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Open Access
Socio-economic impact of agro-meteorological advisory services in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Nisha; Malik, D. P.
Weather's effects on agricultural operations and farm production show how it affects farmers' livelihoods. Inspiring farmers to organise and employ their own resources in order to reap the tremendous rewards is possible with the help of advance meteorological information. Keeping same in view, the present study was conducted in Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Kaithal and Karnal districts selected from eastern zone and Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Bhiwani districts selected from western zone based on maximum number of farmers registered in the m-Kisan portal. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of AAS and non-AAS farmers. The main source of awareness about AAS in the eastern zone and western zone was personal contact with officials and fellow farmers or panchayat head (63.75%), respectively. All the farmers received AAS in Hindi language. Majority of farmers received advisories once-a-week in both zones. Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) as developed by IMD in 2008 enhanced the current coverage of AAS. The distribution of these advisories was conducted by different personnel operating at AMFUs/DAMUs, SAUs, ICAR institutes, NGOs, and other organizations. Mediums employed for disseminating the advisories included newspapers, electronic media and social media platforms like WhatsApp groups, Facebook groups, Twitter, and websites of IMD, KVKs, and state agriculture departments. The foremost individual function for which the farmers agreed that they employed advisories while scheduling was marriage ceremony in both the zones. In case of community-based function, it was social and cultural entertainment function in the eastern zone and gathering for social work in the western zone. In the eastern zone, the increase in net return of paddy and wheat estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs11044.76 ha-1 and Rs3596.88 ha-1, respectively. While, in the western zone, the increment in net return estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs7319.28 ha-1, Rs3494.52 ha-1, Rs3547.06 ha-1, Rs698.45 ha-1 and Rs5449.51 ha-1 in case of paddy, wheat, pearlmillet, cotton and mustard, respectively. The major perceptional, technical, organizational and social constraints faced by the AAS and non-AAS farmers in the eastern as well as western zones included lack of location-specific information, occasional inaccuracy of weather information, insufficiency of two-way communication between sender & receiver and lack of education and skills. The strategies to enhance the impact of AAS included trainings for improving user capacity in accessing AAS through apps, augmenting mass media outreach and app training.
Open Access
Seed quality assessment in natural and artificial aged seed of tomato and eggplant
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Nisha; Bhuker, Axay
The seed of two important solanaceous crops tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was procured from Department of Vegetable Science and study was conducted to assess the effect of natural and artificial ageing on seed quality parameters and their correlation and to find out the effect of priming and storage containers on seed quality at Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS HAU Hisar during 2020-2022. Under natural and artificial ageing storage period most of the seed quality parameters showed decreasing trend as the storage period increased in both cloth and polythene bag. Cloth bag maintained the germination upto 12 months while polythene bag maintained germination up to 15 months above Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (>70%). The polythene bag maintained 60.67 & 64.00% germination while in cloth bag it was 55.67 & 60.00% after 18 months of storage under ambient conditions in tomato and eggplant seeds respectively. The other seed quality parameters i.e. seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour indices, viability percentage, speed of emergence index, seedling establishment, DHA, SOD, CAT, POD were found superior in polythene bag as compare to cloth bag. The mean emergence time and fungus infection was observed less in polythene as compare to cloth bag.The germination percentage after 24 h (72.67, 74.00%) of artificial ageing were found at par with the values of germination after 12 months (73.67, 77.00%) of natural ageing in polythene bag for tomato and eggplant respectively. Seeds primed with GA3 @ 50 ppm can enhance 24.6 percent germination in tomato and 21.2% in eggplant over unprimed seed in 18 months old seed. GA3 @50 ppm is also effective in controlling fungal infection and enhancement of other seed quality parameters i.e. seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed vigour indices, viability percentage, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, dehydrogenase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, speed of emergence index and seedling establishment. It is concluded from the study that polythene bag is a suitable container and GA3@50ppm is suitable priming agent for tomato and eggplant seeds. Germination percentage after 12 months of natural storage can be estimated through accelerated ageing test for 24 hours in tomato and eggplant crop.
