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Open Access
Comparative impact of insecticides on bacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Pheretima posthuma (Kinberg)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Yadav, Jyoti; Dharambir Singh
The present study was carried out to analyze the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran on E. fetida and P. posthuma. Paper contact toxicity test was used to determine LC50. LC50 of chlorpyrifos against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 0.25% and 0.11%, respectively. While LC50 of carbofuran against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 5.14% and 4.11%, respectively that confirms the greater sensitivity of P. posthuma towards insecticide induced toxicity in comparison to E. fetida. Lower LC50 value of chlorpyrifos confirms its higher toxicity as compared with carbofuran. Total 52 bacterial isolates were isolated from the gut of worms, out of which six resistant gut bacterial species having agricultural importance were identified as Sphingobacterium sp., Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter murliniae, Bacillus australimaris and Burkholderia paludis. Inhibition in AChE activity due to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran exposure was observed at 24h. While E. fetida exposed to carbofuran tried to maintain AChE level, which may be seen as strategy to cope up with toxicity after prolonged exposure.
Open Access
Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvi-horticultural system
(CCSHAU, 2017) Johar, Vishal; Dhillon, R.S.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels on wheat varieties under agri-silvihorticultural system” was carried out in research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of nutrient levels on yield attributes, yield and quality parameters of different wheat varieties (WH-1105, HD-2967, WH-711 and DPW-621- 50) in already established five year old agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti systems. The growth of eucalyptus and kinnow under both agri-silvi-horti and agri-horti system increased sharply with the advancement of age. Eucalyptus attained maximum (7.2 cm) CAI for basal diameter followed by DBH (5.1 cm) during the age of six year which shows that the eucalyptus achieved sufficient biomass during 6th year of growth. The additional dose of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 per cent) to the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) in both the agroforestry based systems increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of different wheat varieties however; the difference between further additional doses of N to the RDF was nonsignificant. Among different wheat varieties, HD-2967 was found the most shade tolerant and exhibited higher plant height, number of tillers, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain and straw yield etc under both the agroforestry based systems. Whereas, the variety WH-711 was found be the most sensitive to shade and exhibited poor growth, yield attributes traits and yield. However, grain, straw and biological yield of different wheat varieties was found higher in agri-horti system over agri-silvi-horti system due to more competition among the annuals and perennials in agri-silvi-horti system. Different quality parameters viz. protein content, gluten content, sedimentation value, grain hardness etc. in different wheat varieties was observed higher in agri-horti and agri-silvi-horti system over sole cropping system. Higher protein content, grain hardness and grain luster were recorded in HD- 2967 while, variety WH-711 exhibited higher gluten content and sedimentation values under both the agroforestry based systems. Soil EC and pH decreased considerably under both the agroforestry based systems. However, soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased significantly over the control (sole crop). After six year of experimentation the higher B:C ratio was recorded in agri-silvi-horti (2.06) followed by agri-horti (1.66) and sole cropping (1.39). Hence, agrisilvi- horti and agri-horti systems are economically viable, improve the soil health and provide nutrient security. Therefore, agroforestry based systems are eco-friendly and a way to increase the farmer’s income.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in rohtak division of haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Anusha; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Rohtak division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal and one block from each district were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly making total 300 respondents. Sixteen independent variables and three dependent variables were selected. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency, percentage, weighted mean score and coefficient of correlation. The study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, educated upto secondary, general caste, married, having nuclear family with medium family size, had farming as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents had negligible social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite and medium mass media source of information utilization. Majority of farm families used double cropping patterrn, had medium cropping intensity. Physical capital in both the districts was found high.Human capital, social capital and financial capitals were found of medium level while natural capital was low in Karnal district and medium in Sonipat district. Overall livelihood security index showedfood security was reported to be high while nutrition security, economic security, shelter/water and sanitation security, health security, education security and access to institution were found to be of medium level. Farm families faced lack of capital, high labour cost as their main livelihood problems. Video film on ‘Swachh Jal Behtar Kal’ was developed by using standard procedures. The effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) was assessed through several parameters. Effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) in terms of audio quality, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message was rated as high.Family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capitals except natural capital. Age, family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood securities.
