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ThesisItem Open Access Persistance and decontamination studies of a combination formulation (pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC) in okra and soil(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Pooja; SushilThis study developed and validated a methodology for extracting the residues utilizing the QuChERS method, as well as the conformation and quantification of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin residues using GC-MS/MS working at low LOQ (0.01 mg kg-1). The field application of recommended (37.5 + 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) and double recommended dose (70 + 225 g a.i. ha-1) leads to initial deposits of Pyriproxyfen (0.359, 0.584 mg/kg) and Fenpropathrin (0.643, 0.951 mg /kg) which dissipated by following first order kinetics with half-life value ranged in between 1.79-1.84 (Pyriproxyfen) and 2.27-2.31 days (Fenpropathrin) at T1-T2 doses, respectively. The estimated pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin were 6.03 and 11.51, 0.91 and 2.54 days at T1 and T2 doses, respectively. There were no residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin in the soil after 1 day of the application of sumiprempt formulation indicating its safety for the next crop. Even though all the decontamination processes were successful in reducing the levels of both chemicals left behind, washing + boiling proved to be the most efficient. Residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin persisted for a little longer period in soil under laboratory conditions. ZIF-8 was synthesized by hydrothermal, sonochemical, and microwave-assisted methods, and its structural, physical, and chemical characteristics were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, and zeta seizer. ZIF-8 achieved a 69%, and 65 % removal of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin (20 mg/L) under optimized conditions, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Computational studies of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) enzyme in pulses(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Pooja; Ahalawat, NavjeetCytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a large superfamily of enzymes found in all domains of life, including plants. It plays a crucial role in the metabolism of various compounds, including drugs, toxins, and endogenous substrates. Pulses are the richest source of fiber and complex carbohydrates, resulting in a low GI food. CYP450s enzymes are heme-containing monooxygenases that catalyze metabolisms of various endogenous and exogenous compounds. They constitute a superfamily of enzymes present in various organisms including mammals, plants, bacteria, and insects. CYP450s are diverse and metabolize a wide variety of substrates, but their structures are largely conserved. In this study, bioinformatics analyses of CYP450s enzyme performed in pulses. According to the conserved motifs obtained by MEME and MAST tools, ten motifs were common in all those pulses. The structural and functional analyses of CYP450s in pulses were done by using UniProtKB and InterProScan tools in ExPASy database. The tertiary structures of pulses were predicted by Phyre2 web server. The protein sequences were aligned with ClustalW and then the phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA11 using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. By the successful analysis of CYP450s, we developed a productive database by using MYSQL and PHP. The database provides information related to 200 proteins of P450s in pulses with their predicted 3D structure in PDB format, functions and Fasta sequences. A Pulses Cytochrome P450 database serves as a centralized repository for curated information on CYP450 enzymes in pulses. It consolidates data from various sources, including sequence information, structural data, substrate specificity, and catalytic properties.ThesisItem Open Access Fabrication of bismuth telluride thin film and study of its electrical properties(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Pooja; Paul SinghIn this study, thin films of Bismuth Telluride were fabricated successfully by using thermal evaporation method onto different substrates (i.e., glass and silica) at ambient temperature. Their structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Photoluminescence (PL) sepectrooscopy and SourceMeter Instrument, respectively. The FT-IR study showed that the prepared Bismuth Telluride films do not show any transmittance spectra. The XRD analysis revealed that the films were crystalline in nature. The surface mimages showed that the prepared films have a homogeneous and compact grain surface. The calculated optical band gap was about 2 eV for both types of film. The I-V characteristics of prepared thin films were analyzed at temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C. It was found that the films fabricated onto silica substrates showed larger electrical conductivity than that of the films fabricated onto glass substrates. Also, the increment in electrical conductivity was observed with the temperature showing that the prepared films have negative temperature coefficient of resistance and exhibit the semiconductor behaviour.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of manure and nano urea on productivity and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08-01) Pooja; Thakral, S.K.The present investigation entitled “Influence of manure and nano urea on productivity and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was carried out during Rabi 2022-23 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar with the objectives to evaluate the effect of organic manures and nano urea on growth, quality, yield and economics of wheat. The research was carried out in factorial randomized block design with nine treatments with four replications. Factor A consisted of two wheat varieties (WH 1270 and DBW 303), assisted in main plot and while factor B comprised nine fertility levels, viz., 100% RDF, 125% RDF, 3 sprays of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 20-25, 40-45 and 60-65 DAS, 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS, 75% RDF + 2 sprays of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS + PSB, 50% RDF + VC @ 4 t/ha + FYM @ 5t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS, 50% RDF + VC @ 4 t/ha + 2 sprays of nano urea @ 500ml/ acre at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS, 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + Azotobacter @ 500 g/ha, 50% RDF + 2 sprays of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 20-25 and 40-45 DAS + Azotobacter @ 500g/ha + PSB in sub plots. Based on the present study it was be concluded that the variety WH 1270 recorded in significantly higher growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and yield attributing characters, viz., number of spikes per mrl-1 