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2010 - 201825
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Subject: Zoology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2010 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of heavy metals on bio-molecules and immune cells of earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Renu; Dharambir Singh
    Earthworms are important components of the soil ecosystem, because their burrowing and feeding activities contribute notably to increase water infiltration, soil aeration and the stabilization of soil aggregates. Recent years have witnessed the contamination of soil ecosystem by heavy metals, which are considered as one of the major environmental issue. Presence of heavy metals in the soil environment adversely affects the earthworm populations resulting in an imbalance of the normal functioning of the various components of the ecosystem and due to this reason; the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and immune cells of earthworm, E. eugeniae. The results obtained showed the acute toxicity of two heavy metals individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production, bio-molecules and coelomocytes. Maximum reduction in length (4.47 cm) and weight (0.41 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control. Similar decrease in the survivability of earthworms was 43.35% and number of cocoons reduced upto 24.67 in case of Pb-0.06ppm contaminated soil. The maximum reduction in bio-molecules i.e. 16.23% in crude protein 28.55% in carbohydrate and 44.74% in crude lipid concentration was seen in earthworms treated with Pb-0.06ppm. In case of coelomocytes, there was a significant reduction in the total number of coelomocytes (67.39 %) in worms exposed to Pb (0.06 ppm). Similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was seen. Thus the study proves that Lead is more toxic and detrimental to earthworms as compared to Nickel.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular characterization and management of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) in button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange)
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Arvind; Gulati, Rachna
    Molecular characterization of acaricide susceptible, resistant and untreated Tyrophagus putrescentiae on mushroom clusters having a similarity coefficient of 0.45. Cluster one was represented by untreated (control) and resistant population sharing a similarity coefficient of 0.68 where as the cluster 2 was represented by susceptible population alone. Preliminary primers screening produced 22 polymorphic bands (70.96% polymorphism) and 9 monomorphic bands (29.03%). Methanolic seed and leaf extracts of P. pinnata showed acaricidal activity against T. putrescentiae. In Direct spray and Treated arena bioassay method, maximum mortality of 82, 76 % and 75.33, 63.33% was observed at 1.0 % concentration of seed and leaf extract, respectively. Both the extracts were equally effective against T. putrescentiae when direct spray on mites was done. The mortality was 59.63 and 58.15 percent in seed and leaf extract spray, respectively. Under Treated arena bioassay, seed extract was statistically more effective against T. putrescentiae (52.22 % mortality) as compared to leaf extract (43.56 % mortality). The LC50 value in Direct spray Treated arena bioassay method was 0.77, 0.63 and 0.85 and 0.64% in leaf and seed extract of P. pinnata. Among the solvents, hexane was most potent as 8, 5.66 and 0.33 mites were recovered from 0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent concentration after 36 h as compared to 38.66 mites in control. Bioefficacy studies conducted in compost bags under direct spray showed that among the treatments, Propargite (0.05%) significantly was more effective in reducing T. putrescentiae number (0.78 mites) than P. pinnata leaf extract at 0.752% (30 mites), 0.852% (18.89 mites) and 0.952% (12.22 mites) concentrations. P. pinnata seed extract at 0. 738% reduced the population to 5.88 mites which was at par with Propargite treatment.The role of T. putrescentiae as vector of dry bubble and green mould disease caused by fungus Verticillium fungicola and Trichoderma harzianum, respectively was also ascertained during the present study. V. fungicola reared T. putrescentiae population on Agaricus bisporus spread the disease within 8 days culture plates and fruiting bodies. Similarly, T. harzianum reared T. putrescentiae population on Agaricus bisporus spread the green mould disease to culture plates and fruiting bodies.A peak in population (47.40, and 60.80 mites) on V. fungicola and T. harzianum was recorded after 12 and 14 days, respectively which was statistically higher than the mites recorded at other observation periods.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Comparative impact of insecticides on bacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Pheretima posthuma (Kinberg)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Yadav, Jyoti; Dharambir Singh
