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Open Access
Effect of parasites and minerals on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Khushbu; Gulati, Rachna
On the basis of cultural area, shrimp farmers were classified into three groups: small farmers having up to 2 ha area, medium farmers with 2 to 4 ha area and large farmers having above 4 ha area. Maximum shrimp farmers procured shrimp seed of size post larvae PL 9-11from Tamil Nadu (60%) followed by West Bengal (25%) and Andhra Pradesh (15%) at price ranges between 0.50-0.60₹. Shrimp farmers stocked their ponds at different densities: less than 40 (70%), 40-60 (26%), above 60 (4%) numbers/m2. The shrimp farmers raised two crops (65%), more than two (35%) every year. The majority of shrimp farmers physically checked the soil and water quality characteristics of the ponds on weekly (35%) and monthly basis (65%). Fifty eight percent shrimp farmer faced poor feed conversion ratio (>1.5) and forty percent good FCR (<1.5). Farmers generally engaged farm consultants (87%) from adjacent shrimp farms and two laborers per hectare are employed from surrounding villages and other states and they were paid 8000-15000₹/labor/month. In 90-120 days, the average shrimp harvest yielded 5000 kg to 9000 kg/ha/crop.The total and operational cost was 3164561, 3051033.03, 2930496.03₹ and 2461473.00, 2379772.00 and 2305630₹ for small, medium and larger farmer. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 1.05, 1.15 and 1.23. Bacterial disease was maximum recorded at Faridabad (17%) followed by Fatehabad (14%), Gurugram (13%), Jind(11%), Bhiwani (11%), Dadri (7%), Kaithal (6%) , Hisar (4%) and Jhajjhar (4%) and least number of bacterial disease was encountered at Rohtak shrimp culture pond (2%). The plankton analysis of shrimp culture ponds of Haryana recorded that varied between 50000-126,000/m3. Maximum concentration of nickel, zinc, copper, cobalt and chromium was at Guroothi (0.307ppm), Meham (1.680ppm), Bangaon (0.840ppm), Bangaon(0.560ppm), Kalayat (0.812ppm) and Kherilamba (3.225ppm). Growth performance of shrimp revealed that pathogenicity of Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei varied with different challenge methods in L. vannamei. EHP challenge via oral and injection in HP were more potent in reducing the growth of shrimps. It indicated that significantly higher Litopenaeusvannameiweight was recorded in healthy shrimp of control at all days of exposure and lesser increase in weight was recordedin oral (1.33g to 2.85g) and injection in hepatopancreas (1.44g-2.84g)method of EHP infection. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (0 ppm) and it decreased to 8.47, 7.88, 5.30, 3.83, 3.37, 3.12g with an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0.5 to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (102ppm) and it increased to 12.21, 12.90, 16.83g with an increase in calcium oxide dose from 200-600ppm. But at concentration higher than 600ppm weight of shrimps was significantly decrease 6.64, 5.29g at 700ppm and 800ppm. The results on the growth performance of shrimp revealed that higher doses of potassium chloride showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight of shrimps was significantly lower (11.73g) in control (155ppm) and it increased to 14.18, 14.99, 18.34, 23.23g with an increase in magnesium sulphate dose from 200-700 ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (11.73 g) in control (852ppm) and it increased to 13.33, 14.14, 17.49, 22.38 with an increase in sodium chloride dose from 1000 to 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. he LC50 values (concentration at which 50 percent mortality occur in L. vannamei) along with regression statistics for zinc sulphate, calcium oxide, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride was 0.71,720, 505.5,1 284 and 8565.4ppm. The weight of shrimps was significantly higher (7.89 g) in Azolla based feed than commercial feed (6.55g).