and 1000 grain weight as compared to the variety DBW 303. Higher grain yield (5154 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6099 kg ha-1) were registered by the variety WH 1270. Among the fertility levels, maximum plant height, crop growth rate, relative growth rate along with yield attributing like number of spikes per mrl-1, number of grains per spike and 1000- grain weight were noted by the treatment with application of 125% dose of fertilizer. This treatment resulted in dry matter accumulation, number of spikes per mrl-1,number of grains per spike and 1000- grain weight at par with the treatment with 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS. Maximum grains yield (5426 kg ha-1) was recorded with the treatment 125% RDF which was at par with the treatments 100% RDF (5350 kg ha-1) and 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS (5396 kg ha-1). Maximum straw yield (5422 kg ha-1) was observed with the treatment 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS were applied. Highest protein content (11.26%) was recorded with the treatment where 125% RDF was applied. It was 1.3% and 1.5% higher than the treatments with 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 1 spray of nano urea @ 500 ml/acre at 40-45 DAS (11.50) and 100% RDF (11.48). Highest net returns (₹ 86937 ha-1) and B: C (1.24) ratio were recorded with the treatment where 75% RDF + FYM at @ 5 t/ha with 1 spray of nano urea at 40-45 DAS was applied.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical profiling and biological evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-08) Pooja; Ravi KumarThe present study was undertaken for chemical profiling and evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil of promising Sugandha variety from different samples of roots (sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4). Commercially available VEO was obtained from St. Botanica pharmacy store, Panchkula, Chandigarh which was ordered online. Sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4 were harvested after 10 months, months, 18 months and 5 years of sowing. The EOs used in the study, appeared as pale yellow viscous volatile liquids, obtained in 0.55, 0.50, 1.16 and 0.26 % yield from sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4, respectively. The yield was highest in the roots harvested after 12 months of sowing and lowest in roots which was harvested very late approximately after 5 years. A significant variation was observed in chemical composition of these VEOs. VO3 had more diversity and VO1 had lesser diversity. However, the chemical composition of VO5 was totally different from the other studied oils. The antimicrobial activity of VEOs was studied against various bacterial and fungal strains. VO3 showed higher antibacterial activity against K. aeruginosa, X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis, S. aureus and VO1 showed higher antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and M. grisea. Whereas, VO5 displayed least activity against tested strains.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of herbicides on weed control and quality of guava cultivar L-49(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-10) Pooja; Goyal, Ramesh KumarThe experiment entitled “Effect of herbicides on weed control and quality of guava cultivar L-49” was carried out at Experimental orchard of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 in winter season. The experiment was carried out to find the effect of herbicides and sequential applications of herbicides on soil properties, weed control, growth characters, fruit and yield attributes on guava cultivar L-49. The treatments comprising 21 levels of herbicides in experiment 1 and 15 levels of sequential applications of herbicides in experiment 2. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications keeping a net plot size of 6.0 x 6.0 m separately. The data were recorded on various parameters, which were influenced by different levels of herbicides and sequential applications of herbicides. In experiment 1, weed free treatment was found best for soil properties viz. ECe and available N, P, K, Zn and Fe; weed parameters viz. weed density, visual mortality, fresh and dry weight; growth parameters viz. plant height, plant spread, leaf area, chlorophyll content; fruit parameters viz. fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, number of fruits, yield, fruit firmness, fruit colour; and quality parameters viz. TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, TSS:acidity ratio and pectin content. Among herbicidal treatments, the combination of glyphosate (1.26 kg/ha) + carfentrazone (20 g/ha) and glyphosate (1.26 kg/ha) + oxyflourfen (100 g/ha) were found best. In experiment 2, from all the sequential application of herbicides, the treatment glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (July) fb glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (August) fb glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (September) was found best for soil properties viz. ECe and available N, P, K, Zn and Fe; weed parameters viz. weed density, visual mortality, fresh and dry weight; growth parameters viz. plant height, plant spread, leaf area, chlorophyll content; fruit parameters viz. fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, number of fruits, yield, fruit firmness, fruit colour; and quality parameters viz. TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, TSS:acid ratio and pectin content.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation, decontamination and leaching behaviour of thiamethoxam + λ cyhalothrin (ready mix) in soil and chilli(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Pooja; SushilThe study reports the persistence as well as the decontamination pattern of insecticides, λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam in chilli fruits following spray application of their ready-pre mix. For extraction and clean-up, three two different methods namely liquid-liquid partitioning and QuEChERS with clean-up were used in association with GC-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the method determined were 0.01 μg g−1 and 0.005 μg g−1, respectively, and all the recoveries were found above the range of 80 per cent. Thiamethoxam persistent up to day 15 in both the doses with half-lives of 3.45 and 3.90 days respectively. While λ -cyhalothrin persisted up to day 5th with half-lives of 1.49 and 1.52 days. Washing followed by frying was observed to be the best method of decontamination. It was followed by washing with 1 % vinegar solution, 2 % salt solution, 2% tamarind with least in case of washing with water. No presence of λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam residues were reported in chilli fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). In leaching experiment around 90 per cent of the residues were recovered totally, with no residues in leachates.
