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Open Access
Molecular characterization for targeting foliar blast disease in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
(CCSHAU, 2023-04) Kamboj, Aarti; Yashveer, . Shikha
In the present investigation, 60 pearl millet genotypes were evaluated at experimental field of Bajra Section, CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif season, 2021 for morpho-phenological traits & blast disease and the study of genetic relatedness among them using microsatellite markers. Highly significant mean sum of squares were obtained due to the genotypes for all the traits studied. The traits viz., plant height, ear length, ear diameter, leaf blade width, effective number of tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, dry fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited high heritability (>60%) and high genetic advance as percent of mean (GA%M) (>20%) whereas, the traits ear length, leaf blade width, effective number of tillers per plant, dry fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant exhibited high Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) (>20%) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) (>20%). Correlation coefficient analysis revealed high significant positive correlation coefficients of grain yield with traits viz., plant height, ear diameter and dry fodder yield per plant. As per blast screening, 43 genotypes were found resistant to the disease while 17 genotypes were found susceptible. In order to develop blast resistant hybrids, selected resistant lines were crossed with elite lines of pearl millet and out of the 34 hybrids developed, 32 were found resistant to blast. The increased activities of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (POX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) in the resistant hybrids further confirmed the disease scoring results
Open Access
Optimum utilization of Delonix regia leaf meal in the diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Lowanshi, Ashutosh; Gulati, Rachna
During present investigation, groundnut oil cake and deoiled rice bran were replaced by Delonix regia leaf meal under varying proportions to evaluate their effect on survival, growth, hematological parameters and enzymatic activity of Labeo rohita. On dry matter basis, groundnut oil cake, deoiled rice bran and D. regia leaves contained 42, 13 and 22.12 percent crude protein, respectively. Inclusion of D. regia leaf meal at 60 percent as deoiled rice bran replacement significantly increased the average weight (3.42g), average daily weight gain (0.22g), total weight (123.28g), total weight gain (34.26g), biomass (123.29g), percent increase in length (12.56%) of L. rohita as compared to control (2.61g, 0.17g, 89.07g, 26.13g, 89.07g, 10.26%, respectively). Percent increase in weight, specific growth rate, length of L. rohita was significantly higher at (62.21%, 1.25%,7.11cm) at 100 percent replacement of deoiled rice bran with D. regia leaf meal than at 0 (50.91%,1.14%, 6.06cm) percent replacement diet. The mean values of the average weight, total weight, weight gain of L. rohita were significantly higher in treatment fed with 20 percent inclusion of D. regia as replacement of groundnut oil cake as compared to other treatments and control with 0 percent inclusion of D. regia, respectively. Biomass and average daily weight gain of L. rohita were recorded highest in treatment fed with 50 percent inclusion of D. regia (114.25g, 0.30g) and lowest in the control group (99.42g, 0.16g). D. regia leaf meal diets did not show any adverse effect as 100 percent survival of L. rohita was recorded in all the treatments. Minimum FCR (1.56) was observed in D. regia leaf meal (30%) as replacement of groundnut -oil cake diet and maximum (1.94) in control diet. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the diet fed to L. rohita was found to be statistically higher (0.64) in 30 and 20 percent (0.60) D. regia leaf meal as replacement of groundnut -oil cake diet. Replacement of deoiled rice bran with 60 percent D. regia leaf meal gave better results in terms of percent increase in length (12.56%) and specific growth rate (1.25%) as compared to 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of groundnut oil cake (4.47%, 1.08%, respectively). Feed conversion ratio (1.47) and protein efficiency ratio (0.68) were also better in 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of deoiled rice bran than at 30 percent D. regia leaf meal replacement of groundnut oil cake (1.56, 0.64, respectively). Apparent digestibility of D. regia leaf meal diets for 40 and 100 percent replacement of groundnut oil cake and deoiled rice bran was 77.5 and 77.97 percent, respectively. The pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature remained in the range of 7.03 to 7.40, 6.02 to 6.13 ppm, and 24.66 to 25.56oC during the course of study showing no effect of D. regia diets.Free ammonia in different treatments remained under