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Open Access
Effect of sewage sludge and inorganic fertilizers on productivity and fertility of soil under cotton-wheat cropping system
(CCSHAU, 2019) Bedwal, Sandeep; Jakhar, Devender Singh
A field experiment was initiated in 2016-17 at Soil Research Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar, to study the effect of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake and fertility status of soilunder cotton-wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design. During these three years, the following treatments were applied to main-plots viz. SS (Sewage sludge)@ 5 t ha-1, SS +N+50 %P, SS +N+75 %P, SS +N+100 %P, RDNP. After the harvesting of wheat, cotton crop was sown and main-plots were divided into sub-plots and then following treatments were applied viz. N+75%PK , NK+75%P , NP+75% K, NPK. The treatments were replicated thrice. Application of SS +N+100 %P x NPK level of interaction recorded highest wheat grain (5220 kg/ha) and straw yield (9906 kg/ha). The mean grain and straw yield of wheat under RDNP was statistically at par with SS + N + 75% P. The same combination SS and inorganic fertilizers recorded highest seed cotton yield (4070 kg/ha) and stover yield (5427 kg/ha). The highest NPK uptake in both crops were observed in SS +N+100 %P x NPK level of interaction viz222.57, 24.89 and 12.41 kg/ha in wheat grain 114, 15.66 and 49.71 kg/ha by cotton seed, respectively. The heavy metal content was below the permissible limits in both plant and soil. The organic carbon showed an increasing trend from its initial value viz. 0.42%. The soil available N and K decreases from its initial value while available P showed an increment. The combination of SS x N + 75% PK recoded highest micronutrient and heavy metals content in soil. The MBC of soil varied non-significantly and highest was observed in RD NP x NPK level of interaction.
Open Access
Interactive effect of potassium and zinc on uptake of nutrients and quality of green gram (Vigna radiata L.)
(CCSHAU, 2019) Satender Kumar; Mukesh Kumar Jat
An experiment was conducted under field conditions during kharif 2018 at CCS HAU, Regional Research Station, Bawal to study the “Interactive effect of potassium and zinc on uptake of nutrients and quality of green gram (Vigna radiata L.).” The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications and treatments comprised four levels of potassium in main plots (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg K2O ha-1) and four levels of zinc in sub plots (0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5 kg ZnSO4) with basal application of RDF [06:16:00 kg ha-1 (N: P2O5:K2O)]. The results revealed that the number of nodules and their fresh weight was increased significantly with the application of potassium but non significantly with zinc application. Green gram seed and straw yield increased with the increase potassium and zinc application over control but significant up to the levels 20 kg K2O ha-1 and 25kg ZnSO4 ha-1. The quality parameters like as protein content and seed index significantly increased with the application of potassium up to 20 kg K2O ha-1, but non significantly with zinc levels. N, P, K and Fe content in seed and straw was significantly increased with the application of potassium. Zn content in seed and straw was increased significantly with the application of zinc. Uptake of macro and micro nutrients in seed and straw significantly increased with the application of potassium and zinc up to 20 kg K2O ha-1 and 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 respectively. Soil properties like pH, EC and organic carbon reported no significant changes with the levels of potassium and zinc. Available N, P, Mn and Cu of soil after crop harvest increased but non significantly and Fe increased significantly with the potassium application. The availability of particular nutrients significantly increased by its application, therefore availability of K significantly increased with potassium application and Zn with zinc application. Overall soil fertility was also found to be improved due to the application of potassium and zinc in green gram. Economic analysis was done to found the economic feasibility of the treatments and the higher net monetary returns Rs. 31528 ha-1 with B:C ratio (1.61) under the treatment combination K20Zn25 (20 kg K2O ha-1 along with 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1) and this treatmentlooks more remunerative. It was concluded from the experiment that higher green gram yield was harvested with better quality and more net return when potassium and zinc was applied @ 20 kg K2O ha-1 and 25kg ZnSO4 ha-1 respectively.
