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Open Access
Long-term effect of continuous cropping on different forms of nutrients in some benchmark soils of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) DHEERAJ; DEV RAJ
A study was carried out on different benchmark soil profiles of Haryana to access the nutrient status and their fractions at the Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. A total of eight different soil profiles were selected having respective cropping systems and physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from depths 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm depths in triplicate from each of the soil profiles. The soil samples were analyzed for the determination of various nutrient fractions viz. pH, EC, TOC, carbon fractions, nitrogen fractions, phosphorus fractions, potassium fractions and sulphur fractions. A perusal of the results obtained revealed that among all of the nutrient fractions, soil pH, EC, fractions of potassium and fractions of sulphur were decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles, however soil organic carbon and its fractions, nitrogen fractions and phosphorus fractions were found to be increased from their initial values in all the profiles. Soil pH and EC varied from 7.4 to 8.6 and 0.14 to 0.60 dS/m respectively for the soil profiles. The organic carbon in all of the soil profiles was found to be increased, highest increase being in HAU farm soil under fallow-wheat cropping system. All of the carbon fractions exhibited a net increase in all of the soil profiles just like organic carbon, but with increasing soil depth their respective content was found decreased. A significant positive correlation was observed among OC and its fractions. The nitrogen fractions were found to be increased over the initial status in all benchmark soil profiles. Highest organic, ammonium and nitrate N content was found in Kaul soils alone having a rice-wheat cropping system. The nitrate nitrogen content was found increased in lower depths of soil profiles, contrary to the other two nitrogen fractions which exhibited a decrease as we moved down in soil profile. Phosphorus fractions were also found to be increased from their initial status, where org-P and Ca-P were found highest in RDS farm under fallow-wheat cropping sequence while Al-P and Fe-P were observed to be highest in Kaul soil profile with ricewheat cropping system. All of the phosphorus fractions were following a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth in each soil profile. The various potassium fractions were observed to be decreased in upper soil layers, while in lower depths a net increase in all the K fractions was noted in each of the benchmark soil profiles. Kaul soil profile having rice –wheat cropping system exhibited maximum content of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium, while Kaithal soils with ricewheat cropping system had highest water soluble potassium content. The contents of organic, inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur were also found decreased from their initial status in all of the benchmark soil profiles. However a decreasing trend was followed by K fractions with increasing soil depth in all soil profiles. Uchani soils had highest organic sulphur content while highest inorganic and non-sulphate sulphur contents were observed in Panipat and Bawal soils under rice-wheat and pearlmillet-raya cropping systems respectively.
Open Access
Distribution and fractionation of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in different soil series of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rakesh Kumar; Sangwan, P. S.
This study was conducted to determine the depth-wise distribution and concentration of available, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in different soil series of Haryana. Soil samples were collected from each soil series at four different depths using Global Positioning System (GPS). Results showed that the soils were coarse textured to moderately fine textured, neutral to alkaline in reaction, safe in electrical conductivity, low to medium in OC content and non-calcareous to calcareous in nature. The DTPAextractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents ranged from 0.16-3.70, 1.81-22.09, 1.79-13.72 and 0.07-2.74 mg kg-1, respectively. Maximum concentration was recorded in surface soil and it decreased with depth. Soil pH in general showed a negative correlation while OC was significantly and positively correlated with DTPA-Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. The overall availability of micronutrient Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu at soil surface was sufficient. There was sharp decrease in nutrient index values for Zn and Fe as compared to Mn and Cu with increase in soil depth. Fifty percent of the profile samples contain available Zn below the critical value while 31.9% of the samples were found deficient in Fe. Whereas, only 2.8 and 4.2% of the profile samples tested were below the critical limit of Mn and Cu, respectively. With regard to distribution of these micronutrients in soil fractions, total amounts of the elements ranged from 36.02 to 72.45 mg kg-1 for Zn and 689.47 to 1560.56 mg kg-1 for Fe, and 329.75 to 427.50 and 18.15 to 49.20 mg kg-1 for Mn and Cu, respectively. A sequential fractionation showed that 0.4-1.9% of total Zn was exchangeable, 2.1-7.7% was OM-Zn and 3.5-17.6% was CaCO3-Zn. The corresponding values for Fe and Mn were 0.01-0.4, 0.3-1.3, 0.2-0.3% and 0.6-1.0, 3.0-11.9, 0.8-4.6%, respectively. The amounts of soil Cu in Ex-, OM- and CaCO3 -, comprised 1.0-2.5, 0.9-2.2 and 8.5-28.7% of total Cu, respectively. The different forms of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were mainly associated in the residual fraction. The coefficients of correlation (r) for Ex- fractions responded significantly with clay and OC content. Resibound fractions were positively and significantly correlated with most of the soil properties. The results of the incubation study with respect to periodical changes showed that in general as the period of incubation increased, a gradual decrease in soil Zn was noticed up to 60 DAI while the amount of DTPA-extractable Mn and Fe increased initially (up to 10 and 30 DAI, respectively) and thereafter consistent decrease was observed towards the later period of incubation. The DTPA-extractable Cu also showed more or less same release behavior with advancement of incubation period.