Open Access
Studies on maydis leaf blight of maize caused by Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) Shoemaker
(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet Singh; Mehra, Rakesh
The maydis leaf blight disease of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by Bipolaris maydis has emerged as a serious problem in most of the maize growing places of India, leading to considerable yield losses in maize. The present investigation on epidemiology, management and variability (cultural, morphological, pathogenic and genetic) were carried out with twenty six isolates of B. maydis collected from maize growing areas of the country. Out of four dates of sowing of maize, the highest disease intensity, AUDPC and AIR was observed in Ist date of sowing (15 June) followed by IInd date of sowing (27 June), IIIrd date of sowing (10 July) and least disease intensity in IVth date of sowing (25 July) on all the five hybrid and inbreds. Maximum temperature range of (32.2-34.20C), minimum (23.7-25.30C) with relative humidity morning (88-93%) and evening (59.5 -76.7 %), rainfall (0.0-7.4 mm), evaporation (2.6-3.9 mm), sun shine (4.8- 9.7 h/day) and wind speed (2-3.4 km/h) were most congenial for disease progression during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Temporal increase was maximum in 33th to 34th and 36th to 37th metrological weeks in all the five hybrid/inbreds during both the years. Disease progression, AUDPC and AIR value were more in Kharif 2016 as compare to Kharif 2015 however, among the five hybrid/inbreds highest in HKI-PC4B and minimum on HM-4 in all four date of sowing during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Relative humidity, rainfall and temperature showed important role in disease progression. Regression equations on relationship between disease development and weather parameter have been developed for five maize hybrid/ inbreds. Out of one hundred and two inbred lines and one hundred and four hybrids of maize screened against maydis leaf blight under artificial inoculated conditions, six inbreds and eighteen hybrids found resistant respectively. Out of eight fungicides evaluated against B. maydis, propiconazolee and tebuconazole provided maximum per cent growth inhibition, disease control and also increase yield. Among twelve plant extracts evaluated against B. maydis, garlic clove and neem leaves extracts at 20 per cent concentration were found most effective both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Bio agents, Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride found most effective under in vitro, screen house and field conditions. For integrated disease management, combination of propiconazolee (0.1%) + garlic (20%) + T. harzianum and tebuconazole (0.1%) + neem (20%) + T. viride were most effective and also increase the yield. All the twenty six isolates identified, belonged to B. maydis based on their morpho-cultural characteristics. Among the isolates, BM-22 and BM-23 from Gogunda and Fateh Nagar recorded maximum colony diameter. The growth pattern varies among twenty six isolates of B. maydis showed rough or smooth texture, regular or irregular margin with or without zonation, mycelium of isolates was either appressed or raised type. The colors of the colony were highly variable and size of conidia ranged 28.38-77.40 × 10.32-23.22μm. The conidia size of isolate BM-20 was largest (63.98 × 15.74 μm) with highest average number of' septa (5.9). In pathogenic variations, the isolate BM-16 from Karnal was most virulent and aggressive in comparison to other twenty five isolates of B. maydis, as it showed shortest mean latent period (39.6 h) and maximum mean disease score (4.1) across ten maize genotypes. Molecular variability among the twenty-six isolates of B. maydis has been examined through RAPD and ITS analysis, isolate BM-3 isolate to remain alone in the dendrogram, whereas maximum closeness (97%) was observed between BM-24 and BM-25 isolates.
