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2020 - 20214
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Subject: Zoology × End date: 2021 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of losses due to Suidasia nesbitti Hughes (Acari: Suidasiidae) in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and its management
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Poonam Devi; Gulati, Rachna
    The studies on losses due to Suidasia nesbitti in Bengal gram varieties revealed that Kabuli and Desi channa were susceptible to mites. The population was 199, 1091.333, 2405.66 mites/ g and 260, 2478.667, 4226 mites/g in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa. Flour form harboured significantly more number of mites (682.95 mites/g) than broken(332.52 mites/g) and whole (70.33 mites/g channa) grains of Kabulichanna. In Desi channa also, the number of mites recorded on flour (4226 mites/g flour) was significantly more than the mites recorded on broken (2478.667 mites/g) and whole (260 mites/g) grains. Irrespective of forms, weight loss was 4.24 per cent in Kabuli channa and 4.75 per cent in Desi channa after 180 days of infestation. Discolouration of whole grains, progressive blackening of broken grains and flour of Kabuli and Desi channa was witnessed with increase in observation period. At 150 and 180 days characteristic pungent odour was emitted. The loss in protein content was 3.05, 4.54 percent and 3.93, 5.01 percent in whole and broken grains of Kabuli and Desi channa after 180 days. The loss in total soluble sugar content was 5.82, 12.69, 17.39percent and 8.69, 14.24 ,20.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabulichanna and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Percent increase in reducing sugars was 4.61, 10.1, 13.94 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa at 180 days. Similarly, in Desi channa it was 7.15, 13.01, 15.83 percent in whole, broken grains and flour. Percent loss in non-reducing sugars was 6.76 to 12.85 in all Kabuli channa forms and 8.71 to 15.68 in Desi channa forms after 180 days. The loss in starch content was 1.09, 1.29, 1.66 percent and 1.54, 1.81, 2.19 percent in whole, broken grains and flour of Kabuli channa and Desi channa, respectively after 180 days. Length of plumule and radical significantly decreased to 0 cm with increase in S. nesbitti population in grains. The germination percentage was nil at 120, 150 and 180 days. Aqueous extract of Mentha pipertica at 8 percent concentration caused 100 percent mortality within 30 days of treatment whereas; no mites were recovered from 4 percent treated grains after 45 days of treatment. Amongst the two extracts, methanolic extract of M. pipertica was more effective against S. nesbitti because of lower LC50 value (1.15%) than aqueous extract of M.pipertica (1.74%) under direct spray bioassay. With increase in aqueous and methanolic extract concentrations from 0.5 to 8 percent, esterase and Glutathione-S-transferase activity of S. nesbitti increased significantly.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative effect of neonicotinoid insecticides toxicity on antioxidant defense system of Eisenia fetida and its consecutive effect on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-11) Gill, Parveen; Gupta, R.K.
    The present has designed to evaluate the toxic effects of neonicotinoide insecticides viz. acetamiprid and imidacloprid on standard test species that is earthworm, Eisenia fetida and fish Cyprinus carpio with regard to haematology and histological parameters. Neonicotinoides are the most prominent class of pesticides in all over world. Filter paper contact toxicity test was used to determine LC50 of acetamiprid and imidacloprid against Eisenia fetida that was 0.165μg/cm2 and 0.195μl/cm2 respectively. The morphological, behavioural alterations and antioxidant defence response in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to neonicotinoides (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) insecticides were investigated and affect the following preclittelar bulging, body constriction, blackening of body, segments swelling, oozing out of coelomic fluid, body constrictions, cuticle rupture and oozing out of fluid from the body are major detrimental effects noticed. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD) activities were used as useful biomarkers to evaluate the effect of these two pesticides. The SOD, CAT and POD activities were significantly increased with an increase in the doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid at 24 hr to 48 hr of exposure time. During 28th day’s exposure of Cyprinus carpio to various doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid have showed various detrimental effects on their organs. Haematological parameters of fish are very important for assessment of fish physiological status affected by pesticides and Hb, PCV, RBC and MCV content of fish has decreased, when fish fed on earthworms treated with doses of acetamiprid and imidacloprid whereas WBC, MCH and MCHC increased. Histopathology study of fish provides various information regarding anatomical as well as morphological parameters of fish and untreated fish showed normal feature in all organs (gills, liver, kidney, intestine spleen, heart andskeleton muscle) whereas treated fish with pesticides showed various kinds of injuries to the organs and intensity of injuries in organs increased with increased doses of pesticides.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of heavy metals toxicity on agriculturally important earthworm species Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Urmila; Gupta, R.K.