Open Access
Characterization of ground water quality of Firozpur-Jhirka and Punhana blocks of Mewat district and their effect on soil properties
(CCSHAU, 2017) Pal, Sanjeev Kumar; Yadav, S.S.
To ascertain the characterization of ground water quality and their effect on soil physico-chemical properties, 154 water samples and 19 soil profile samples from two sites for each category of water from different villages of Firozpur-Jhirka and Punhana blocks of Mewat district, Haryana were collected by hand held GPS. These samples were analyzed and classified as per AICRP (1989) classification. In Firozpur Jhirka block, 20.24, 41.67, 3.57, 32.14 and 2.38 per cent waters were found under good, marginally saline, saline. high SAR saline and marginally alkaline categories, respectively. Whereas in Punhana block, 15.71, 32.86, 47.14, 2.86 and 1.43 per cent waters were found in good, marginally saline, high SAR saline, marginally alkali and highly alkali, respectively. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in ground waters of Firozpur Jhirka block ranged from 7.39 to 9.17 , 0.70 to 13.70 dS m-1, 2.54 to 50.26 and 0 to 3.20 meq L-1, and in Punhana block, ranged from 7.06 to 9.60, 1.00 to15.29 dS m-1, 3.77 to 46.48 and 0 to 4.00 meq L-1, respectively. The sodium was dominant cation followed by magnesium, calcium and potassium in ground waters of both the blocks. Likewise, in case of anions, chloride was the dominant anion followed by sulphate, bicarbonate, carbonate and nitrate. The analysis of soil profile samples revealed that the lowest and highest cation exchange capacity of the soils in Firozpur-Jhirka block was observed in Pol (4.12 cmol (p+) kg-1 )and Nangal (8.07 cmol (p+) kg-1), respectively whereas in Punhana block, lowest was found in Indana (5.32 cmol (p+) kg-1)and highest in Jharokhari ( 8.17 cmol (p+) kg-1 )villages. The lowest and highest exchangeable sodium percentage in Firozpur Jhirka block was observed in Righar (6.00) and Mallahka (18.86) villages and in Punhana block ,it was found in Indana (5.06) and Hinganpur(32.75) villages, respectively. The lowest and highest soil organic content in Firozpur-Jhirka block was observed in Mallahka (0.09 %) and Mahun (0.36 % ) villages whereas, in Punhana block was found in Rahpwa (0.11%) and Laharwari (0.27%) villages , respectively. The saturation percentage of soils was lowest and highest in Pol (20.93) and Naharika (29.62) ; and in Maryka (21.15) and Bikti (27.25 ) villages of Firozpur Jhirka and Punhana blocks, respectively. The lowest ECe in Firozpur-Jhirka block was recorded in Righar (0.76 dS m-1) and highest in Gangwani (10.05 dS m-1). Likewise, in Punhana block, it was found lowest in Indana (1.26 dS m-1) and highest in Hazipur (7.96 dS m-1) villages. Highest electrical conductivity was observed in surface layers of the soil profile which gradually decreased with depth. The lowest and highest of pH of soil saturation extract in Firozpur-Jhirka block was found in Nangal (7.25) and Mahoon (8.95) villages and in Punhana block, it was found in Indana (7.38) and Maryka (8.64) villages, respectively. The mean cationic composition of soil extract in soil profile in Firozpur-Jhirka and Punhana blocks was of the order Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+.>K+ likewise, in most of the samples the mean anionic composition of soil extract was of order Cl- >SO42->HCO3->CO32- .The ground water quality map of two blocks showed that maximum area falling under poor quality water with high area under salinity hazard as compared to sodicity hazard in both blocks of Mewat district.
