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Theses

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2020 - 202221
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Subject: Zoology × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of the repellent properties of indigenous essential oils against the rodent species
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07-25) Varsha; Ravikant
    Rodents are one of the most persistent and ubiquitous vertebrate pests that affect the human population. It is an indoor pest, and various rodenticides are used for its management. Studies of the repellent effect of botanically extracted essential oils of plants citronella & cinnamon were conducted on Mus musculus in the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture. Among different concentrations (5, 10, 20%), the 20% concentration carries the maximum repellent effect on house mice (Mus musculus). There were different modes of application of essential oils. Still, among the four observed during the study (direct application on coarse wheat grains, application on gunny bags containing coarse wheat grains, mixing of essential oil with wax and coating it on gunny bags filled with wheat grains, wax blocks made using the essential oil, paraffin wax and coarse wheat grains); direct application of essential oil on coarse wheat grains has more effect as repellent meanwhile essential oil mixed with wax and wheat grains has longer lasting impact along with maintaining the efficient repellent property. There can be different frequencies of application and out of which three were used during the experiment (daily, alternate days, once a week), out of which daily application was comparatively more efficient than the remaining two. Still, when it comes to per cent repellency and overall efficiency, the weekly application was best. Overall, 20% concentration treatment of essential oil in wax blocks weekly has the best results. When comparing mean food consumption and weight gain between males and females, males consumed more food than females, and weight gain was also higher in males, but females were more active throughout. The overall effect of essential oil treatment on both gender, female mice were comparatively more repelled than male.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Eichhornia crassipes in diet to enhance the growth performance of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758)
    (CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Ruksar; Gajender Singh
    This research aimed to study the effect of Eichhornia crassipes leaves powder on the growth performance of Cyprinus carpio. In this investigation, common carp fingerlings were divided into four different groups fed on diets containing different concentrations of water hyacinth used as experimental feed incorporated with the commercial diet including T1 (commercial diet + 5% water hyacinth), T2 (commercial diet + 10% water hyacinth), T3 (commercial diet + 15% water hyacinth) and Control (only commercial diet) for 90 days. The physico-chemical parameters of water in all the treatments remained within the optimum range recommended for C. carpio fingerlings. The maximum 96.67% survivability was observed in T2 but significantly (P≤0.05) not differed among the group. The maximum weight gain (61.64 g) and length gain (17.09 cm) were observed in T2. The growth parameters viz. SGR, ADG and percentage increment in weight and length significantly (P≤0.05) improved in T2 followed by T1, T3 and control group, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also better for T2. Maximum crude protein (38.47%) was also recorded in T2 during biochemical estimation of experimental feed followed by T1, T3 and control group. So that, in carcass composition maximum crude protein was also observed in T2 (52.80%) followed by T1, T3 and control group. The overall, results indicated that E. crassipes leaves powder up to 10% enhanced the growth parameters of C. carpio.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of avian faunal diversity in and around district Fatehabad (Haryana)
    (CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Jangra, Lakshay; Ravikant
    The present investigation deals with the study of avian faunal diversity in the selected study areas of District Fatehabad, Haryana. The damage caused by the birds in major cultivated Kharif crops in the study area, Pearl Millet and Sorghum, were also studied. Periodic weekly visits were conducted in the morning and later in the evening hours in the selected study areas of Fatehabad: Badopal village, Dhangar village, Chilli Lake, Bhodia village pond and their nearby regions. Various methods were used to study birds' diversity, such as the Line Transect and Point Count methods. Ninety-one bird species were found during the study period belonging to 18 orders and 41 families. The family Muscicapidae was dominant, containing eight bird species, followed by Anatidae, containing seven bird species and the family Columbidae containing five bird species. Family Motacillidae also included five bird species. Family Accipitiridae contained four bird species. The rest of the families had a low amount of species diversity. It was found that 36 species had IUCN status of Least Concern (Stable), and 21 were Least Concern (increasing). Also, 21 species had a status of Least Concern (Decreasing), 11 had Least Concern (Unknown), and two species were found to be Near Threatened (Decreasing). Damage caused by birds in major Kharif crops in the study area, Pearl Millet and Sorghum, was studied. These crops are sown in July and harvested in November. Damage was seen at the various stages of crops: sowing stage, seedling stage, milk stage and ripened stage. 