Open Access
PCR based detection methods of stored mites and their damage potential in cattle feed
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Verma, Deepak; Gulati, Rachna
During present investigation, t he amount of DNA isolated from mite, Aleuroglyphus ovatus by CTAB method and DNA extraction kit ranged from 6.30 to 62.20 ng/μl and 4.90 to 57.40 ng/μl in handpicked mites, respectively whereas, these ranged from 42.90 to 108.00 ng/μl and 31.70 to 88.30 ng/μl from sieved stock culture of mites by two methods, respectively. The quality of DNA was better when the DNA extraction kit was used than by CTAB method which exhibited slight contamination with organic acids or proteins. Sequence no. M1 ITS2, S1 ITS2, S2 ITS2 and M2 ITS2 showed 88, 87, 90 and 88 percent homology, respectively, with sequences in the GenBank database of species Aleuroglyphus ovatus. The limit of detection remained at 4000 pg/ μl. Significantly higher mite population on cattle feed concentrate was recorded during the month of August at Bhiwani (106.00 mites/100g), Hansi (35.67 mites/100g), Hisar Gaushala (312 mites/100g), Adampur (98.33 mites/100g) and Sirsa (450.33 mites/100g). Amongst all the collection sites mite count was highest at Hisar gaushala (140.61 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate) and lowest was found at Hansi (9.42 mites/ 100g cattle feed concentrate). Mite count on gram chuni at Mangali harboured significantly more number of mites (53.03 mites/100 g gram chuni) than at Bawani Khera (19.97 mites/100 g gram chuni), Barwala (23.19 mites/100 g gram chuni) and Dabri (21.28 mites/100 g gram chuni).Cotton seed cake samples at Mangali and Barwala did not show any mite occurrence throughout the study period. In pellet feed, significantly higher number of mites were observed during the months of August (13.33 mites/100 g pellet feed) and September (13 mites/100 g pellet feed). The month of August and September recorded maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall as 35.50C, 26.60C, 74.00 percent, 5.80 km/h, 66.70 mm and 32.30C, 25.40C, 83.00 percent, 5.30 km/h, 428.20 mm, respectively which helped building significantly higher mite populations in cattle feeds as compared to other months.The results showed that A. ovatus population count on all the seven feeds were statistically significant with each other, however, gram chuni harboured significantly more number of A. ovatus mites (10753.19 mites/5g feed) than cattle feed concentrate (8526.57 mites/5g feed), groundnut cake (6055.14 mites/5g feed), cattle feed pellet (3812.05 mites/5g feed), soyabean meal (2876.14 mites/5g feed), cottonseed cake (1465.48 mites/5g feed) and mustard oil cake (772.57 mites/5g feed). Irrespective of the feed type, significantly higher A. ovatus population was recorded at 90 days of sampling (14465.29 mites/5g feed) followed by 60 days (11297.57mites/5g feed), 120 days (4468.05 mites/5g feed), 150 days (1752.14 mites/5g feed) and 30 days (1461.57 mites/5g feed). Least number of mites were recorded at 180 days of sampling (796.52 mites/5g feed). Amongst the various cattle feeds, per cent weight loss was significantly more on cattle feed concentrate (35.30%), corresponding to high A. ovatus population followed by weight loss in gram chuni (29.40%), groundnut cake (28.00%), soyabean meal (15.47%), cattle feed pellet (15.17%), cottonseed cake (12.10%) and mustard oil cake (10.23%).The loss in total soluble sugars was more in groundnut cake (6.05 to 56.6 %), reducing sugars in gram chuni (2.64 to 41.12 %), non-reducing sugars in groundnut cake (6.36 to 59.6 %), starch in soyabean meal (1.82 to 31.27 %) and crude protein in soyabean meal (49.02 to 52.02 %).
Open Access
Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2023-07-27) Rekha; Gupta, Rajender Kumar
To accomplish the 1st and 2nd sustainable development goals of reducing poverty and hunger at zero level, it is necessary to provide food for the growing population. For this, the present work of Effect of different organic wastes, plants on production of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758) and its post harvest impact with bio-fuel production was carried out. Moringa oliefera and Eichhornia crassipes both are rich source of protein consisting of amino acids (essential and non essential) alanine, aspartic, tryptophan, serine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, threonine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and methionine were fed to fish at concentration 10%, 20%, 30% and 5%, 10%, 20% respectively. M. Oliefera up to 20% and E. crassipes up to 10% of commercial feed in fish diet gave best growth with 20g and 13-15g weight gain respectively in a period of 6 month from June 2022 to November 2023. It has been found that there is significant loss qualitatively (Rs 31.5/1 kg of fish) as well as quantitatively (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio-processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% is produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat. (105g /1000g of fish flesh) during transportation chain and bio processing of fish. This means that farmers and butchers may be losing over 10% of the total fish flesh they are handling, which can have a direct impact on their profitability. The alternative to efficiently use of waste produced can be production of biodiesel by transesterification reaction. A yield of 80% was produced from common carp waste as it was having high amount of oleic (53%) acid in fat.