Open Access
Assessment of nutritional status of anaemic pregnant women of Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Priyanka; Boora, Pinky
Eight hundred fifty pregnant women were selected from the 6 villages (Bhojraj, Dahima, Kaimiri, Mirkan, Gunjar, Ladwa) of Hisar-I block and 6 villages (Chodhrywas, Kalwas, Balasmand, Bheria, Aryanagar, Dobhi) of Hisar-II block of Hisar district and 6 villages (Badopal, Chinder, Bhodia Khera, Kumharia, Dhanger, Kharakheri) of Fatehabad block and 6 villages (Kirdhan, Pilimandori, Bhattu Kalan, Bhattu Mandi, Thulan, Dhand) of Bhattu block of Fatehabad district of Haryana. Out of 850 pregnant women, screened for Hb level, 602 (70.82%) were found to be anaemic (<11g/100ml) 46.70 per cent from Hisar district and 53.29 per cent from Fatehabad district. Thus overall 70 per cent of the pregnant women were anaemic in four blocks of Hisar and Fatehabad districts. Results indicated significantly high prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in rural areas of Haryana. Nutritional status of anaemic pregnant women was assessed using dietary survey (24h recall method), anthropometric measurements and clinical assessment which revealed that the food and nutrient intake was lower than the SDI and RDA among rural areas. Intake of cereals, pulses, fats and edible oils, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits by respondents belonging to nuclear families was higher than those of respondents of joint families. The intake of cereals, milk and milk products was found to be increased with increased income of the family. Education of respondent influences the intake of food groups. Intake of energy and protein was higher by respondents of nuclear families. Intake of energy, fat, calcium, iron, β-carotene, thiamine, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12 was found to be higher in the respondents whose average family income was Rs 18,000-27.000/month as the intake of pulses and milk products was higher by the respondents of nuclear families as compared to the respondents of joint families. The intake of food groups was higher among the respondents whose husband was engaged in service. Mean daily food and nutrient intake by respondents of Hisar district were found significantly (p≤0.01) lower as compared to Fatehabad district. Out of 300 hundred respondents, 200 respondents, 100 from Hisar and 100 from Fatehabad district were selected for imparting nutrition education and to assess food and nutrient intake. Nutrition education was imparted for a period of three months and gain in nutritional knowledge was assesed. The foods and nutrients intake of the respondents was increased significantly (p≤0.01) after imparting nutrition education. There is an urgent need to impart nutrition education to the pregnant mothers so that they can take balanced diet and improve health and nutritional status of future generation of country.
Open Access
Biochemical changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under the influence of salicylic acid
(CCSHAU, 2017) Naresh Kumar; Singal, H.R.
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on two tomato varieties Hisar Arun (Short shelf life) and BSS-488 (Long shelf life). Tomato fruits of both varieties were harvested at mature green and turning stage and treated with the salicylic acid at different concentrations (0.5 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.25 mM and 1.5 mM). The fruit sample was analysed for various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters at every 3rd day after salicylic acid treatment. The molecular parameters were analysed only at optimized concentration of salicylic acid (i.e. 0.75 mM) afterwards. The morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters like PLW, TSS, color change, lycopene, β-carotene, PG and cellulase increased progressively while the parameters like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin decreased gradually throughout the storage period which leads to the ripening of tomato. The exogenous application of salicylic acid mainly at concentrations 0.75 mM improved the shelf life of tomato by delaying the change in the above mentioned morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, during ripening the parameters such as total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, ethylene, PPO and PME activity increased initially and declined thereafter with advanced ripening in control as well as in all treated fruits. However, the treated fruits at SA concentration 0.75 and 1.0 mM expressed the delay in the initial increase in above parameters. Similarly, the expression of ripening related genes (ACS and ACO) of tomatoes of both varieties at both maturation stages increased initially and decreased thereafter which is delayed by the exogenous application of salicylic acid. In addition, the quantitative analysis (via PD Quest) of 2-DE gels of tomato proteins demonstrated the overlapping gel coordinates between control and treated fruits. But the treated fruits expressed the differentially expressed protein spots that showed >1.5 fold expression change as compared to control. So it can be concluded that the treatment at 0.75 mM concentration of salicylic acid was most effective in enhancement of shelf life of tomato fruits.