9 bird species were found to damage the crops. Both crop fields were present close to each other, so the birds were damaging both crops at various stages at different levels. Severe bird pests were Jungle Babbler, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul and Baya Weaver, as they were present in the field in a large population at a time (more than 15). A survey was conducted in the study area regarding damage caused by birds in these crops, and it was found that birds were most active in the morning and evening. Most farmers were annoyed by the birds and required reliable bird-resistant solutions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against aeromonads from fish culture ponds
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Nokhwal, Alka; Ravikant
    An increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance amongst aeromonads, which are both fish pathogens and emerging opportunistic human pathogens, has been observed worldwide. Currently, Aeromonas is regarded as a reliable indicator organism for water quality, and it can be used to assess the occurrence, emergence, and spread of AMR in aquatic environments. Present study documents the high prevalence of A. veronii isolates (65%) followed by A. hydrophila (11.2%), A. jandaei (5.1%) and A. caviae (4%) in the village pond waters in/around district Hisar (Haryana, India), the abundance being an indicative of conditional pathogenicity for the fish health and may cause disease outbreaks and morbidities, as well as its a public and livestock health concern. Also, the prevailing water quality parameters of the pond waters is challenging e.g., high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC), for the fish culture and hence must regularly be monitored. The Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) profile of the isolated Aeromonas isolates indicates the restricted use of most antimicrobial drugs in fish culture however, the high resistance observed to nalidixic acid (41%), cefoxitin (33%) and imipenem (7%) in addition to occurrence of 10% Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL), 33% AmpC β-Lactamases (ACBL) and 30% MDR isolates is alarming and may be a result of cross-contamination from the human and livestock antimicrobial usage as evident by the largely common use of pond water viz. major public health hazard. Keeping the above concern in view, our study has isolated 34 new bacteriophages that infect Aeromonas, 3 phages that infect Stenotrophomonas and 2 phages against Pseudomonas which show a high biodiversity of bacteriophages present in the fish ponds. Further, the biological characterization and experimental findings on the isolated phages show their specificity for several bacterial isolates i.e., broad biological spectrum and wide stability range. This consortium of phages can be effective for their use in phage therapy in case of affected groups as potential bactericidal approach.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Avian diversity and damage potential in selected horticultural crops in and around Hisar
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-09) Kiran; Dharambir Singh
    The present investigation was carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and nearby village Salemgarh for avian diversity, foraging behaviour, damage potential in selected horticultural crops in and around Hisar along with isolation and characterization of bacteria from faecal matter of frugivorous birds. During the study, total 101 bird‘s species belonging to 17 orders, 43 families and 86 genera of class aves were observed and identified. The species richness was recorded maximum at farmland with 89 species followed by main campus with 84 species while 64 and 51 species were reported at Orchard 1 and Orchard 2 respectively. The major horticultural crops were guava and ber and the maximum damage by birds was reported in ber crop at both the location, followed by summer and winter guava crop and the damage was maximum at location-II as compared to location-I. Rose-ringed Parakeet was the worst avian pest at both the location. The maximum pestilence was caused by Rose-ringed Parakeet, followed by Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul, Brown headed Barbet and Western Koel in guava crop at location-I. The frugivorous species which inflicted damage to guava crop were Rose-ringed Parakeet, followed by Alexandrine Parakeet, Red vented Bulbul at location-II. Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Yellow footed-Green pigeon, Red-vented Bulbul and Brown headed Barbet were the major frugivorous bird species which caused damage to ber crop at location-I and Rose-ringed Parakeet was the only species which caused damage to ber crop at location-II. The bird damage was maximum, 18.74 and 17.33% in indian ber crop during September, 2019 to March, 2020 and September, 2020 to March, 2021 respectively. Bacterial isolates belonging to 15 genera and 14 species were isolated and identified from faecal matter of frugivorous bird species. Pseudomonas was the most abundant and dominant bacteria among all the 29 isolates. The bacterial diversity was found higher in Red-vented Bulbul followed by Brown headed Barbet, Alexandrine Parakeet and Rose-ringed Parakeet. A total of 6 species (Yellow-footed Green pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-vented Bulbul, Brown headed Barbet, Western Koel) were recorded to feed on selected 13 crops in the study area which belongs to family Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Pycnonotidae, Megalaimidae and Cuculidae.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization of bacterial pathogens of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and their management through herbal extracts