permissible level (0.05 to 0.09 ppm). Significantly higher total dissolved solids (79.50 to 91.52 ppm) were recorded in D. regia inclusion diets as compared to control diet (75.07 ppm). Haemoglobin and Haematocrit value of L. rohita was lowest in control diet (8.28g/dl, 22.8%) which significantly increased to 9.24 g/dl and 27.8 percent in 50 percent D. regia inclusion as replacement of groundnut oil cake. No significant effect of treatment diets was recorded on red blood cells and white blood cells. Red blood cell and white blood cell counts remained within the range of 2.39 to 3.20 × 106 μl and 17.49 to 17.52×103/μl, respectively. Effect of D. regia leaf meal on enzyme activity of L. rohita showed significantly lower Lipase activity (1.41 μM/mg protein/min) at 50 percent D. regia inclusion. D. regia leaf meal treatment diets did not influence the amylase and protease activity significantly. Amylase activity ranged between 18 to 25.50 μM/mg protein/min whereas, protease activity ranged from 24.21 to 28.59 Fluorescence change/unit. The anti-nutritional factors viz., total phenolic content, total oxalate content, tannin content, phytic acid and total alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Delonix regia leaf were 31.24 mg gallic equivalents (GAE)/g sample in dry weight, 1.28mg/l, 17.80mg/l, 2.43mg/100g and 26.97 mg/100g, respectively.
Open Access
Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on brinjal
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Soniya; Anil
Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueene) were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, thiacloprid 20.70% SC, cypermethrin 3% + quinalphos 20% EC, pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC and betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8 % OD were applied at recommended dose of 200, 200, 187, 750, 400, 750 and 200 g or ml ha-1. Results revealed that spinosad and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin were most effective against L. orbonalis reducing 70.48 and 69.82 per cent shoot infestation; 74.39 and 70.18 per cent fruit infestation (number basis); 76.53 and 73.21 per cent fruit infestation (weight basis) over control with increase in yield of 109.74 and 97.23 per cent over control, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were found next in order of effectiveness. On the other hand, treatments with thiacloprid, cypermethrin + quinalphos and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid were comparatively less effective. Applications of betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin caused maximum reduction of whitefly (57.79 and 56.38%) and leafhopper (63.76 and 61.32%) while lowest reduction was recorded in case of emamectin benzoate (30.23, 24.46%) and spinosad (29.40 and 25.70%). Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin were found to be relatively safer for natural enemies (coccinellids and spiders) whereas treatments with thiacloprid, betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and cypermethrin + quinalphos caused more than 50 per cent reduction over control in the population. Emamectin benzoate with LC50 of 0.32 ppm was 4.84 times toxic than chlorantraniliprole with LC50 of 1.55 ppm against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in brinjal fruits followed first-order kinetics and residue reached below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th days of application with half-life and waiting period of 1.47 to 1.65 days and 6.48 to 6.76 days at recommended dose while 2.04 to 2.57 days and 10.75 to 12.67 days at double of recommended dose, respectively during kharif 2020 and 2021. In case of combination insecticide (pyriproxyfen 37.5 + fenpropathrin 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) residue level reached below detectable level after 7 (single dose) and 10 days of spray (double dose) for pyriproxyfen and 10 (single dose) and 15 days of spray (double dose) in case of fenpropathrin. Half-life for pyriproxyfen was calculated to be 1.92 and 2.19 days while in case of fenpropathrin, it was 3.13 and 3.62 days at single and double doses, respectively during kharif 2020 whereas half-life of 1.82 and 1.57 days (pyriproxyfen) and 3.07 and 3.62 days (fenpropathrin) were calculated during kharif 2021 at corresponding doses. Harvest time residues in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Waiting periods of 8.46 and 12.35 days (kharif 2020); 8.70 and 12.96 days (kharif 2021) were suggested in case of pyriproxyfen at single and double doses, respectively while 3.32 and 6.92 days (kharif 2020); 3.00 and 7.13 days (kharif 2021) were suggested at single and double doses of fenpropathrin, respectively. Dipping of brinjal fruits in baking soda solution (2%) resulted in maximum removal (63-71%) of chlorantraniliprole residues while dipping in lemon water resulted in maximum reduction of 52-66 and 60-47 per cent residues of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin, respectively.