Open Access
Evaluation of factors affecting modulus of rupture as an index of crusting in soils of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Serawat, Minakshi; Phogat, V.K.
The experiment was carried out at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during 2016-2017 to evaluate the factors affecting the modulus of rupture as an index of crusting in soils of Haryana. The soil samples were collected from 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths from 21 sites located in different districts of the Haryana State. The texture of soil varied from sand to silty clay loam. The organic carbon, pH, EC, SAR, saturated hydraulic conductivity, CaCO3, dispersion ratio, aggregate size analysis, mean weight diameter and modulus of rupture of all the soils were determined using standard methods. The effect of different soil properties on modulus of rupture of soils was evaluated. The MOR of different textured soils at both the depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) was significantly positive and lineally correlated with the soil organic carbon contents of soils with R2 value of 0.74 and 0.75 for 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths. The SOC was significantly negative and exponential correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils for both 0-5 cm (R2 = 0.81) and 5-15 cm soil depths (R2 = 0.67). The water stable aggregates at 0-5 and 5- 15 cm depths were found significantly positive and linearly correlated with organic carbon content of soils with R2 value of 0.87 and 0.73, respectively. The water stable aggregates were highest in silty clay loam (67.42%) and lowest in sand (30.85 %) at 0-5 cm depth. Aggregate stability index as mean weight diameter (MWD) was observed to be higher in fine textured soils as compared to coarse textured soils. The silty clay loam soils were found with highest MWD of 1.61 mm and 1.54 mm at 0-5 and 5-15 cm depth amongst all the soils. Dispersion ratio was higher in coarser soils and decreased with increase in fineness of the texture. Modulus of rupture was significantly negatively correlative with dispersion ratio which was positively correlated with sand content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity was significantly positively correlated with sand content and negatively with clay content. The modulus of rupture of texturally different soils was significantly positively and exponentially correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity at both the depths. There was no role of calcium carbonate, pH, EC and SAR in influencing the values of MOR of soils. The MOR was found highly dependent on dispersion ratio, silt + clay, EC and water stable aggregates and the regression equation found to explain the impact of MOR was: MOR = 4.243 - 3.961 DR + 0.029 silt+clay - 0.0957 EC - 0.0269 WSA (R2 = 0.845).
Open Access
Assessment of groundwater quality of Kaithal district and its effect on soil properties
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rathi, Parveen; Ram Prakash
The study on “Assessment of groundwater quality of Kaithal district and its effect on soil properties” was done with the following objectives: (1) To assess quality of groundwater for irrigation and their mapping (2) To study the effect of different quality waters on soil properties. The present study was carried out in four blocks of Kaithal district. Total of 284 water samples were collected from running tube wells across different villages from four blocks with the use of hand held GPS to denote the location of sampling point. Water samples were analyzed to check their chemical composition in form of different parameters pH, EC, soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (CO3 2−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO4 2− and NO3−) by using standard methods. On the basis of EC, pH, RSC and SAR samples were divided into different categories as per the classification of AICRP (1989) on “Management of salt affected soils and its use in agriculture”. Two soil samples from each water category were collected from different depths (0-15, 15-30, 30.45, 45-60 cm). To check the effect of water quality on soil, soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties, soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (CO3 2−, HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2− and NO3 −), ECe and SARe of saturation extract. Among the total of 284 water samples collected across four different blocks, 137 (48.24%) were lying in good category (A), 26 (9.15%) samples were marginally saline and 30 (10.56%) samples were high SAR saline. In the same manner 36 (12.67%) samples were lying in marginally alkali category, 31 (10.92%) samples were alkali and highly alkali category consists of 24 (8.45%) samples. No sample was found to lie in saline category among four blocks. After analyzing the data of four blocks of the water, maximum poor quality water (86.3%) was found in Kalayat block followed by Rajaund (62.8%), Pundri (39.7%) and Siwan (35.8%). In same manner maximum good quality water was found in Siwan (64.5%) followed by Pundri (60.3%), Rajaund (37.2%) and Kalayat (13.7%). Among the four blocks minimum ECe (1.19 dSm-1) and SARe (3.83 mmol l-1)1/2 was found in village village Kithana in Rajaund block while maximum ECe (5.65 dSm-1) and SARe (19.08 mmol l-1)1/2 was found in village Guliana of Rajaund block and Khirana of Siwan block. Minimum ESP (5.08%) and pH (7.24) was found in village Fatehpur of Pundri block and Dubal of Kalayat block while maximum ESP (24.23%) and pH (9.25) was in village Rajaund and Rasulpur of Siwan block respectively. Highest CEC 18.10 cmol (+) kg-1 and saturation percentage (55.30%) was recorded in Rasulpur village of Siwan block while Lowest CEC 38.60 cmol (+) kg-1 and saturation percentage (38.60%) was found in village Dumra of Kalayat block.