Open Access
An economic analysis of production and processing of groundnut in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Nisha; Pawar, Neeraj
The present study was carried out with the objectives of working out costs and returns of groundnut cultivation, to study processing costs and returns of groundnut and to identify the constraints in production and processing of groundnut. The study was based on collection of primary data. The primary data from selected farmers for the year 2021-22 were collected by survey method through personal interview with the help of a well-structured interview schedule. For collection of data multistage purposive sampling technique was used. The selection of districts formed the first stage of sampling. Out of major groundnut growing districts of Haryana, Fatehabad, Hisar, Sirsa and Rewari districts were selected purposively based on the area under groundnut for the present study. Selection of farmers and processing units formed the ultimate unit in the sample. From seven selected villages from four selected districts, total 84 farmers were selected, comprising 21 farmers from each district. A total of 7 processing units were selected from the study area as per availability. The outcomes of the study revealed that the average total cost of cultivation of groundnut in four districts came out to be Rs. 98275. The total cost incurred by the farmers of Rewari district was higher (Rs. 106886/ha) compared to that of Sirsa (Rs. 100271/ha), Fatehabad (Rs. 93789/ha) and Hisar (Rs. 92155/ha). The average yield of the groundnut was 24.61 q/ha which was highest in Rewari district being 29.15 q/ha as compared to Sirsa (25.17 q/ha), Fatehabad (22.30 q/ha) and Hisar (21.83 q/ha).The gross return obtained after inclusion of value of by product, per hectare was again highest in Rewari district (Rs. 169376) as compared to Sirsa (Rs. 145692), Fatehabad (Rs. 129242) and Hisar (Rs. 127695). The average net return of the groundnut for selected respondents as a whole was Rs. 44997 per hectare. As B: C ratios are greater than one, this indicates that groundnut cultivation is economically viable in all the districts, with Rewari district having the highest profitability. Total cost per quintal of groundnut processing was higher in oil processing units (Rs.17289.33/q) when compared to decorticating units (Rs.8273.57/q). In respect of net returns, it was also higher in case of oil processing units (Rs. 161.55/q) compared to decorticating units (Rs. 130.59/q). On an average a minimum quantity of 342 quintals of groundnut kernel and 813 quintals of groundnut oil should be processed so as to continue the production process without sustaining losses at average level in decorticating units and oil processing units respectively. The identified constraints, such as less availability of improved varieties/ seeds and high cost of seeds, high incidence of pest and disease infection and problem of uncertain weather/ climate, pose significant challenges for groundnut farmers, impacting their productivity and profitability. The scarcity and high wages of skilled labour during peak seasons, high machinery costs, erratic power supply, repair and spare parts problems, complex bank finance procedures, expensive raw materials, and high transportation costs were all identified as significant challenges.
Open Access
Computational analysis of potential phytochemicals interaction with COVID-19 main protease
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Nisha; Ahalawat, Navjeet
The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020 has affected almost every country with around 543 million confirmed cases worldwide. Currently to fight against the infection, multiple vaccines and several types of drugs alone or with combination have been used in many countries for emergency use. Some severe side effects of repositioned drugs are a cause for concern and their efficacy is still under evaluation. Antiviral therapeutics based on phytochemicals that have been reported to have more tolerable side effects can serve as a reliable alternative to synthetic antiviral drugs for the inhibition of viral replication and penetration. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the highly potent and vital targets to design and develop antiviral drugs for the inhibition of COVID-19 contamination. Computational approach helps to identified many drugs that can target viral proteins Mpro. We generated a phytochemical library containing 2453 phytochemicals which have been reported as having antiviral activity through deep literature study.The virtual molecular docking results reveals that five bioactive compounds; theaflavate C, theaflavin-3,3-O-digallate, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, theaflavin3-gallate have a higher binding affinity toward COVID-19 main protease (MPro) with the binding energy of -10.1, -9.9, -9.7, -9.7 and -9.7 Kcal/mol. But these phytochemicals didn’t follow Lipinski rule of five, so we selected more four phytochemicals having ADMET properties. The main protease docked complexes with phytochemicals; theaflavate C, theaflavin-3,3-O-digallate, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, theaflavin3-gallate, 10-methoxycamptothecin, caribine, sesamin and licoisoflavanone were used for MD simulation of 20 ns time period using Gromacs package. The MD results were analysed with respect to RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, hydrogen bond and principal component analysis. The resulting trajectories of converged period of MD were further exploited in MM-P/G/BSA calculations to derive accurate estimates of binding free energies. The study provides a basic foundation and suggests that the seven phytochemicals, viz. theaflavate C, theaflavin-3,3-O-digallate, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, theaflavin3-gallate, caribine, and licoisoflavanone serve as potential inhibitors in regulating the Mpro protein’s function and controlling viral replication and may assist the development of effective anti-COVID-19 drugs.