Open Access
Spatial distribution of heavy metals in sewage irrigated peri-urban area of Mohindergarh and Narnaul cities
(CCSHAU, 2019) Vinayak V Savanoor; Yadav, Rajpaul
A field survey and laboratory study on “Spatial distribution of heavy metals in sewage irrigated peri -urban area of Mohindergarh and Narnaul cities” was conducted during 2018-19 to investigate the effects of sewage water on physical and chemical properties of soil. In this study, soil, water and vegetables/crops samples using GPS were collected from peri-urban area of Mohindergarh and Narnaul cities by following random sampling method and analyzed for physico-chemical properties, DTPA extractable and total heavy metals uptake, total phenolic content and quality parameters in respective samples. In soil, chemical properties like EC, OC and CEC found to be higher in sewage irrigated soils compared to tube well irrigated whereas pH and CaCO3 higher in tube well irrigated than sewage irrigated soils of the study area and DTPA extractable Zn content was higher followed by Cu> Pb> Ni> Cr> Co> Cd in sewage irrigated soils than tube well irrigated soils and found within the permissible limit. Heavy metals followed the decreasing trend with increasing depth in soil profiles of both the cities in both soils except Ni. In different plant samples, Zn got maximum accumulation followed by Pb than other heavy metals in both sewage and tube well irrigated soils except spinach and all the heavy metals were found within the permissible limit except Cr at some sites in cabbage, brinjal and okra. In sewage and tube well water samples, Zn and Cu were detected out of which Zn found in higher concentration and rest of the metals not detected. Total phenols content in sewage and tube well waters of Mohindergarh ranged from 13.2 to 22.8 and 2.4 to 7.2, respectively and in samples of Narnaul ranged from 20.4 to 39.6 and 2.4 to 9.6, respectively. With the help of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the relationship of different physico-chemical properties with micronutrients and heavy metals contents in soil were determined and found that negative correlation between pH and all heavy metals, significant positive correlation between pH and CEC; EC with CEC and clay content; clay with EC, OC, CEC and silt content; Co with silt content, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni.
Open Access
Effect of agri-silvi-horticultural system on soil properties under semi-arid conditions
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sonia Devi; Bhardwaj, K.K.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of agri-silvi-horticultural system on soil properties under semi- arid conditions” at Research Farm of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2017-18 to evaluate the effect of agri-silvi-horticultural system on soil physical, chemical and biological properties and also to study the effect of agri-silvi-horticultural system on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat. Soil samples from different tree based systems (kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat & kinnow + wheat) and control (devoid of tree) were analyzed for different soil properties at 0-15, 15-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depth. Soil pH and electrical conductivity reduced significantly under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat by 1.5% and 25%, respectively over control. The kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat system showed higher amount for organic carbon and available nutrients (N, P and K) than sole cropping at different depths. The highest soil organic carbon (0.40%) was observed under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat system followed by kinnow + wheat (0.37%) and it was lowest in system without trees (0.27%). Significant increment in available nitrogen was observed under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat system by 47.9% and 33.7% under kinnow + wheat system over control. Available nitrogen was also found significantly higher (144.5 kg/ha) at 0-15 cm depth as compared to deeper layers. Different tree based system and depth significantly affected the DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe) contents in soil. The NH4+-N and NO3--N improved significantly under tree based system. Higher percent addition in dehydrogenase and alkaline phophatase activity was recorded in kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat (69.3 and 33.8% respectively) followed by kinnow + wheat (39.6 and 12.2% respectively) over control. The percent increment for microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and urease activity was highest under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat (50.3 and 31.9%) followed by kinnow + wheat (28.9 and 12.3%) over control. The maximum leaf litter production was found under kinnow plus eucalyptus system (72.5 q/ha) over kinnow plus wheat system (26.1 q/ha). The eucalyptus based sytem produced the significant higher amount of N, K, Ca, Mg and S through leaf litter as compared to kinnow alone. Nitrogen and K contribution through leaf litter fall under kinnow + eucalyptus based system was 94.1, and 19.1 kg/ha/yr respectively which is 148.2 and 334% higher than kinnow based system. The amount of micronutrients returned through annual litter fall in different tree based system differed significantly. The annual input of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu under kinnow + eucalyptus system were 105.2, 829.3, 117.3 and 837.5 g/ha/year, respectively which is 227.7%, 333.9%, 334.3% and 729.8% higher than kinnow alone system. There were 26.1% and 40.6% reduction in grain and straw yield of wheat respectively under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat system over kinnow + wheat system. And also there was 63.7% and 58.8% reduction of wheat yield under kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat system and kinnow + wheat system respectively over control. Nutrient content in grain as well as straw was found not to be significantly affected but nutrient uptake by wheat was observed to have significant effect of agri-silvi-horticulture and agri-horticulture system. All chemical properties except pH and calcium carbonate are significantly and positively correlated with each other. Hence it may be concluded that kinnow + eucalyptus + wheat and kinnow + wheat system enhanced soil organic matter and improved soil properties whereas the yield of wheat was reduced.