Open Access
Effect of different tillage and weed management practices on wheat yield and soil properties
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kavita; Dahiya, D.S.
An ongoing field experiment established in 2012 at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India was selected to study “Effect of different tillage and weed management practices on wheat yield and soil properties”. The experiment was laid out with three different tillage (zero tillage, FIRBS and conventional tillage) and four weed management practices (W1: Atrazine (50% W.P.) @ 750 g/ha in maize and pinoxaden 50g/ha + premix of metsulfuron and carfentrazone (Ally Express 50% DF) 25g/ha + 0.2 % NIS as post-emergence in wheat, W2: Tembotrione (Laudis 42% Sc @ 120 g/ha + S 1000ml/ha (10-15 DAS / 2-4 leaf stage) in maize and clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha as post- emergence in wheat, W3: Two HW in maize (20 to 40 DAS) and wheat (30 to 50 DAS), W4: Weedy check in maize and wheat) at two different depth (0-5 & 5-15 cm) were replicated thrice in spilt plot design. Plant and soil samples for analysis were collected after 4 cycle of maize-wheat cropping system in the month of April, 2016 after the harvesting of wheat crop. A significant higher yield reported under FIRBS (66.1 qha-1) method of tillage as compared to other tillage practices. pH and EC reported higher under conventional tillage under different tillage and weed management practices. SOC (0.896%), N (100.57 kg ha-1), P (32.61 kg ha-1), S (18.21 kg ha-1), HA-C (0.352%) and FA-C (0.239%) reported higher under zero tillage due to more retention of crop residue on surface. However, a reverse trend was obtained in case of available K. Values of Zn, Fe and Cu was also recorded higher under zero tillage while value of Mn reported higher under conventional tillage. Most of the nutrients values reported higher at upper depth (0-5 cm) and under weedy check treatment. DOC followed reverse trend as compared to other parameters and higher values reported under conventional tillage. Highest values of MBC (336.02 mg kg-1) was noticed under zero tillage and at 0-5 cm depth. All enzymes (Dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and urease) activities reported higher under ZT. Dehydrogenase and urease activity reported higher at upper depth (0-5cm) while activity of alkaline was higher at lower depth (5-15 cm). At the end of season weed management practices showed non-significant effect on MBC and all enzymes. Bulk density of soil reported higher under CT as compared to other tillage practices.
Open Access
Hydraulic properties of soils as influenced by texture, organic matter and soluble salts
(CCSHAU, 2017) Seema; Dahiya, Rita
Hydraulic properties of soils plays a significant role in adoption of appropriate water management practices capable of enhancing input use efficiency of soils of arid and semi arid regions. Keeping in view the importance of the hydraulic properties, study was carried out by collecting the soil samples from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths at farmers’ field in different villages spread over nine districts of the State during 2016-17. The experimental soils were found to belong to six textural classes i.e., sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silty loam and sandy clay loam; on the basis of mechanical analysis of the samples. The soils were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) content, electrical conductivity, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), sodium adsorption ratio, soil moisture characteristics, moisture at filed capacity and permanent wilting point, aggregate size analysis and aggregate stability index using standard methods. The pH1:2, EC1:2, OC of soils was found ranging from 6.69-8.08, 0.11-3.68 dS/m and 0.14 – 0.72%, respectively for both the soil depths. The Ksat of the soils was found significantly and positively correlated with bulk density and negatively correlated with silt+clay content, soil OC, water stable aggregates and mean weight diameter .Similarly, soil moisture at field capacity and permanent wilting point were found significantly positively correlated with silt+clay content, soil organic carbon, water stable aggregates and mean weight diameter and significantly negatively correlated with bulk density. Maximum water holding capacity was also found significantly positively correlated with silt+clay content, soil OC, water stable aggregates and mean weight diameter and significantly negatively correlated with bulk density. No significant correlation was found between hydraulic properties and soluble salt concentration.