Open Access
Analysis of vermiwash as a biofertilizer and heavy metal genotoxicity in earthworm, Eisenia fetida
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2023-01) Renu; Gupta, R. K
The present study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of As and Cr on earthworms, E. fetida and to analyze the vermiwash as a biofertilizer. The LC50 values of both heavy metals for E. fetida were calculated by paper contact toxicity and substrate contact toxicity method. LC50 of As and Cr at 24 h for adult E. fetida were 1.95% w/v and 0.14% w/v, respectively, while at 14 days were 273.23 and 205.09 mg/kg, respectively that confirm the higher toxicity of Cr compared to As. Then the earthworms were exposed to lower doses than LC50 of both heavy metals to analyze their effects on survival, growth, reproduction, behaviour, antioxidant system and DNA damage. The survival, reproduction and growth were decreased with increased heavy metal concentrations. Earthworms also showed a clear avoidance response to both the heavy metals, with strong and significant (p<0.05) differences in all treatments. The maximum reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities from 14 to 28 days of heavy metal exposure i.e. 38.13% in SOD, 30.03% in CAT, 53.16% in POD and 9.36% in GST activity was observed in earthworms exposed to T8. The maximum increase (45.59%) in MDA content from 0 to 28 days of heavy metals exposure was observed in T8 followed by T4. The significant increase in comet tail length and percent tail DNA across all treatments clearly provided evidence that As and Cr effectively damaged the DNA.Three types of vermiwash (VW I, II and III) were prepared and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters and bacterial diversity. The maximum micro and macronutrients were observed in the VW III followed by VW I and VW II. The effects of these vermiwashes on various growth, yield and physiological parameters of okra and chilli were studied. The results showed that the application of different concentrations of vermiwash significantly enhanced the vegetative growth, yield and physiology of both okra and chilli plants.
Open Access
Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against aeromonads from fish culture ponds
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Nokhwal, Alka; Ravikant
An increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance amongst aeromonads, which are both fish pathogens and emerging opportunistic human pathogens, has been observed worldwide. Currently, Aeromonas is regarded as a reliable indicator organism for water quality, and it can be used to assess the occurrence, emergence, and spread of AMR in aquatic environments. Present study documents the high prevalence of A. veronii isolates (65%) followed by A. hydrophila (11.2%), A. jandaei (5.1%) and A. caviae (4%) in the village pond waters in/around district Hisar (Haryana, India), the abundance being an indicative of conditional pathogenicity for the fish health and may cause disease outbreaks and morbidities, as well as its a public and livestock health concern. Also, the prevailing water quality parameters of the pond waters is challenging e.g., high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC), for the fish culture and hence must regularly be monitored. The Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) profile of the isolated Aeromonas isolates indicates the restricted use of most antimicrobial drugs in fish culture however, the high resistance observed to nalidixic acid (41%), cefoxitin (33%) and imipenem (7%) in addition to occurrence of 10% Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL), 33% AmpC β-Lactamases (ACBL) and 30% MDR isolates is alarming and may be a result of cross-contamination from the human and livestock antimicrobial usage as evident by the largely common use of pond water viz. major public health hazard. Keeping the above concern in view, our study has isolated 34 new bacteriophages that infect Aeromonas, 3 phages that infect Stenotrophomonas and 2 phages against Pseudomonas which show a high biodiversity of bacteriophages present in the fish ponds. Further, the biological characterization and experimental findings on the isolated phages show their specificity for several bacterial isolates i.e., broad biological spectrum and wide stability range. This consortium of phages can be effective for their use in phage therapy in case of affected groups as potential bactericidal approach.