Open Access
Genetics and molecular studies for Alternaria blight, seed yield, its component characters in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]
(CCSHAU, 2017) Geeta Devi; Thakral, N.K.
Alternaria blight is one of the major biotic stresses in Indian mustard and reduces yield by 32-38% worldwide. The present study was undertaken with the objectives (i) To study the nature and magnitude of gene effects responsible for seed yield, its component characters, and Alternaria blight. (ii) To determine general and specific combining ability effects for different traits. (iii) To study polymorphism in parents using molecular markers. To achieve these objectives, 13 Indian mustard genotypes were sown in oilseed research area during 2014-15 and develop 30 TTC families during 2015-16 in RBD with 3 replications in triple test cross mating design. Observations were recorded on 12 morphological parameters. For second experiment (line x tester) 13 Indian mustard genotypes were sown during 2014-15 and develop 30 crosses during 2015-16 in RBD with 3 replications. Observations were recorded on 11 morphological parameters. SSR analysis was also carried out using 105 primers. ANOVA revealed significant differences among 13 genotypes for all the traits studied. Based upon triple test cross analysis all characters are studied were observed to posses epistasis, in both the environments except number of seeds per siliqua and oil content in late sown condition. Days to maturity, main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length, no of seeds per siliqua, 1000 seed weight and oil content in both the environments, plant height, no. of primary branches and Alternaria blight intensities under late sown environment are governed by the additive gene effects. In contrast, no. of secondary branches and seed yield per plant in both the environments, no. of primary branches and Alternaria blight intensities in timely sown environment are controlled by the dominance gene effects. On the basic of line x tester analysis mean squares due to crosses were also significant for all the traits which depicted presence of heterosis for all the traits, except for number of seeds per siliquae and oil content. Main shoot length, siliquae on main shoot and seed yield per plant are controlled by additive genetic variance which revealed that these traits may be used for selection. Plant height, days to maturity, no of primary branches, no. of secondary branches, siliqua length, no of siliqua on main shoot, no of seed per siliquae and oil content are govrned by dominant genetic variance. GCA effects revealed that RH9304 and RH 1378 were good general combiner for majority of the characters. High GCA effects are related to additive gene effects or additive x additive interaction which represent the fixable genetic component of variation. Hence these parents could be efficiently used for exploiting seed yield. For seed yield the crosses RH1368 x RH1372, RH0923 x RH1371 and NPJ112 x RH1378 were identified as promising on the basis of their high per se performance, along with high significant SCA effects and these crosses are capable of producing progenies with high transgressive effects. These crosses could be extensively used in breeding programme to develop superior segregants could be derived in further breeding programmes. Molecular analysis was done using 105 SSR primers and 39 primers showed polymorphism. The NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster tree analysis led to the grouping of sixteen genotypes into two major clusters with similarity index 0.55. Out of 105 primers, primer ENA2 have maximum PIC value and indicating that this primer show maximum contribution for diversity analysis.