    The present study was carried out to analyze the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran on E. fetida and P. posthuma. Paper contact toxicity test was used to determine LC50. LC50 of chlorpyrifos against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 0.25% and 0.11%, respectively. While LC50 of carbofuran against adult E. fetida and P. posthuma was 5.14% and 4.11%, respectively that confirms the greater sensitivity of P. posthuma towards insecticide induced toxicity in comparison to E. fetida. Lower LC50 value of chlorpyrifos confirms its higher toxicity as compared with carbofuran. Total 52 bacterial isolates were isolated from the gut of worms, out of which six resistant gut bacterial species having agricultural importance were identified as Sphingobacterium sp., Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter murliniae, Bacillus australimaris and Burkholderia paludis. Inhibition in AChE activity due to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran exposure was observed at 24h. While E. fetida exposed to carbofuran tried to maintain AChE level, which may be seen as strategy to cope up with toxicity after prolonged exposure.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of management practices against Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and its role as vector of leaf curl virus in chilli
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Monika; Gulati, Rachna
    Under in vitro 35.00 to 67.27 and 33.89 to 63.89 percent mortality of P. latus was recorded in Direct Spray Bioassay, with 2.5 to 10.0 % and 1.25 to 10.0 % seed and leaf extract concentrations of P. pinnata, respectively. LC50 values of methanolic seed and leaf extract of P. pinnata were 5.36 and 5.31, respectively for mobile stages of P. latus. Under field conditions, the percent reduction in P. latus was from 40.60 to 72.55 percent with all the treatments concentration of P. pinnata. Under in vivo P. pinnata seed extract 10.0% (72.55%), was the most potent in reducing the mite population followed by P. pinnata leaf extract 10.0% (65.10 %), P. pinnata seed extract 7.5 % (62.66 %), P. pinnata seed extract 5.4 % (55.49%), P. pinnata leaf extract 7.5 % (54.98 %), P. pinnata seed extract 5.0 % (48.33%), P. pinnata leaf extract 5.3 % (47.58%), P. pinnata leaf extract 5.0 % (40.16%) and Pyriproxyfen 5% + Fenpropathrin 15% EC (1ml/l H2O) (37. 83%), respectively. Studies on seasonal incidence of P. latus revealed a peak in its population on chilli during second fortnight of October during the respective crop seasons in both the years under field conditions. Strata wise, top strata harboured significantly more number of mites followed by middle and bottom strata. A comparison of mulch treatments showed that Organic mulch 12t/ha was most effective in reduction of P. latus population (79.30 %), followed by Black/Silver polythene sheet (78.50 %), Black/White polythene sheet (78.30 %), Black polythene sheet (77.50 %), Organic mulch 9t/ha (74.70 %) and Organic mulch 6t/ha (65.30 %) treatment as compared to control. In terms of percent increase in yield, Organic mulch 12t/ha caused highest increase (57.90 % over control) followed by Black polythene sheet mulch, Black/Silver polythene sheet mulch, Black/White polythene sheet mulch, Organic mulch 9t/ha and Organic mulch 6t/ha showing 47.49, 46.72, 45.17, 42.47 and 34.36 percent increase over control. P. latus showed non-transmissible nature of virus. Thus it indicated that mite is not a carrier vector for transmission of leaf curl virus into chilli plant.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacterial flora of the field rodents in Hisar
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Ajay; Ravikant
    Studies on population dynamics of rodents was carried out in Seed science technology research farm area in Rabi and Kharif seasons and the field rodents were trapped during the investigation for bacterial isolation. This study was revealed that population dynamics of Rattus rattus was more as compare to, and Tetara indica in both seasons. Trap index was found highest in the second week and least in the first week of the sowing season but highest in the first week during harvesting season. Total nine bacteria were isolates from the field rodent i.e. M. musculus, T. indica and R. ratuus. On the basis of secondary biochemical tests, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Eschierichia, Citrobacter, Staphylococcus and Proteus were more prevalent in captured rodent species. To determine the antimicrobial resistance occurs in various bacterial agents isolated from rodents. The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to fourteen antibiotics and four essential oils at different concentrations. The bacterial isoletes no. RRA2, TIA1 and TIA2 were found multidrug resistance towards three antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactum, and Cefuroxime/Cephalothin) and have a great concern of matter to human and veterinary health. Thus rodents may be proving their role in spreading zoonotic diseases. The selected essential oils (i.e. Eucalyptus, lemon grass, clove and cinnamon) exhibited good antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial isolates. Use of essential oils instead of antibiotics can help in diseases control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of insecticide on the growth, reproduction and gut bacterial population of eisenia fetida