Open Access
Avian diversity and damage potential in selected horticultural crops in and around Hisar
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-09) Kiran; Dharambir Singh
The present investigation was carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and nearby village Salemgarh for avian diversity, foraging behaviour, damage potential in selected horticultural crops in and around Hisar along with isolation and characterization of bacteria from faecal matter of frugivorous birds. During the study, total 101 bird‘s species belonging to 17 orders, 43 families and 86 genera of class aves were observed and identified. The species richness was recorded maximum at farmland with 89 species followed by main campus with 84 species while 64 and 51 species were reported at Orchard 1 and Orchard 2 respectively. The major horticultural crops were guava and ber and the maximum damage by birds was reported in ber crop at both the location, followed by summer and winter guava crop and the damage was maximum at location-II as compared to location-I. Rose-ringed Parakeet was the worst avian pest at both the location. The maximum pestilence was caused by Rose-ringed Parakeet, followed by Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul, Brown headed Barbet and Western Koel in guava crop at location-I. The frugivorous species which inflicted damage to guava crop were Rose-ringed Parakeet, followed by Alexandrine Parakeet, Red vented Bulbul at location-II. Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Yellow footed-Green pigeon, Red-vented Bulbul and Brown headed Barbet were the major frugivorous bird species which caused damage to ber crop at location-I and Rose-ringed Parakeet was the only species which caused damage to ber crop at location-II. The bird damage was maximum, 18.74 and 17.33% in indian ber crop during September, 2019 to March, 2020 and September, 2020 to March, 2021 respectively. Bacterial isolates belonging to 15 genera and 14 species were isolated and identified from faecal matter of frugivorous bird species. Pseudomonas was the most abundant and dominant bacteria among all the 29 isolates. The bacterial diversity was found higher in Red-vented Bulbul followed by Brown headed Barbet, Alexandrine Parakeet and Rose-ringed Parakeet. A total of 6 species (Yellow-footed Green pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul, Brown headed Barbet, Western Koel) were recorded to feed on selected 13 crops in the study area which belongs to family Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Pycnonotidae, Megalaimidae and Cuculidae.
Open Access
Characterization of bacterial pathogens of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and their management through herbal extracts
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-07) Bamel, Karuna; Gulati, Rachna
The enterprise and personal profile of shrimp farmers of Punjab and Rajasthan showed that 50-60% operated their farms on lease basis, 60% were registered with Costal Aquaculture Authority, 90 % used their own money,70-80 percent used solar power in addition to generators. Forty percent of shrimp farmers in Punjab and 60 percent in Rajasthan were having farm area of 6 to 10 acres (2-4 ha). 40-60 % maintained high stocking density (> 1.5 lacks/acre), took two crops per year and received 300-350 Rs/Kg for shrimps with an income of 2-4 lacks/acre/season. In Rajasthan, 40 percent of shrimp farmers were educated to the graduate level, followed by higher secondary education (30%), while in Punjab, 40 percent were educated to the secondary level. Males dominated (90%) the shrimp farming sector, majority of shrimp farmers were between the ages of 30 and 40, closely followed by 20-40 years and had less than 5 years of experience. The yield was positively correlated with the stocking density (r=0.46) and negatively correlated with shrimp sampling (r= -0.48). White muscle, vibriosis, loose shell, black gill, white faecal matter, AHPND, EHP and IHHN were the most common diseases reported in surveyed farms. Significant positive correlation coefficient of percentage infection in shrimp pond water with salinity, TDS, Na, Cl, K, Mg, TSS, total hardness, EC, turbidity, Calcium hardness was recorded. Thirty two bacterial isolates were isolated from diseased shrimps having symptoms like white gut, transparent or pale body, red telson with lesions. The isolates were found to be from Vibrio, Shewanella, Staphylococcus, Pasturella, Escherichia and Klebsiella genus. The present study reported the first report of Shewanella khirikhana, a shrimp pathogen in India. Fourteen isolates (Vibrio sp.) of the present study are potential new species of Vibrio whose only taxon (LCUE_s) is identified. Vibrio spp., S. alage, S. khirikhana and combination of Vibrio and Shewanella isolates, at 104, 105, 106 CFU/ml caused mortality and decreased the growth parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei. The MIC of Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia, Coriander sativumwas10, 15, 25 mg/ml against S. algae and 15, 20, 25 mg/ml against Vibrio sp. C. longa was most effective against the bacterial challenged shrimps followed by T. cordifolia and C. sativum. The mean length, weight, SGR, biomass, total protein, carbohydrate, lipids, total haemocyte count were significantly higher in shrimps treated with different herbal extracts than bacterial challenged shrimps. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in Vibrio sp. and S. algae challenged shrimps. The enzymes were high in haepatopancreas followed by muscle, haemolymph. The potential probiotic strains, Bacillus subtilis BAA3 and B. subtilis BAA96 showed antimicrobial properties against Vibrio sp. and S. algae. B. subtilis BAA3 was more effective as probiotics than B. subtilis BAA96. The shrimps treated with B. subtilis strains exhibited higher survival, better growth parameters than bacterial challenged shrimps. Histopathological studies showed necrotic hepatic tubules, ruptured basement membrane, loss of normal B, R and F cells in bacterial challenged shrimps. BOD and pH of probiotics treated shrimp water was lower on termination of experiment than on 0 day.