Open Access
Biochemical studies on fatty acid esterase isolated from pearl millet and wheat flours
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Nisha; Chugh, L. K
The present investigation was conducted on pearl millet cv. HC 20 and wheat cv. WH 1105. Pearl millet fatty acid esterase (PM-FAE) and wheat fatty acid esterase (WH-FAE) were partially purified from by ammonium sulphate fractionation (30-60 % saturation) followed by dialysis by 3.03 and 7.75 folds with specific activity of 15.35 and 22.5 units/mg protein and recovery of 57and 56 % of the activity, respectively. PM-FAE and WH-FAE, both exhibited optimum pH of 8.0. Optimum temperature for PM-FAE (40oC) was lower than WH-FAE (45oC). WH-FAE was comparatively more stable at high temperature (70OC). Km value of PM-FAE (0.129 μM p-NPB) was lower than that of WH-FAE (0.28 μM p-NPB). Km values of PM-FAE for p-NPB and NPO were about 50 % lower compared to that of WH-FAE. Affinity of PM-FAE and WH-FAE for NPD was approximately equal. Ascorbic acid and palmitoyl ascorbate inhibited both FAEs in a concentration dependent manner. After 5 days of storage, reduction of 73 % in total buildup of fat acidity (FA), 84% reduction in rate of increase in FA, 55 % inhibition of in vitro activity of FAE, 52 % inhibition in situ activity of FAE and 50 % inhibition of activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) in 0.58 % ascorbic acid-fortified flour compared to unfortified flour were observed. Inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid fortification on in vitro activity of FAE, in situ activity of FAE and LOX increased with fortified concentration of ascorbic acid whereas rate of increase in FA was almost unaffected. Inhibition of LOX (62-69 %) in 0.84 % ascorbic acid-fortified flour was comparable to that (68-74 %) of blanched grain flour (BGF) throughout storage period. It was concluded that comparatively higher activity of PM-FAE in flour, lower Km value for its substrates and lower optimum temperature might be responsible for faster in situ hydrolysis of lipids and hence poor shelf life of pearl millet flour than wheat flour. Indirect fortification of flour by ascorbic acid treatment of pearl millet grains was effective in negatively modulating activities of FAE and LOX in flour for arresting not only in situ hydrolysis but also enzymatic oxidation of lipids.
Open Access
An economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Nisha; Malik, D.P.
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyze the trend in area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India vis-a-vis Haryana, to work out costs and returns, to study resource use efficiency and to identify various factors influencing sugarcane acreage in Haryana. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The time-series data related to area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India as well as Haryana for the period 1971-2018 was gathered and the growth rate and trends by using linear trend equation were computed. Yamunanagar and Rohtak districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under sugarcane from eastern and western zones, respectively. One block having maximum area under sugarcane namely Radaur from Yamunanagar and Rohtak from Rohtak was selected purposively. Further three villages of each selected block were selected randomly. From each village, 20 farmers were selected randomly and finally, 120 farmers of six villages was interviewed to excerpt all desired information. Cobb-douglas production function was fitted work out the extent of efficacy of resource use. The outcomes of study revealed an increasing trend in the area, production and productivity of sugarcane at the national level with CAGRs values of 1.52, 0.84 and 2.37 per cent , respectively. Whereas, in Haryana, the trend in area indicated decreasing trend ( -0.79%) over the study period while production and productivity illustrated increasing trend with CAGRs values of 0.74 and 1.55 per cent, respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation in planted and ratoon sugarcane in Yamunanagar was found to be Rs. 244517 and Rs. 187217, respectively. While in Rohtak district, it was computed as Rs. 210832 and Rs. 146995, respectively. In Yamunanagar, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were 986 quintals, Rs. 337120 and Rs. 92604, respectively. The corresponding figures for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 950 quintals, Rs. 322730 and Rs. 135513 respectively. Whereas, in Rohtak, the per hectare yield gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were worked out to be 798 quintals, Rs. 274554 and Rs. 63727, respectively. The corresponding values for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 702 quintals, Rs. 241410 and Rs. 94415, respectively. The B:C ratio for planted and ratoon conditions was worked out to be 1.38 and 1.72, respectively for Yamunanagar & 1.30 and 1.64 respectively for Rohtak. In planted conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on machine labour and seed, whereas, in planted conditions of Rohtak, expenditure on human labour, seed, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were found positive and statistically significant specifying inefficiency of these inputs. In ratoon conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on human labour, plant protection chemicals and irrigation were found to be positive and statistically significant indicating that inputs were not used efficiently whereas, in ratoon conditions of Rohtak, the inputs under-utilized were human labour, plant protection chemicals and fertilizers. Requirement of number of irrigations, labour scarcity for manual hoeing/ inter-cultural operations, non-availability of machines for harvesting of sugarcane, payment by sugar mills in installments, small size of operational land holding, the returns from sugarcane once a year etc. are some of the major constraints impelling sugarcane acreage.
