 kcal of ME/kg of feed up to 50 kg body weight and finisher ration with 16 per cent CP and 3200 kcal of ME /kg of feed from 50 kg body weight. Eight dietary treatments with two levels of calcium (0.6 and 1 per cent) and two levels of phosphorus (0.3 and 0.6 per cent) were used with phytase (750 units /kg) and without phytase in a 2x2x2 factorial completely randomized design. The pigs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and later on at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and on 85' day of the experiment and a digestibility trial was conducted at the end of the experiment to determine the digestibility of nutrients and percentage availability of minerals of the experimental diets by total collection method. The results of the first experiment indicated that the levels of Ca, P and phytase had no effect on average daily gain, feed efficiency and DM intake among pigs reared under the eight dietary treatments, while there was significant interaction between Ca x P (P<0.05) and Ca x phytase (PO.01) on DM intake. The level of Ca and P and Ca x P x phytase interactions were significant for DM digestibility which resulted in lower DM digestibility for rations T3. T5 and T7 than that of other rations. Dietary levels of P and interaction between Ca x P (P<0.01) and Ca x phytase (P<0.05) were significant for EE digestibility. Hence rations T7 and T8 had lower (P<0.01) EE digestibility than the rest of the experimental rations. Crude fibre digestibility was affected by phytase and P x phytase interaction. Calcium availability was higher (P<0.01) in all phytase supplemented rations. Significant interactions between dietary Ca x phytase (P<0.01) and dietary P x phytase (P<0.05) were observed for Ca availability. Interactions between dietary levels of Ca x P (P<0.05) and Ca x phytase (P< 0.05) were found significant for availability of Cu and Mn respectively. Data on blood samples collected on 85th day revealed that phytase supplementation had significant effect (P< 0.01) on the plasma Ca levels of the animals fed the eight dietary treatments. The interaction between dietary Ca x P levels was also found significant (P< 0.01) for plasma Ca. Dietary levels of both Ca (P< 0.01) and P and interaction between Ca x P (P< 0.01), Ca x phytase and P x phytase (PO.01) were found to affect plasma P significantly. In case of plasma Zn dietary Ca was having significant (P< 0.01) effect and the interactions between dietary Ca x P (P<0.01), Ca x phytase (P<0.05) and P x phytase (PO.01) were also found significant. Dietary Ca, P and phytase levels had significant (P<0.05) effect on the plasma ALP activity. Cost of feed per kg body weight gain of pigs was lowest for ration Tl. Ration Tl with low Ca, low P and without phytase gave similar growth and feed efficiency with lowest cost of production compared to the other rations and thus Tl was taken as the control ration for the second experiment. The second feeding experiment was conducted for 114 days using 36 weaned Large White Yorkshire x Desi weaned piglets (18 castrated males and 18 females) belonging to the Centre for Pig Production and Research, Mannuthy and the animals were randomly allotted to the three dietary treatments, Tl- Control ration containing 0.6 per cent calcium and 0.3 per cent phosphorus, T2 -Control ration without any mineral supplements and with 750 units of phytase/kg feed and T3 - Control ration without phytase and mineral supplementation. A digestibility experiment was conducted to determine the digestibilih of nutrients and availability of minerals. Blood samples were collected before the start of the experiment and on 16th week. Radiological examination of femur and mandibles of the representative animals of three groups at the end of the study were done. All the male animals were slaughtered on attaining slaughter weight of 70 kg and the data on dressing percentage, loin eye area, back fat thickness, weight of internal organs were collected. Photograph of rib bone was taken during slaughter and bone ash percentage, bone calcium and bone phosphorus were estimated. Kidney samples were examined histologically to assess pathological changes, if any, due to the experimental rations. Body weight of pigs belonging to T2 (phytase supplemented ration) was significantly higher (PO.05) than that of T3 in fortnights 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9, while the difference between that of Tl and T2 were non significant in all the fortnights. There was no difference in feed efficiency and digestibility of nutrients among pigs reared under the three dietary treatments. The availability of Ca, P and Mn for T2 ration was higher than that of the control ration while the Mg availability was lower for T2 and T3 than that of Tl. Zinc availability was lower for T3 than that of Tl ration. Dressing percentage was lower (PO.01) for T2 and T3 than that of control and loin eye area was lower (P<0.05) for T3 than that of Tl and T2. There was no gross abnormality of femur and mandible on x-ray examination of pigs reared on three experimental rations. Histopathological examinations of kidney samples also were normal for pigs of Tl and T2 and T3. However ricketty beads were seen on ends of ribs on carcass evaluation, in pigs reared under T3. The bone ash content was also lower (PO.01) for animals fed ration T3 than that of Tl and T2. Thus feeding ration without any mineral supplementation showed deleterious effects on growth, mineral availability and bone ash content, but supplementation of phytase improved utilization of nutrients and minerals than that of T3 during the period of 114 days of the experiment. Feed cost /kg gain of Tl pigs was higher than that of T2 (P< 0.01) and T3 (P< 0.05). But the difference in the cost of production between T2 and T3 were non significant (P>0.05). It can be concluded that phytase supplementation of rations resulted in decreased feed cost / kg gain.