Open Access
A study on processing, nutritional evaluation and product development of Sesbania bispinosa (Dhaincha)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Seema; Kawatra, Asha
The present study was carried to evaluate the physicochemical properties & nutritional composition of Sesbania bispinosa grains and to analyse effect of different processing technique (soaking, roasting, boiling, sprouting and fermentation) on its nutritional composition and utilization of grains for product development Seed density, Hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index of sesbania grains was recorded to be 1.06 g/ml, 0.01 g/seed, 0.68, 0.10 ml/seed and 0.02, respectively Cooking time of sesbania grain was as 46 minutes. Crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and total carbohydrates in sesbania grains was observed to be 30.97, 5.69, 6.72, 3.18 and 53.44 g/100g, respectively on dry matter basis. Crude protein content increased by 5.13 percent and 3.45 per cent on sprouting and germination, respectively whereas, it decreased (P≤0.05) after roasting, soaking and boiling process. Crude fat decreased significantly (P≤0.05) after all processing treatments except roasting. Crude fibre conent reduced significantly during all processing treatments except sprouting and fermentation. Total sugar content improved significantly (P≤0.05) while, starch content reduced with all processing treatments. Total dietary fibre content and dietary fibre constituents (NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) altered with all thermal and non-thermal processing methods. Polyphenol content decreased after roasting, soaking and boiling whereas, increased significantly (P≤0.05) after sprouting and fermentation. Total antioxidant activity in sesbania grains improved significantly (P≤0.05) after each processing treatments being highest after sprouting. All the processings i.e. roasting, soaking, sprouting, boiling and fermentation resulted in improved in vitro protein digestibility in sesbania. Different processing treatment had significantly (P≤0.05) lowering effect upon antinutrients content including phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity and saponin content. Highest lowering effect exhibited by boiling and lowest was showed by soaking process. Physico-chemical properties improved significantly (P≤0.05) in flour obtained by all the processing treatments of sesbania grain. Different value added products (bakery, extruded, traditional, sprouted, fermented) were formulated using processed as well as unprocessed sesbania flour in different (10-50 %) proportions. Most of the developed food products were acceptable up to 10-30 per cent level of incorporation of processod and unprocessed samples. Sesbania grain can be used to contribute good amount of protein and other nutrients at low cost sparing other conventional legumes. This underutilized legumes (Sesbania bispinosa) should be further explored in respect of safe level of consumption, frequency of consumption, serving size to improve health status of human beings.
Open Access
Development of cold plasma system for shelf life enhancement of strawberry (Fragaria× anannasa)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Sapna; Attkan, Arun Kumar
The study was conducted to develop lab scale cold plasma system for the surface treatment of strawberries. To evaluate the developed cold plasma system, experiments were conducted on strawberries by varying applied voltage (10, 20, and 30kV), electrode gap (60, 65, and 70mm), and exposure time (60, 90, and 120 s). The strawberry was exposed to the cold plasma in-package as well as without the package. The effects of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties of the treated strawberry were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM). The treated as well as untreated control samples were stored at 4⁰C and the effect of the storage period on the different microbial, physical, and antioxidant properties was examined. There was a significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the microbial count of the strawberry. Total bacterial count and mold and yeast count, for treated strawberries, had decreased with an increase in applied voltage from 10 to 30 kV. The total bacterial count and mold and yeast count decreased with the decrease in electrode gap and increase in exposure time. There was no significant effect of cold plasma process parameters on the color change values (ΔE), firmness, TPC, and TFC of the strawberries. There was a significant effect of storage time on all the parameters of the strawberry. The cost economics of the developed lab scale cold plasma system was evaluated based on economic indicators viz. breakeven point (92.33kg), payback period (0.68yr/ 8months), and benefit-cost ratio (1.48) of treated strawberry at selling price of Rs.250/kg. Overall, the developed lab-scale cold plasma system was found quite efficient for surface treatment and shelf life enhancement of strawberries.