Open Access
Nutrient management of mustard varieties under saline water irrigation
(CCSHAU, 2019) Priyanka; Ram Prakash
Several studies have been conducted on different varieties of mustard under the effect of mineral fertilizers and saline irrigation conditions. The experiment on “Nutrient management of mustard varieties under saline water irrigation” was carried out in rabi season of 2017-18 at Research farm, Soil Science Department, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications, with four mustard varieties in main plots (Kranti, Giriraj, CS-54 and CS-58) and three fertilizer doses in sub-plots [RDF (N, P and K @60:20:20 kg ha -1), 125% and 150% RDF] with application of saline water for irrigation (7 dSm-1). The results showed that the plant parameters like plant height, primary and secondary branches per plant, number of siliqua and seeds per siliqua showed significant increase up to application of 150% RDF under saline water irrigation. 1000-seed weight reported non-significant increase with increased fertilizer doses and recorded maximum in variety CS-58 (5.90 g) at 150% RDF. Oil content decreased non-significantly from RDF to 150% RDF and reported maximum under variety CS-58 (40.17% at RDF). Among four mustard varieties CS-58 recorded maximum seed and straw yield (22.89 and 88.33 q ha-1) at 150% RDF followed by CS-54, Giriraj and Kranti. Nutrient content (N, P and K) in straw increased significantly up to 125% RDF and remained at par with 150% RDF being highest in variety CS-58 followed by variety CS-54, Giriraj and Kranti, respectively. Na+: K+ decreased non-significantly from RDF to 150% RDF and mean significantly higher ratio was recorded in variety Kranti (2.85). Soil properties like pH, ECe and organic carbon reported no significant changes with respect to different varieties and fertilizer doses. Available N, P, K and S of soil after crop harvest increased significantly up to the application of 150% RDF and observed maximum under variety Kranti. The cationic composition of soil extract was observed in order Na⁺> Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺> K+ likewise the anionic composition of soil extract was observed in order Cl-> HCO3-> SO42-> CO32-, respectively. Therefore, variety CS-58 reported better results with the application of 150% RDF under saline water irrigation.
Open Access
Appraisal of ground water quality of Gurugram and Sohna blocks and its impact on soil properties
(CCSHAU, 2019) Bhatia, Rishav; Parmod Kumar
The study was carried out for quality appraisal of groundwater and to find out the impact of groundwater quality on soil properties. A total of 151 groundwater samples and 88 soil samples were collected from four depth each from two sites from each category of water using handheld GPS from Gurugram and Sohna blocks of Gurugram district. According to AICRP (1989) criteria of groundwater quality classification, out of 72 water samples collected from Gurugram block, 27.78, 37.50, 2.78, 26.38, 2.78 and 2.78 percent samples were categorized as good, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively whereas in Sohna block, out of 79 samples, 36.70, 31.65, 3.80, 18.99, 3.80 and 5.06 percent were good quality, marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali and highly alkali categories, respectively. In Gurugram block, pH, EC, SAR and RSC were between 6.88 to 8.85, 0.69 to 8.95 (dS m-1), 1.41 to 25.26 (mmol l-1)1/2 and nil to 4.50 (meq L-1), respectively. Likewise in Sohna block, pH, EC, SAR and RSC were 7.12 to 8.54, 0.75 to 8.42 (dS m-1), 4.22 to 24.38 (mmol l-1)1/2 and nil to 4.30 (meq L-1), respectively. The cations were found to be in order of Na+> Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ while anions followed the order Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO3− > CO32− in both of the block. In Gurugram block, lowest saturation percentage was recorded in village Sehrawan (26.16) while highest saturation percentage was found in village Kherki Majra (39.48) and in Sohna block, smallest and highest value of saturation percentage was found in village Isaka (27.16) and Abhepur (39.40). The lowest EC of saturation extract was observed in village Sehrawan (0.76 dS m-1) of Gurugram block and Rahaka (0.89 dS m-1) of Sohna block. The highest EC of saturation extract was recorded in village Hamirpur (6.91 dS m-1) of Gurugram block and Alipur (9.77 dS m-1) of Sohna block. In Gurugram block, lowest pH was recorded in village Hamirpur (7.20) while highest pH (8.54) was found in village Garhi Harsaru and similarly in Sohna block, lowest and highest pH was observed in Village Kuliaka (7.22) and Darbaripur (8.58). The continuous use of extremely poor quality water resulted in highest accumulation (highest EC) in surface layers (0-15 cm) of soil. Salinity of soil is increasing with time due to addition of salts to soil by continuous use of salty groundwater for irrigation. In Gurugram block, 72.22 and in Sohna block, 63.29 percent groundwater samples were categorized as poor quality water. Spatial variability maps of EC, pH, RSC, SAR were prepared using Arc Map 9.3 indicated that most of the areas of Gurugram and Sohna blocks of Gurugram district were under poor quality water with maximum area under saline water in contrast to alkali water.