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL AND DEGRADABILITY OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON EARLY LACTATION IN CROSSBRED COWS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2003) ALLY., K.; Mercy, A. D.
A stud\- was conducted in two phases to assess the influence of level and degradability of dietaiy protein on early lactation in crossbred cows. In phase 1. eighteeen crossbred cows in earh' lactation (within one month of lactation) were selected and grouped into three as uniformly as possible with regard to age. sex. paritx. prexious production and stage of lactation and xvere fed with the experimental rations comprising of concentrate mixtures having 26. 20 and 17 per cent CP on DM basis and paddy straw, xvhich were fed in the ratio 70:30 of total DM. The three rations contained 20. 15.41 and 13.2 per cent CP and 63.86. 61.28 and 62.5 per cent TDN on DM. respectively. Individual records of dailv intakes ol concentrate and paddx straw, dailx milk production, fortnightlx data on bodx weight and milk composition were maintained throughout the experimental period of 100 days. Blood samples were collected for assessing levels of haemoglobin, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma calcium and plasma phosphorus. Rumen liquor samples were collected for assessing pH. rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH^-N). total xolatile fattx acid (TVFA) and lactic acid contents. A digestibility trial was conducted toxxards the end of experiment and reproductixe performance of the animals during the experimental period was also assessed. The average dry matter intake (DMI) of animals in the first group (2.99 per cent of body weight) was lower (P<0.05) than those of group II and III (3.54 and 3.79 per cent of the body weight, respectively). The body weight of animals of the three groups were similar, except in the fourth and sixth fortnight, when the weight of animals in the second group was significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of first and third. There were no significant differences in the milk production or composition between the groups during the course of studx. except during the fifth fortnight, milk fat content of group III was loxxer (P<0.05) than that of groups I and II. The pH and lactic acid contents of the rumen liquor 144 collected from animals of group I were higher (P<0.05) than those of groups II and III. while the rumen NH3-N concentration was lower (P<0.05) for the third group than that ol the first and second groups. There was no significant difference on the blood parameters such as haemoglobin, blood glucose, plasma calcium and plasma phosphorus, between the groups while the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level in the 50"" day collection was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the second group than that of the third group. The digestibilit)' coefficient of the nutrients such as ether e.xtract (EE), crude fibre ( CF). neutral detergent fibre (NDE) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were significantly higher (P<0.01) in the first group. All the animals in the second group and one each in the first and third group conceived during the experimental period. The average number of days from cah ing to first AI of the animals of the three groups were 122. 79.4 and 80. respecti\el\. the difference being nonsignificant. The cost of producing one kg milk in the three groups fed 20. 15.41 and 13.2 per cent CP rations was Rs. 7.79. 7.91 and 7.71. respectively. Results of the study suggest that CP level of 13.2 per cent in the total ration was sufficient to meet the requirements of cows in earh lactation, producing a peak of 10 kg milk. During phase II. 12 crossbred cows in early lactation (within one month of lactation) were selected and grouped into two as uniformly as possible as done in phase I. They were fed 17 per cent CP concentrate mixture' with two levels of undegradable protein (UDP) (26.8 and 42.9 per cent of CP) and paddy straw as the roughage in 70:30 ratio. The rations had 64.33 and 66.98 per cent TON respectively on DM basis. The experiment was conducted similar to that of phase I for a period of 100 days. In addition to the parameters estimated in the first phase, milk urea nitrogen also was estimated. There was no significant difference in the body weight of animals of the two groups during the experiment. The weekly average DMI was significantl\ higher (P< 0.01) in the first group from the third week of experimental period. The milk 145 production of the animals of the two groups was significantly different during the second and fourteenth week (P<0.01). during the seventh, eighth and thirteenth week (P<0.05) and during the ninth, eleventh and twelfth week (P=0.06). There uas no significant difference in the milk constituents between the two groups except for the fat and total solids which were higher (P<0.01) for the first group. Fhere was no significant difference in the protein and urea nitrogen levels in the milk, or any of the rumen parameters studied except for the rumen NH3-N level uhich was significanth higher (P<0.01) in group I. Except for a significantly higher (P<0.01) blood glucose le\ el in the first group on the 50"' day collection, there was no significant difference in the blood parameters studied between the groups. The digestibilit>- coefficient of the nutrients of the two rations were not different, except EE. which was higher (P<0.01) for the second ration. The reproducti\ e performance of the animals were not affected by the UDP level of the ration since three animals of the first group and two animals of first group conceived during the experimental period. Howe\ er the a\'erage days from calving to first service was numerically lower, though not significant, for the animals of the second group (90.7 in the first group and 74.8 in the second). The cost of production of one kg milk in the two groups was Rs. 6.33 and 7.36. respectively. The ration containing higher UDP (42.9 per cent of CP of concentrate mixture) maintained the milk production better than the low UDP ration, but the cost of production was also higher for high UDP fed group. From the overall results obtained in the present study it could be concluded that a level of 13.2 per cent of CP in the total ration was sufficient for meeting the protein requirements of early lactating crossbred cows producing around 10 kg per da\ . Increasing the UDP level from 26.6 to 42.9 per cent of the CP maintained production better, but cost of milk production was higher indicating that it is not economical to pro\ide high UDP ration for cows when the average daily production is around 10 kg

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results