Open Access
“Avifaunal diversity assessment andfecal matter screening for bacterial components from selected locations
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-07) Priya; Dharambir Singh
Avifaunal diversity assessment and fecal matter analysis for presence of bacterial micro biota was carried out from July 2019 to February 2022 and samples were collected from selected locations of Haryana. Line transacts point count and focal scan sampling methods adopted to record the avian diversity and activity pattern of avian species. A total of 99 species were identified at farmlands of CCSHAU Hisar. Agricultural crops at research farm area were found an ideal habitat for avian community organization as 62, 55, 53 and 40 bird species were found inhabiting mustard, pearl millet, wheat and cotton fields respectively. Some avian pests of agricultural crop were also identified, among them Psittacula krameri was found as most notorious one. More damage was reported in grain/seed bearing crops like pearl millet and mustard compared to cotton. Basai wetlands, an Important Bird Area were inhabited by 119 avian species from October, 2019 to September, 2021. More diversity was recorded during post COVID period which may be related to less anthropogenic activities in or around the wetlands. Birds are considered as best bio indicators of microbial and heavy metal pollution in any ecosystem. A total of 26 bacterial species of 14 genera were isolated from fecal matter of birds, many among them, such as Aeromonas spp., Escherichia spp., Plesiomonas spp. are opportunistic human pathogens. Heavy metal analysis of fecal matter showed significant spatial variations. Most of the heavy metals were found in highest concentration in the samples collected from Basai wetlands that may be attributed to the higher pollution level at the site due to urban developmental activities.
Open Access
Evaluation of losses due to Suidasia nesbitti Hughes (Acari: Suidasiidae) in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and its management
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Poonam Devi; Gulati, Rachna
The studies on losses due to Suidasia nesbitti in Bengal gram varieties revealed that Kabuli and Desi channa were susceptible to mites. The population was 199, 1091.333, 2405.66 mites/ g and 260, 2478.667, 4226 mites/g in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa. Flour form harboured significantly more number of mites (682.95 mites/g) than broken(332.52 mites/g) and whole (70.33 mites/g channa) grains of Kabulichanna. In Desi channa also, the number of mites recorded on flour (4226 mites/g flour) was significantly more than the mites recorded on broken (2478.667 mites/g) and whole (260 mites/g) grains. Irrespective of forms, weight loss was 4.24 per cent in Kabuli channa and 4.75 per cent in Desi channa after 180 days of infestation. Discolouration of whole grains, progressive blackening of broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa was witnessed with increase in observation period. At 150 and 180 days characteristic pungent odour was emitted. The loss in protein content was 3.05, 4.54 percent and 3.93, 5.01 percent in whole and broken grains of Kabuli and Desi channa after 180 days. The loss in total soluble sugar content was 5.82, 12.69, 17.39percent and 8.69, 14.24 ,20.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabulichanna and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Percent increase in reducing sugars was 4.61, 10.1, 13.94 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa at 180 days. Similarly, in Desi channa it was 7.15, 13.01, 15.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour. Percent loss in non-reducing sugars was 6.76 to 12.85 in all Kabuli channa forms and 8.71 to 15.68 in Desi channa forms after 180 days. The loss in starch content was 1.09, 1.29, 1.66 percent and 1.54, 1.81, 2.19 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Length of plumule and radical significantly decreased to 0 cm with increase in S. nesbitti population in grains. The germination percentage was nil at 120, 150 and 180 days. Aqueous extract of Mentha pipertica at 8 percent concentration caused 100 percent mortality within 30 days of treatment whereas; no mites were recovered from 4 percent treated grains after 45 days of treatment. Amongst the two extracts, methanolic extract of M. pipertica was more effective against S. nesbitti because of lower LC50 value (1.15%) than aqueous extract of M.pipertica (1.74%) under direct spray bioassay. With increase in aqueous and methanolic extract concentrations from 0.5 to 8 percent, esterase and Glutathione-S-transferase activity of S. nesbitti increased significantly.

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