Open Access
Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Deepak Kumar; Sangwan, Omender
The present investigation “Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)” was carried out at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in kharif 2019-2020 and 2020-21 with the objective of estimating diversity of 150 genotypes of desi cotton. Variation among genotypes was present for hypocotyl pigmentation, leaf colour, leaf shape, leaf hairiness, flower stigma, leaf nectaries, stem hairiness, boll weight, petiole pigmentation, flower petal colour, boll shape, prominence of tip, plant height, boll opening, seed index, ginning percentage, fibre length, fibre strength and fibre fineness. Analysis of variance revealed presence of variability for all the quantitative traits among the genotypes other than number of locules per boll and seed index. GCV and PCV were high for number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield, medium for plant height, number of monopods, single boll weight, gossypol content and these parameters were found low in days to first flower, seed index, GOT (%), oil content, fibre length, fibre strength), fibre uniformity, fibre maturity and fibre fineness. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for most of the traits viz. boll weight, plant height, number of monopods per plant, seed index, oil content, number of bolls per plant, fibre fineness, fibre strength and seed cotton yield per plant. This shows the dominance of additive gene action behind the traits hence direct selection will be effective for these traits. Correlation studies showed that seed cotton yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with all the traits except days to first flower, plant height and negatively correlated with biochemical and fibre quality traits. Thus, improving other traits, seed cotton yield per plant will also increase. Fibre quality traits like fibre length is significantly positive correlated with fibre strength but negative correlated with seed cotton yield thus suggests that quality and quantity cannot be improved simultaneously one has to be compromised. Whereas, improving fibre length and fibre strength at a time is possible as they are in positive relationship. Genetic diversity analysis was done using 100 SSR markers out of which 66 were found polymorphic with average number of alleles as 2.73 per locus. FFS15 and HD 328 or HD 551 and HD 544 showed 98% similarity index, which means they are the most similar genotypes and have similar genetic background whereas genotypes namely Vira 6 and BHO 5 VIII were the most dissimilar genotypes.
Open Access
Modeling and mapping of above-ground biomass, carbon, and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Nanda, Krishma; Arya, Sandeep
The present investigation entitled “Modeling and mapping of above ground biomass, carbon and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology” was carried out at Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) situated in Kurukshetra and Kaithal districts of Haryana occupying an area of 4,452.85 hectares during 2019-2022. The experiment was carried for forest area, density and tree species mapping, time series analysis and biophysical parameters. A total of 46 tree species, 44 shrubs and herbs, 14 species of creepers, climbers, parasites and hedges and 29 grass species were recorded in SWS. Ecological characterization was done through the assessment of floristic composition, basal area, density and IVI. Tree density was found ranging from 210/ha to 860/ha with a mean of 475/ha. IVI ranged from 2.97 to 142.5 for the tree species found in the study area. The IVI of the tree species in the study area suggested that Prosopis Juliflora, (142.50), Eucalyptus sp. (129.14), and Ficus Racemosa (22.47) were the dominant species out of all species studied. Various biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Weiner index (1.39), Simpson’s diversity index (0.68), Margalef index (1.48), and Evenness index (0.56) were calculated to compare the diversity and abundance of species in SWS. Forest density maps revealed that majority of the area was occupied by moderately dense forest (MDF) accounting for 37.74 % of the total forest area. While, the least was covered by scrub (5.81 %). Time series analysis of SWS showed considerable increase in forest area since past four decades and significant improvement in forest density over the years. Out of total 36 locations studied, ID 11 contributed maximum AGB accounting for (1701.6 tons/ha) followed by ID 16 (1251.1 tons/ha) both dominated by Eucalyptus sp. while the minimum was contributed by ID 20 (4.3 tons/ha) dominated by Syzygium cumini. The total biomass throughout the sanctuary ranged from 4.3 to 1701.6 tons/ha. Total carbon stock ranged from 2.0 tons/ha to 799.8 tons/ha with an average 161.8 tons/ha in SWS.