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-07) Bamel, Karuna; Gulati, Rachna
    The enterprise and personal profile of shrimp farmers of Punjab and Rajasthan showed that 50-60% operated their farms on lease basis, 60% were registered with Costal Aquaculture Authority, 90 % used their own money,70-80 percent used solar power in addition to generators. Forty percent of shrimp farmers in Punjab and 60 percent in Rajasthan were having farm area of 6 to 10 acres (2-4 ha). 40-60 % maintained high stocking density (> 1.5 lacks/acre), took two crops per year and received 300-350 Rs/Kg for shrimps with an income of 2-4 lacks/acre/season. In Rajasthan, 40 percent of shrimp farmers were educated to the graduate level, followed by higher secondary education (30%), while in Punjab, 40 percent were educated to the secondary level. Males dominated (90%) the shrimp farming sector, majority of shrimp farmers were between the ages of 30 and 40, closely followed by 20-40 years and had less than 5 years of experience. The yield was positively correlated with the stocking density (r=0.46) and negatively correlated with shrimp sampling (r= -0.48). White muscle, vibriosis, loose shell, black gill, white faecal matter, AHPND, EHP and IHHN were the most common diseases reported in surveyed farms. Significant positive correlation coefficient of percentage infection in shrimp pond water with salinity, TDS, Na, Cl, K, Mg, TSS, total hardness, EC, turbidity, Calcium hardness was recorded. Thirty two bacterial isolates were isolated from diseased shrimps having symptoms like white gut, transparent or pale body, red telson with lesions. The isolates were found to be from Vibrio, Shewanella, Staphylococcus, Pasturella, Escherichia and Klebsiella genus. The present study reported the first report of Shewanella khirikhana, a shrimp pathogen in India. Fourteen isolates (Vibrio sp.) of the present study are potential new species of Vibrio whose only taxon (LCUE_s) is identified. Vibrio spp., S. alage, S. khirikhana and combination of Vibrio and Shewanella isolates, at 104, 105, 106 CFU/ml caused mortality and decreased the growth parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei. The MIC of Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia, Coriander sativumwas10, 15, 25 mg/ml against S. algae and 15, 20, 25 mg/ml against Vibrio sp. C. longa was most effective against the bacterial challenged shrimps followed by T. cordifolia and C. sativum. The mean length, weight, SGR, biomass, total protein, carbohydrate, lipids, total haemocyte count were significantly higher in shrimps treated with different herbal extracts than bacterial challenged shrimps. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in Vibrio sp. and S. algae challenged shrimps. The enzymes were high in haepatopancreas followed by muscle, haemolymph. The potential probiotic strains, Bacillus subtilis BAA3 and B. subtilis BAA96 showed antimicrobial properties against Vibrio sp. and S. algae. B. subtilis BAA3 was more effective as probiotics than B. subtilis BAA96. The shrimps treated with B. subtilis strains exhibited higher survival, better growth parameters than bacterial challenged shrimps. Histopathological studies showed necrotic hepatic tubules, ruptured basement membrane, loss of normal B, R and F cells in bacterial challenged shrimps. BOD and pH of probiotics treated shrimp water was lower on termination of experiment than on 0 day.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “Avifaunal diversity assessment andfecal matter screening for bacterial components from selected locations
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-07) Priya; Dharambir Singh
    Avifaunal diversity assessment and fecal matter analysis for presence of bacterial micro biota was carried out from July 2019 to February 2022 and samples were collected from selected locations of Haryana. Line transacts point count and focal scan sampling methods adopted to record the avian diversity and activity pattern of avian species. A total of 99 species were identified at farmlands of CCSHAU Hisar. Agricultural crops at research farm area were found an ideal habitat for avian community organization as 62, 55, 53 and 40 bird species were found inhabiting mustard, pearl millet, wheat and cotton fields respectively. Some avian pests of agricultural crop were also identified, among them Psittacula krameri was found as most notorious one. More damage was reported in grain/seed bearing crops like pearl millet and mustard compared to cotton. Basai wetlands, an Important Bird Area were inhabited by 119 avian species from October, 2019 to September, 2021. More diversity was recorded during post COVID period which may be related to less anthropogenic activities in or around the wetlands. Birds are considered as best bio indicators of microbial and heavy metal pollution in any ecosystem. A total of 26 bacterial species of 14 genera were isolated from fecal matter of birds, many among them, such as Aeromonas spp., Escherichia spp., Plesiomonas spp. are opportunistic human pathogens. Heavy metal analysis of fecal matter showed significant spatial variations. Most of the heavy metals were found in highest concentration in the samples collected from Basai wetlands that may be attributed to the higher pollution level at the site due to urban developmental activities.