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Rahul Kumar; Dharambir Singh
    Earthworm constitutes about 80% of total soil fauna and play important role in regulating the structure and function of soil ecosystem. They help in the formation and maintenance of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Worm ingests organic enriched soil and organic material and release vermicast and the cast harbors many beneficial bacteria than the surrounding soil. Due to excessive use of agrochemicals especially insecticides, earthworm populations are dwindling drastically which directly or indirectly affect the soil health and fertility. But along with benefits of good yield of various crops there are many harmful effects of use of pesticides/chemicals. Their use not only kills target species, but also has adverse effect to non-target organism like earthworm and due to this reason; present study was carried out to assess the impact of insecticides on the growth, reproduction and gut bacterial population of Eisenia fetida. Both the insecticides viz. chlorantraniliprole and fipronil, were used individually and in combination of different concentrations. Maximum avoidance behavior (37.78±2.22%) was observed from chlorantraniliprole @ 10.00 mg/kg exposure in comparison to other treatments. The observations proved toxicity of insecticides individually and in combination of different concentrations on survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive potential, cocoon production, vermicast and gut microbial population. Minimum number of adult earthworm and cocoon production was 33.67±0.88 & 39.00±1.00 respectively in the worms exposed to chlorantraniliprole along with fipronil @ 5.00 + 8.34 mg/kg on 90th day of experimentation. Similarly minimum body weight (0.52±0.04 gram), length gain (6.57±0.59 cm) and maximum reduction in bacterial population in vermicast and worm’s gut were observed in the same treatment.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular characterization of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin and its bioefficacy against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Geroh, Monika; Gulati, Rachna
    Investigations were carried out to assess the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana against Tetranychus urticae on okra. Molecular characterization of six strains of B. bassiana was done by RAPD- PCR to know the genetic similarity among them. The yield of genomic DNA of B. bassiana was higher in Lysis Buffer method (2.10 to 10.50μg/ ml) as compared to CTAB method (2.34 to 7.10μg/ ml). Absorbance ratio of all strains varied from 1.60 to 2.20. Eleven random primers generated 19 (82.16%) polymorphic and 4 (17.39%) monomorphic bands. The size of PCR amplified products ranged from 500 to 4000 bp. The genetic similarity of the strains varied from 50 to 70 percent. Under in vitro 42 to 94 and 34.1 to 66.25 percent mortality of T. urticae was recorded in Direct Spray and Treated Food Bioassay, respectively with 1 × 105 to 1 × 1012 conidia ml-1 conecntrations of B. bassiana. LC50 values of B. bassiana were in the range of 3 × 105 to 2.6 × 1011 conidia ml-1 and LT50 values varied from 52.12 to 141.53 h for eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults in both the bioassay methods. Direct Spray Bioassay was more effective as compared to Treated Food Bioassay. Under field conditions, the percent reduction in T. urticae was from 51.03 to 65.18 percent with all the strains. Hb- Hyderabad (65.18%), was the most potent in reducing the mite population followed by ITCC- 4668 (62.36%), ITCC- 5408 (58.55%), ITCC- 6063 (54.61%), ITCC- 5549 (52.48%) and ITCC- 4513 (51.03%). There was no effect of B. bassiana spray S. punctillum population as their numbers in B. bassiana (strain Hb- Hyderabad) treatments (1.43 beetles/ leaf) and control (1.17 beetles/ leaf) were statistically comparable. Higher yield of okra fruits was recorded in B. bassiana treated plots (581.43 g/ plot) as compared to untreated plots (577.66 g/ plot). The Chlorophyll content was also higher in B. bassiana treated leaves (0.289 to 0.492 μg/ ml) as compared to untreated plots (0.166 μg/ ml).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the pollination mechanisms in different varieties of plum (Prunus domestica L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Nidhi; Sihag, R.C.