Open Access
Economic evaluation of climate smart agriculture technologies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Manpreet Kaur; Malik, D. P.
Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach which guides the actions to transform and re-orient the system of agriculture to increase agricultural productivity sustainably, adaptation to climate change and reduction of greenhouse gases emission. The climate smart agriculture technologies constituents a set of technologies grouped together to form five major components; carbon and energy smart technologies, knowledge smart technologies, nutrient smart technologies, water smart technologies and weather smart technologies. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of cultivators from both climate smart villages (CSVs) and non-climate smart (Non-CSVs) villages of both Kurukshetra and Sirsa districts selected purposively from east and west agro-climatic zone of Haryana. In Kurukshetra district, the increase in the returns over cost A2 + FL in CSVs as estimated through propensity score matching was found to be ₹3898.75, ₹6397.19 and ₹11457.74 for a hectare paddy, wheat and mustard, respectively with the adoption of CSA technologies. In Sirsa district, per hectare increase in returns over cost A2 + FL as estimated through PSM was calculated to be ₹6977.13, ₹10477.88, ₹7577.18 and ₹8859.20 for paddy, wheat, cotton and rice, respectively in CSVs. For cattle enterprise, an increase in returns over variable cost for both Kurukshetra (₹37.71 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹42.45 animal-1 day-1) was estimated by PSM. Similarly, increment in returns over variable cost for buffalo were attained in CSVs of Kurukshetra district (₹45.87 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹78.93 animal-1 day-1). Based on DID technique, increase of total farm income in Kurukshetra district (₹194074.30) and Sirsa district (₹92648.04) were attained in CSVs over non-CSVs. Pathway analysis revealed that CSA technologies had been proved to be very successful in attaining the goals of food security, adaptation and mitigation. The Improved crop varieties, laser land leveler, concentrate feeding for livestock, happy seeder, ICT based agro-met advisories, crop insurance and contingent crop measures were identified as high rated technologies whereas, zero till drill, green manuring, SSNM, super seeder, fodder management, intercropping with legumes were medium or poor rated technologies. The major constraints identified like land holding status, low education and skills, low profitability, lack of adequate credit facilities, delayed release of subsidies and lack of capacity building of cultivators were causing hindrance in the adoption of CSA technologies.
Open Access
Microclimate modification and simulation studies on pigeonpea under semi-arid conditions
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Rahul; Khichar, M.L.
Field experiment entitled ―Microclimate modification and simulation studies on pigeonpea under semi-arid climatic conditions‖ were conducted during kharif season (2020 and 2021) at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29º 10´ N latitude, 75º 46´ E longitude and 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was put in a factorial randomized block design and comprised of three plant spacing (main plot treatments) viz. S1- 30 × 10 cm, S2- 40 × 10 cm, S3- 60 × 10 cm and four sub plot treatments comprising four varieties viz. V1 (Paras), V2 (Manak), V3 (PAU 881) and V4 (Pusa 992) with three replications. Spacing 60 × 10 cm and Pusa 992 took more number of days to attain physiological maturity in both the crop seasons. Higher plant height was recorded in spacing 30 × 10 cm and Pars in both the crop seasons. Maximum dry matter was observed in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Maximum LAI and chlorophyll content was recorded in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. LAI and chlorophyll content increases with the advancement of crop growth intervals and reach maximum at 130 DAS and then gradually decrease up to 150 DAS. Maximum primary and secondary branches per plant were observed in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Test weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Highest GDD, HTU and PTU were recorded in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Pusa 992 from seedling emergence to physiological maturity in both the crop seasons. The temperature profiles were inverse in morning hours and lapse in evening hours. The relative humidity profiles were lapse inside the crop canopy throughout the day but profiles were near iso-humic at 0900 in the morning during various growth stages during both crop seasons. Simulation performance of model showed an underestimation with days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, LAI and biological yield, while, Harvest index and seed yield was overestimated by the model.

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