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of losses due to Suidasia nesbitti Hughes (Acari: Suidasiidae) in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and its management
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Poonam Devi; Gulati, Rachna
    The studies on losses due to Suidasia nesbitti in Bengal gram varieties revealed that Kabuli and Desi channa were susceptible to mites. The population was 199, 1091.333, 2405.66 mites/ g and 260, 2478.667, 4226 mites/g in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa. Flour form harboured significantly more number of mites (682.95 mites/g) than broken(332.52 mites/g) and whole (70.33 mites/g channa) grains of Kabulichanna. In Desi channa also, the number of mites recorded on flour (4226 mites/g flour) was significantly more than the mites recorded on broken (2478.667 mites/g) and whole (260 mites/g) grains. Irrespective of forms, weight loss was 4.24 per cent in Kabuli channa and 4.75 per cent in Desi channa after 180 days of infestation. Discolouration of whole grains, progressive blackening of broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa was witnessed with increase in observation period. At 150 and 180 days characteristic pungent odour was emitted. The loss in protein content was 3.05, 4.54 percent and 3.93, 5.01 percent in whole and broken grains of Kabuli and Desi channa after 180 days. The loss in total soluble sugar content was 5.82, 12.69, 17.39percent and 8.69, 14.24 ,20.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabulichanna and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Percent increase in reducing sugars was 4.61, 10.1, 13.94 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa at 180 days. Similarly, in Desi channa it was 7.15, 13.01, 15.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour. Percent loss in non-reducing sugars was 6.76 to 12.85 in all Kabuli channa forms and 8.71 to 15.68 in Desi channa forms after 180 days. The loss in starch content was 1.09, 1.29, 1.66 percent and 1.54, 1.81, 2.19 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Length of plumule and radical significantly decreased to 0 cm with increase in S. nesbitti population in grains. The germination percentage was nil at 120, 150 and 180 days. Aqueous extract of Mentha pipertica at 8 percent concentration caused 100 percent mortality within 30 days of treatment whereas; no mites were recovered from 4 percent treated grains after 45 days of treatment. Amongst the two extracts, methanolic extract of M. pipertica was more effective against S. nesbitti because of lower LC50 value (1.15%) than aqueous extract of M.pipertica (1.74%) under direct spray bioassay. With increase in aqueous and methanolic extract concentrations from 0.5 to 8 percent, esterase and Glutathione-S-transferase activity of S. nesbitti increased significantly.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance and hematological parameters of Catla catla L.
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Sharma, Sakshi; Dahiya, Tejpal
    In the present study conducted for 90 days (3 months), probiotic S. cerevisiae was taken to observe its effect on growth performance and haematology of 160 healthy Catla fingerlings with an average weight and length of 9.3 gm , 7.2 cm respectively. Four treatment groups with four replicates were formed, Control without probiotic supplementation and three group T1, T2, T3 with different concentration of probiotic i.e 2%, 4% and 6% S. cerevisiae. All 160 fingerlings were distributed in four replicates of each group, with 10 fingerlings in each 100 L capacity tub. All growth parameters and water quality parameters were measured fortnightly. All three probiotic supplemented group showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference in growth and haematology as compared to control group. In comparison to unsupplemented control group all growth parameters were observed higher in all three supplemented group and maximum values were observed in T2 (4% probiotic). Maximum survival rate with value 95% was also observed in T2. All haematology parameters such as Hb, RBC, WBC, PCV all were observed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in T2 and least values in unsupplemented control group. Allmost water quality parameters monitored for whole experimental period were found within acceptable range. These results suggested that administration of probiotic (S. cerevisiae) in feed confers beneficial effects for fish culture, considering growth performance, haematology and water quality.