    Insects are associated with flowering plants since their evolution on the earth. While some of them act as their pests, others are either pollinators or parasites and predators of the pests. Although a variety of insects frequent the entomophilous (insect pollinated) crop blossoms for their food rewards (nectar and pollen), only bees belonging to the genus Apis outnumber others and are efficient pollinators. Plums are richest sourse of antioxidants, they provide protection against diseases. The study was made on floral biology and phenology, diversity, relative abundance and pollinating efficiencies of insects visiting the blossoms of three different varieties of plum and the role of different modes of pollination in fruit set of the three varities of plum. Flowering habit of all the three varieties of this study viz. Alu Bokhara, Titron and Kala-Amritsari was similar. Floral structure was studied under dissecting microscope revealed the presence of perigynous condition in the flowers of plum. Abundance of insect visitors studied at hourly and weekly intervals which was maximum during peak flowering period of this plant. Twelve insect species visited the crop of plum; out of these five species i.e. Apis dorsata, A.mellifera, A.florea, A.cerana and Dipterans were the main pollinators.Among the hymenopterous insects, Apis.mellifera visited maximum number of flower per minute, followed by A.cerana, A.dorsata, A.florea and Dipterans Among all the insect visitors, Apis dorsata remained active for the longest duration on plum flower followed by, A.mellifera, A.cerana A.florea and Dipterans respectively. Out of the three varieties Titron was the most prefered variety by the insect visitors followed by Kala-Amritsari and Alu-Bokhara.Pollinating efficiencies of the pollinators were derived on the basis of their abundance, foraging rate, mean activity duration and loose pollen grains on the body of insect. Among the five insect pollinators Apis dorsata came out to be on the first place and seemed to be the best pollinator of this crop .Other pollinators with relatively lower ranking in descending order of pollinating efficiency were A.mellifera, A.cerana A.florea.Studies on fruit set parameters revealed that plum flowers were highly benefited from insect visits, and insect pollination greatly enhanced its fruit set. Crop without insects produced very low fruit set. It was further revealed that plum is a cross-pollinated and entomophilous plant.The structure shape and fertility status of the flower clearly revealed that it has honeybee pollinated flowers and mellitophily pollination syndrome existed in plum.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the pollination mechanisms in different varieties of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Saini, Reena; Sihag, R.C
    Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is an important minor fruit crop of India from the family Euphorbiaceae. It is known for its highly nutritious and tremendous medicinal value. The present study was made on the floral biology and pollination ecology of this plant. Three varieties of amla viz. Chakaiya, NA-7 and NA-10 were selected for this study. Floral structure of the three varieties revealed that amla consisted of unisexual, minute flowers with monoadelphous stamen and a hypogynous ovary. The sex ratio varied highly in three varieties and was 58.95:1 (male:female flowers) for NA-7, 60.33:1 for Chakaiya and 88.21:1 for NA-10. All the three varieties of amla blossomed during March- April in 2009 and 2010 and the flowering period persisted for a month. Twelve insect species from different orders visited the flowers of amla on all the three varieties in 2009 and 2010 and the major insect visitors included the hymenopterans namely Apis dorsata, Apis mellifera and Apis florea and a dipteran Sarcophaga. The rest of the insect visitors which included a wasp (Polistes hebraeus), a bee (Halictus sp.), flies (Eristalis sp., Episyrphus sp., Syrphus sp., Syritta sp.) and a butterfly (Psichotoe duvauceli) were clubbed under “other insect pollinators.” Abundance of insect visitors was studied at one and a half hour and weekly intervals and it was maximum during peak flowering period of this plant. The insect visitors predominately made more visits on male flowers than on female flowers as the male flowers were the richest source of pollen and the nectar was scarce in female flowers. Apis dorsata had the highest foraging rate followed by Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Sarcophaga sp. and other insect pollinators. Among all the insect visitors, Apis dorsata remained active for the longest duration on amla flower in all the three varieties. The abundance and the activity duration of insect visitors was maximum on NA-7 followed by Chakaiya and NA-10. Pollinating efficiencies of the pollinators were derived on the basis of their abundance, foraging rate, mean activity duration and loose pollen grains on the bodies of different insect pollinators. Among the five insect pollinators Apis dorsata was found to be the most efficient pollinator of this crop followed by Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Sarcophaga sp. and other insect pollinators on all the three varieties in 2009 and 2010. Studies on yield parameters revealed that amla flowers were highly benefited from insect visits and insect pollination greatly enhanced its fruit yield. It was further revealed that amla is a cross-pollinated and entomophilous plant.