Open Access
Seed quality assessment in naturally aged seed of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
(CCSHAU, 2019) Nisha; Jakhar, S.S.
Two sorghum variety produced during kharif seasons were evaluated for their performance for different viability and vigour parameters viz. test weight, seed density, standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour Index-I, vigour Index-II, tetrazolium test, electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity test, seed mycoflora, speed of emergence index, mean emergence time and seedling establishment (%). Significant amount of variation was observed in both of the varieties and all the seed lots for all characters. In natural aged seed lots, only HJ541 variety of sorghum sustained their germination up to one year showed that sorghum seed can be stored at ambient condition up to one year without loosening its viability and after that the germination falls below standard. HJ541 was found superior variety based on majority of the viability and vigour parameters results whereas HC136 was found inferior. During natural ageing, standard germination, seed density, test weight, seedling length, vigour indices, viability, speed of emergence index and seedling establishment decreased significantly and progressively with the ageing period. The activity of DHA decrease significantly with storage period in both the varieties. Electrical conductivity was found significantly & negatively correlated with standard germination, indicating that the more the EC value lower will be the germination in laboratory as well as in the field and vice- versa. Priming of the seeds with various treatments was found effective to improve the seed quality in fresh as well as marginal seed lot i.e. one year seed lot. GA3 (50ppm for 6 hrs.) was found better priming treatment for enhancing the quality followed by hydration- dehydration (6hrs.) + 0.25% thiram treatments. All the priming treatments showed maximum effect on HJ541 followed by HC136. Therefore, from present investigation it is concluded that the standard germination, vigour indices and EC could be used as reliable predictors of seed quality because of easy, quick and accurate in their execution. Various seed priming treatments can be used for enhancing seed quality of marginal seed lot.
Open Access
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Substituted Pyrazoles and Their Complexes with Transition Metal Ions
(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2001) Nisha; Dhindsa, Kuldip Singh
Open Access
Impact assessment of food processing trainings on scheduled caste women
(CCSHAU, 2017) Nisha; Seema Rani
The study was conducted to assess the impact of food processing training on scheduled caste women. A total of 155 scheduled caste women respondents of seven villages of 3 blocks i.e. Hisar-I, Hisar–II and Hansi of Hisar District of Haryana state were imparted training on food processing. Out of these 104 respondents were selected for the present study. Various socio- personal, economic, psychological and communication variables constitute the independent variables for the study and knowledge, attitude, skill acquisition and adoption constitute the dependent variables for the study. Most of the respondent (52.88%) were of lower middle age group , educated up to matriculation (45.19%), married (80.78%) having medium family education status and belong to nuclear families. Majority of them were laborers with monthly income between rupees. 40,000-60,000 and had medium level of material possession. The psychological profile revealed medium level of change proneness, risk orientation and high entrepreneurial motivation. Maximum training effectiveness score was recorded for pickling of seasonal vegetables (WMS 2.43) followed by fruit and vegetable preservation (WMS2.26), processing of milk and milk products (WMS 2.40) and baking (WMS 2.20). Most of the respondents succeeded in acquiring knowledge of all the training on food processing. Respondents were highly satisfied with the green chilli pickle in fruit and vegetable preservation training, pickling of seasonal vegetables training, production & preservation of paneer in milk and milk products training and making of chocolate cake in baking training. Respondents were highly satisfied about quality of trainer and subject matter for all the trainings. Sufficient knowledge was recorded for all components of food processing and knowledge level of trainees was found high. Skill acquisition of respondents was of medium level for all the trainings. Overall impact of trainings was of medium level. Economic constraints were perceived as major constraint followed by personal, market and technical constraints for all the trainings. Attitude of respondents was found favourable towards all selected trainings. The training component had significant association with knowledge, attitude and skills.

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