Open Access
Long term impact of STCR approach for nutrient management on P and K dynamics in pearl millet-wheat cropping system
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sharma, Jyoti; Goyal, Vishal
The present study was carried out on the ongoing long term experiment of STCR initiated originally in 2009 at Research Farm of Department of Soil Science, CCS, HAU, Hisar. The experiment was planned in a randomized block design with four replication and seven treatments viz. T1-control, T2- FYM @ 15 t ha-1, T3-RDN & P, T4-STCR with TY 5.5 t ha-1, T5-STCR with TY 6.0 t ha-1, T6- STCR-IPNS with TY 5.5 FYM and T7-STCR-IPNS with 6.0 FYM yield targets. FYM @ 15 t ha-1 were applied in rabi and kharif season in T2, T6 & T7 plots. Grain yield of wheat was significantly affected by integrated use of fertilizers with FYM after nine cycles of pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence. FYM with NP fertilizers recorded the highest wheat grain and straw yield (6215 & 9295 kg ha-1) followed by NP fertilizers and lowest in control (1585 & 2880 kg ha-1). The per cent deviations of grain yield in target yield treatments with and without FYM vary from -0.7 to +3.6. Application of FYM along with NP fertilizers enhanced total N, P and K uptake to the tune of 160.6, 30.2 and 159.0 kg ha-1. Amongst the different treatments, highest inorganic P fractions were observed under the treatment consisted of FYM in combination with NP fertilizers followed by the NP fertilizers treatments and control.. The effect of FYM in combination with NP fertilizers was found to be more pronounced in increasing all the inorganic K fractions. The available N, P and K increased significantly among different treatments and were recorded highest (142.25, 31.69 & 485 kg ha-1 and 96.75, 19.76 & 262.5 kg ha-1) and lowest in control both at surface and subsurface soil, respectively. The soil properties soil organic carbon, EC and micronutrients increased significantly with application of FYM alone or in combination with NP fertilizers. A decrease in soil pH was observed in the treatments where FYM alone or in combination with NP fertilizers were applied. The build-up of P fractions i.e.,Sa-P (5.90 to 14.57 mg kg-1), Al-P (60.59 to 109.43 mg kg-1 ), Fe-P (26.53 to 45.06 mg kg-1), Ca-P (124 to 133.64 mg kg-1) and Total-P (271.25 to 353.98 mg kg-1) were higher in surface (0-15 cm) soil as compared to sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil. The K fractions i.e., Water soluble and exchangeable K were found to be decreased with increased soil depth whereas, non-exchangeable, lattice and total-K show reverse. The highest value of water soluble K (25.22 & 18.48 mg kg-1 ), exchangeable-K (199.90 & 113.56 mg kg-1), non-exchangeable-K (1991 & 2088 mg kg-1 ), lattice-K (553 & 558 mg kg-1) and total-K (2745 & 2759) were found in treatments where FYM alone or in combination with NP fertilizers were applied at both surface and sub surface soil depth, respectively, followed by NP fertilizers treatment and control.The relative abundance of inorganic P and K fractions was in the order of Saloid-P < Fe-P < Al-P < Ca-P < total-P and water soluble-K < exchangeable-K < non exchangeable-K< total-K.