Open Access
Effect of integrated nutrient management on production of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and soil properties
(CCSHAU, 2017) Joginder Kumar; Vijay Kumar
An experiment was conducted during 2016-17 at Regional Research Station, Karnal of CCS Haryana Agricultural University to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on effect of different treatments on juice quality parameters, physico-chemical properties of soil, uptake of nutrient by sugarcane crop and economics of sugarcane production. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments viz. T1: Control (No fertilizer),T2: 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK,T3: Recommended dose (RD) of NPK,T4: Soil test based NPK,T5: FYM@15t/ha + 50% RD NPK,T6: FYM@15t/ha + 100% RD NPK,T7: FYM@15t/ha + NPK based on STV,T8: FYM@10t/ha + Bio fertilizers (BF) +50%RD NPK,T9: FYM@10t/ha+BF+100% RD NPK,T10: FYM@10t/ha + BF+ STV NPK. The design of the plot was randomized block design (RBD). The application of 100% RD NPK significantly increased the cane yield and yield attributes (germination percentage (40.74%), cane girth (2.44cm), cane weight (0.78kg/cane), cane length (2.67m) and NMC (97223). The application of FYM@15t/ha+100% RD NPK had increased the cane yield (93.23t/ha) and yield attributes parameters ( germination percentage 44.91%, cane girth 2.73cm ,cane weight 0.92kg/ha, cane length 2.97m, NMC 101393). However, the application of FYM@10t/ha+ BF+100%RD NPK increased the cane yield and yield attributes (germination percentage 43.99% , cane girth 2.64cm, cane weight 0.88kg/ha, cane length 2.91m, NMC 99986). The application of 100% RD NPK and STV based NPK gave the equal result in Juice quality parameter (Brix%, Sucrose %, CCS% and Sugar yield), available nutrient in soil and uptake of N,P,K by sugarcane plant. The application of FYM@15t/ha+100% RD NPK at par the Juice quality parameter (Brix 20.9%, Sucrose 18.53%, CCS12.77% and Sugar yield 21.36t/ha). The application of FYM@15t/ha+100% RD NPK had increased the available N (191kg/ha), P (11.00kg/ha), K (186.00 kg/ha) and CEC (16.61 cmol(p+)/kg). Application of FYM@10t/ha+BF+100% RD NPK had increased N 186 kg/ha, P 10.50 kg/ha, K 184.0 kg/ha and CEC, 15.80 cmol(p+)/kg over the 100% RD NPK. The application of FYM@15t/ha+100% RD NPK had increased the uptake of N 696.80kg/ha, P 63.35 kg/ha, K 424.80 kg/ha by sugarcane plant over control. The application of 100% RD NPK increased the net return to the turn of Rs. 128017 and the B: C of 1.15. The application of FYM@ 15t/ha+100% RD NPK achieved the maximum net return of Rs. 176684 and B: C ratio of 1.5. Cultivation of sugarcane must be done through judicious use of fertilizers since application of fertilizer affects both quality and quantity. Absence of nutrients or application of unrecomended dose of fertilizer resulting in cane yield and quality losses. The application of 50% RD NPK did not achieve the cane yield and juice quality as obtained with the application of 100% RD NPK. The application of 100% RD fertilizer achieve the similar yield as achieved by the application of STV based NPK. The application of farm yard manure (FYM) to achieve the maximum yield. Sugarcane grown in soi low in organic carbon in combination of recommended dose of NPK may increase the cane yield and sugar yield. The application of FYM@ 15t/ha+50% RD NPK achieved the similar cane yield and juice quality as achieved by the application of 100% RD NPK. In this experiment FYM@15t/ha+100% RD NPK further increase the cane yield and sugar yield over the application of 100% RD NPK. The application of biofertilzer has importance for biological nitrogen fixation. So, combination of bio fertilizers with organic manure and NPK fertilizer also achieve the higher yield over the 100% RD NPK. The application of FYM@10t/ha+ bio fertilizer (Azotobacter + PSB) +100% Rd NPK save significantly higher cane yield and super production over application of 100% RD NPK alone.

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