    The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of Mercury and Cadmium on Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae. Filter paper contact and substrate contact toxicity test were used to determine the toxicity of both the heavy metals in term of median lethal dose. LC50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 0.10% and 0.27% and for E. eugeniae 0.22% and 0.37% whereas LD50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 40.44mg/kg and 51.74mg/kg and for E. eugeniae 82.14mg/kg and 123.79mg/kg respectively. Lower median lethal doses of Mercury confirm its higher toxicity as compared with Cadmium. The effect of both the heavy metals on biochemical parameters, growth, reproductive potential, antioxidative enzymes response, MDA content and AChE activity were analyzed. Significant reduction in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was observed in both P. posthuma and E. eugeniae but highest reduction 60.94, 46.58 and 62.80 per cent in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was reported in P. posthuma as compared to E. eugeniae. Minimum growth in term of body weight (2.08 and 0.54gm) and body length (12.30 and 5.89cm) was observed in heavy metals exposure. Highest reduction in cocoon production and hatchings was reported in Mercury exposure in both the species. The altered level of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione s-tranferase (GST) were used as potent biomarkers to determine the effect of heavy metals on different species of earthworms. Dose and time dependent increase in MDA content was reported in both the species. Significant inhibition in AChE activity (78.62 and 45.72 per cent) in P. posthuma and (73.11 and 49.71 per cent) in E. eugeniae was observed in higher dose of Mercury and Cadmium at the end of experiment.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Population dynamics, damage potential of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its management in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Sumti Rani; Gulati, Rachna
    For population dynamics studies on Tetranychus urticae on strawberry, maximum population was recorded in the last week of March (31.03.2018) with 7.50, 11.50 and 10.00 mites/leaf and fourth week of February with 11.00, 11.00, 8.80 mites/ leaf on ventral surface of tender, grown up and older leaves, respectively during first (January to May, 2018) and second (October, 2018 to May, 2019) season. Initially the population was more on margins; feeding caused small white patches on the margins which spread to near mid rib along with webbing. During first season crop, older leaves harboured 39 per cent mites followed by 31 and 30 per cent on the tender and grown up leaves of strawberry crop, respectively. However, during second season crop, occurrence of T. urticae was more on tender leaves (45 %) than on grown up (30 %) and older leaves (25 %). During second season of strawberry crop, significantly more number of T. urticae was recorded on tender leaves (21.68 mites/leaf) than on grown up (14.52 mites/leaf) and older leaves of the plants (11.85 mites/leaf). Under field conditions, T. urticae population increased to 4.10, 5.83 and 7.10 mites/leaf on 7th, 9th and 11th April, when the peak was attained, although the latter two values are statistically comparable. In present study, number of mites was statistically higher on ventral surface (1.90 mites/leaf) as compared to dorsal surface (0.67 mites/leaf) of strawberry leaves. During 2019, maximum temperature (r= -0.690), minimum temperature (r= -0.643) and sunshine hours (r= -0.580) showed significant negative correlation with T. urticae population whereas, morning relative humidity recorded significant positive correlation (r= 0.761) on strawberry crop. Rainfall and wind velocity did not play significant role in affecting the T. urticae population during the present investigation. Mite population showed a significant negative correlation with total chlorophyll (r= -0.98), chlorophyll ‘a’(r= -0.78), chlorophyll ‘b’ (r= -0.63), carotenoid (r = -0.62), total sugar (r= -0.42), reducing sugar (r= -0.87), protein (r= -0.81), nitrogen (-0.83), phosphorus (r=-0.62), potassium (r=-0.87) content, fruit length(r= -0.88), fruit width(r= -0.89), fruit weight (r= -0.92) and fruit number (r= -0.69). The fruits on uninfested crop was bigger, brighter and uniform in size, whereas fruits obtained from infested strawberry crop were deformed, showed stunted growth, discoloured and unmarketable. Statistically higher phenol (4.33 % dry weight) and proline (1.09 μg/ 100 mg fresh weight) content was recorded in T. urticae infested leaves than in uninfested leaves (3.01 % dry weight, 0.65 μg/ 100 mg fresh weight, respectively) showing significant positive correlation with mite number. In vitro bioassay by leaf disc method indicated significantly lower number of mites (4.21, 3.29 mites/leaf) on leaf disc sprayed with higher concentration (10%) than on leaf disc sprayed with lower concentration (0.50 %) (5.96, 4.83 mites/leaf) of aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. sativum straws, respectively. The LC50 value in methanol extract was 0.26 per cent while it was 1.03 per cent in aqueous extract against T. urticae. The extracts caused 39.64 to 100 and 50.63 to 97.32 per cent reduction in T. urticae population on dorsal and ventral surface, respectively under in vivo conditions on strawberry crop. In T. urticae adults, increase in esterase and GST level after 24h and 48h exposure of aqueous extract A. sativum was recorded.