Open Access
Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system
(CCSHAU, 2017) Dahiya, Sucheta; Punia, S.S.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at CIMMYT-CSISA Research Farm of CSSRI, Karnal to determine the ‘Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system’.The experiment was carried out in a split- plot design with four sowing dates and three cultivars during Kharif season viz. 10th June, 25th June, 10th July and 25th July as main plot treatment and three cultivars viz. Arize-6129, Arize- 6444 and Pusa-44 as sub plot treatment with three replications. During Rabi season sowing dates was 1st November, 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December and the cultivar of wheat used was HD- 2967.The growth parameters (number of established plant/m2, number of tillers/m2, periodic biomass accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes like number of panicles, filled and total florets per panicle, test weight decreased with delay in sowing dates. Paddy yield produced during 10th June and 25th June showed significantly at par yield with each other during 2014 and 2015 year of sowing. Rest of the treatments differs significantly with each other. Paddy yield decreased by 2.93, 19.57 and 56.20 % during 2014 and 2.96, 19.44 and 56.68 % during 2015 under 25th June, 10th July and 25th July sowing, respectively as compared to 10th June sowing. Early maturing cultivar Arize-6129 produced maximum growth parameters and yield attributes while the minimum with late maturing cultivar Pusa-44 during 2014 and 2015 experimental year. Arize-6129 (early maturing) and Arize-6444 (mid-maturing) showed significantly at par yield with each other. Yield reduction of 8.34 and 15.50 % during 2014, and 8.75 and 15.71 % during 2015 have been recorded with cultivar Arize-6444 and Pusa-44 as compared to Arize-6129. Net return (Rs/ha) was also recorded highest with sowing date of 10th June but B:C ratio was high with 25th June sowing date. Arize-6129 showed best results among others cultivar. Growth parameter (number of established plant/m2, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes number of spike and test weight showed decreasing trend with delay in sowing date. There was significant increase in grain yield of wheat with the delaying of sowing dates, however, the grain yield recorded at 1st November (5497,5572 kg/ha) and 10th November (5394, 5497 kg/ha) was statistically at par with each other. Sowing date of 1st November produced 1.87, 9.46 and 18.52 % and 1.35,8.82 and 17.45% higher grain yield over 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December, respectively during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Profitability parameters were showed maximum at 1st November sowing date. System productivity also showed maximum yield when crop was sown on 10th June along with Arize-6129 cultivar. But B:C ratio was found maximum where the crop was sown on 10th June with Pusa-44. APSIM modulation was near to perfection as coefficient of regression was more than 0.8 for yield and biomass for both the rice and wheat. Hence, model fits very well for both the crops.
Open Access
Bio-ecology and chemical control of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama on sweet orange
(CCSHAU, 2017) Naveen Vikram Singh; Yadav, G.S.
The study on “Bio-ecology and chemical control of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama on sweet orange” was conducted with the following objectives: (1) Study on biology of citrus psylla on sweet orange. (2) Population dynamics of citrus psylla on sweet orange in relation to environmental variables. (3) Evaluation of different insecticides against citrus psylla. (4) Estimation of residue of some insecticides in sweet orange. The present study was conducted at the Screen house, Research Area of Department of Horticulture and Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2014 and 2015. A single female laid an average of 505.2 ± 26.8 eggs which hatched in 3.5 ± 0.24 days. The mean duration of first, second, third, fourth and fifth nymphal instars were 2.6 ± 0.25, 3.0 ± 0.18, 4.5 ± 0.21, 4.9 ± 0.22 and 4.7 ± 0.22 days, respectively. The mean longevity was 33.2 ± 0.75 days for female and 28.6 ± 0.52 days for male. Two population peaks of nymphs were observed, first in April-May and second in August- September. Highest population of adults was found during May. With the decrease in temperature from the end of September, the population of D. citri started to decrease and reached its lowest level during winter season. Correlation analysis indicated that maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine and rainfall were positively correlated with nymphal, adult and cumulative population but the effect of rainfall on adult population was non-significant, while relative humidity was negatively correlated. The per cent reduction in nymphal population was recorded to be highest in imidacloprid 200 SL i.e., 68.9 and 67.1 % & 70.2 and 71.0 % after first and second spray and lowest in NSKE 5% i.e., 41.3 and 41.4 & 43.3 and 42.4 % respectively, during 2014 &2015. The average residues of dimethoate and imidacloprid in rind of sweet orange at recommended dose were 0.114 and 0.678 mg kg-1, respectively, whereas the corresponding residues in pulp was 0.154 and 0.063 mg kg-1. The residue reached below detectable level in 10 days in case of dimethoate while in imidacloprid it was 0.15 mg kg-1 in rind of sweet orange whereas, it was below detectable level in pulp. The washing of sweet orange reduced residues of both the insecticides from 73.9 -100% in/on 0 day samples.

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