Open Access
Characterization and Land Evaluation of Soils of Micro-watersheds in Chhachhrauli Block of Yamunanagar District
(CCSHAU, 2019) Simmi; Dinesh
The nine soil profiles from various micro-watersheds viz., Dadupur Jattan (P1), Kot Sarkari (P2), Dhakwala (P3), Fakir Majra (P4), Fatehgarh forest (P5), Yara forest (P6), Arjun Majra (P7), Kot Mushtarka (P8) and Mahab Aliwala (P9) of Chhachhrauli block were exposed and their morphological, physico-chemical characteristics were studied and classified as per Soil Taxonomy and land capability classification and suitability of soils. The colour of soil pedons was found yellowish brown with dominant hue to 10YR. The structure of the studied pedons were weak to strong, fine to medium, sub angular blocky. The consistency of different pedons varied from non-sticky non-plastic to sticky plastic. The texture of soil pedons varied from sand to loam with sand proportion higher than clay in all the pedons. Bulk density of all the pedons varied from 1.07 to 1.75 Mg m-3 and particle density ranged from 2.50 to 2.65 Mg m-3. The available water content varied from 1.73 to 16.6 %. Soil reaction of the pedons varied from acidic to moderately alkaline (pH - 4.20 to 8.5) and soil were non-saline with EC varying from 0.03 to 0.23 ds m-1. The CEC, ESP and BSP ranged from 1.20 to 15.01 cmol (p+) kg-1, 2.54 to 50.26 % and 42.14 to 97.12%, respectively. The exchangeable cations Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ varied from 0.14 to 11.00, 0.16 to 2.50, 0.12 to 0.85 and 0.17 to 3.56 (cmol (P+) kg-1), with calcium and mangnesium being the dominant cations. The organic carbon and available nitrogen decreases with depth and was found low in all pedons and varied from 0.06 to 2.34 % and 62 to 243 kg ha-1 respectively. While available phosphorus and potassium were low to medium and varied from 4 to 20 kg ha-1 and 19 to 300 kg ha-1. The DTPA-extractable Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in mg kg-1 varied from 0.05 to 0.95, 0.12 to 8.11, 0.02 to 1.60, and 0.11 to 5.27, respectively. The soils of the area were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as Sandy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamments (Pedon 1), Fine loamy Ustocrepts (Pedon-2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) and Coarse loamy Ustorthents (Pedon-4). The soils of pedons were classified as Is (Pedon-4), IIes (Pedon-6), IIs (Pedon-3, 8, 9) and IIIes (Pedon-1, 2, 5, 6, 7) according to Land Capability Classification. According to Soil Irrigability Classification soils of Pedon-1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were classified as moderately suitable class (S2s), pedon 3 was classified as highly to moderately suitable class (S1s/S2s) and marginally suitable class (S3d) for pedon 5. The soils of the study area according to soil suitability criteria for different crops were found suitable (S1) for Wheat and Maize, moderately suitable (S2) for Sugarcane, Oilseed, vegetable, horticulture and marginally suitable (S3) for paddy.
Open Access
Impact of brackish water on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sonia Rani; Sharma, Manoj Kumar
The present study was carried out with the two chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) cultivars viz. HC- 3 and CSG-8962 with differ in their sensitivity to tolerance in the screen house, in which two experiments were conducted. In first experiment, the treatment consisted of two types (Cl- and SO4 2- dominated) with the three levels 2, 4 and 6 dS m-1 of salinity. In the second experiment, the treatment consisted of three RSC level (0, 2.5 and 5.0 me L-1) with fixed ECiw 2.0 dS m-1 and constant SAR 20 (mmol L-1)1/2 along with the control or untreated. Both the experiments were replicated thrice in a factorial completely randomized design and the desired types of salinity and RSC levels were created using salts of the Na+, Ca+ and Mg2+. Germination of chickpea decreased and delayed with increased level of chloride and sulphate dominated salinity from control to 6 dS m-1 and in RSC dominated irrigation water from control to 5.0 me L-1. With the increasing level of salinity and RSC there was a reduction in the biomass, grain and straw yield of chickpea cultivars. However, the magnitude of adverse effect increased with increased the salt stress. The water potential (Ψw) of leaves and osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaves and roots became more negative with increasing in salt stress through salinity and RSC. HC-3 showed significantly higher accumulation in proline, glycine betaine and TSC contents than CSG-8962 at higher levels of salinity and RSC of 6 dS m-1 and 5.0 me L-1, respectively, as compared to control. Quantum yield, total chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was more decrease in CSG-8962 than HC-3 with increasing levels from control to 6.0 dS m-1 in both types of salinity and and 5.0 me L-1 in RSC dominated soils. Accumulation of MDA content, higher rate of lipid peroxidation was also higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at higher level of salt stress. The leakage of the ions which is measured as relative stress injury increased with increasing levels of both type of salinity and RSC. Relative stress injury was found to be more in CSG-8962 as compared to HC-3 in the leaves and roots at higher level of salt stress through salinity and RSC. pH of soil increased with increased in salinity and RSC levels. ECe increased with increasing level of salinity and decreased with increasing level of RSC. Na+, Ca2++Mg2+, Cl-, SO4 2- in shoots and roots markedly increased with increased levels of chloride and sulphate dominated salinity and RSC on the irrigation water applied to soil, K+ content decreased under salinity and RSC dominated soils. This experiment showed that there was no out flow of the effluent occurred in case of the soil column irrigated with high bicarbonate dominated water due to the reduction in the hydraulic conductivity. By increase in the level of irrigation (dominated in chloride, sulphate and bicarbonates), large amount of water was needed for the leaching of the salts from the root zone, so as reach to the desired level of salt concentration of the effluents.

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