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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different sowing dates on morpho-physiological and yield traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Ajeev Kumar; Neeraj KumarThe present study was conducted with ten genotypes viz ICCV 88503, ICCV 92944, HC- 1, HC-3, HC-5, H12-64, H13-01, H13-02, H14-01 and H14-04 for three dates of sowing i.e 15th October, 15th November and 15th December in the field in randomized block design during Rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with objective to identify promising chickpea genotypes in terms of morpho-physiological and yield traits for different sowing dates. Among different sowing dates, phenological traits (Days to 50 % flowering, podding and physiological maturity) were minimum (81.1, 97.1,126.2 days) in 15th December and maximum (89.2, 107.6, 137.8 days) in 15th October. Among genotypes, H12-64 and H13-01 took minimum days while H14-04 took maximum days for all phenological traits. Plant height, dry weight, CGR, RGR, NAR and LAI were found to be maximum in 15th October and minimum in 15th December sowing at all the growth stages of chickpea. Maximum growth parameters recorded in genotypes H12-64 and H13-01 and minimum were in H14-04. Among physiological traits, maximum leaf water potential (-30 Mpa), leaf osmotic potential (-71 Mpa), relative water content (RWC, 88.5%), chlorophyll contents (5.402 mg g-1DW), carotenoids content (3.742 mg g-1DW), chlorophyll a fluorescence (0.689 Fv/Fm) and pollen viability (69.00 %) were in 15th November and minimum (-35 Mpa, -87 Mpa, 61.5%, 3.516 mg g-1DW, 2.967 mg g-1DW, 0.667, 64.11%) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01had maximum (-26 Mpa, -73 Mpa, 82.3%, 5.027 mg g-1DW, 3.859 mg g-1DW, 0.717, 72.1%) and genotype H14-04 had minimum (-44 Mpa, -99 Mpa, 67.1%, 4.160 mg g-1DW, 2.858 mg g-1DW, 0.638 and 60.4%) physiological traits while RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content were maximum (11.03 %, -2.20 0C, 2.79 mg g-1DW) in 15th December and minimum (9.86 %, -0.28 0C, 1.51 mg g-1DW) respectively, in 15th November sowing and among genotypes, H13-01 showed lowest (9.33%, -0.500C, 2.19 mg g-1DW) and H14-04 showed highest RSI, CTD and anthocyanin content (11.26%, -1.700C, 2.41 mg g-1DW). However, maximum proline content, glycine betaine, TSC, H2O2 content, MDA content (0.915, 0.204, 7.5 mg g-1 DW, 15.4, 63.8μ moles g-1 DW,) were in 15th December and lowest (0.581, 0.028, 4.5 mg g-1 DW, 10.9 μ moles g-1 DW, 42.0 μ moles g-1 DW) respectively, were in 15th November sowing and in genotypes, maximum proline content glycine betaine, TSC (0.899, 0.206, 7.6 mg g-1 DW) were recorded in H13-01 and minimum (0.656, 0.077 and 5.9 mg g-1 DW) respectively, were recorded in H14-04 while minimum MDA content (45.9 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (6.9 μ moles g-1 DW) in were recorded in H13-01 and maximum MDA content (57.8 μ moles MDA g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (16.3 μ moles g-1 DW) were recorded in H14-04. Maximum specific activity of enzymes, SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR{6.7, 7.0, 6.0, 0.45, 0.55 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1}and more accumulations of antioxidants i.e Ascorbate content, glutathione content (0.91,1.24 μ mol g-1 DW) were recorded in December 15th and minimum {2.2, 2.0, 2.7, 0.23, 0.23 Units mg-1 (protein) min-1 and 0.56, 0.75 μ mol g-1 DW} respectively, were in November 15th sowing. The maximum seed yield (2113 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (6.2), number of pods per plant (79.0), 100 seed weight (16.12 g), biological yield (6923 kg/ha) and harvest index (30.5 %) were in 15th October and lowest seed yield (1889 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (3.9, 38.5,13.47g, 6333 kg/ha and 29.5%) respectively, were in 15th December sowing and among genotypes, maximum seed yield (2325 kg /ha) and yield attributing characters like number of branches (5.2), number of pods per plant (77.7), 100 seed weight (16.45 g), biological yield (7358 kg/ha) and harvest index (31.6%) were found to be in genotype H13-01 and lowest seed yield (1593 kg/ha) and yield attributing characters (4.4, 43.0, 13.10, 5625 kg/ha and 27.1%) respectively, were exhibited by genotype H14-04.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of brassinosteroids and sucrose under moisture and cadmium stress on the growth of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. at juvenile stage(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Varma, Suraj; Beniwal, R.SAn experiment was carried out in nursery with the aim of investigating the effect of cadmium and moisture stresses on the growth and physiological characters and also to establish the effective combination of BRs and sucrose to combat these stresses at juvenile stage of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [P-23 clones] seedlings. The clonal seedlings were planted in pots in nursery containing sand and soil in 2:1 proportion. Mineral composition of the pot soil was assessed before planting the plants. All the pots received normal watering till 90 days of seedling growth. Three months old potted seedlings were subjected to i) moisture stress by withholding water and ii) cadmium stress through application of different cadmium levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). The different levels of brassinosteroids (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) and sucrose (0, 1, 3 and 5% (w/v) were applied to the seedlings. It was observed that increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in increment in plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters plant biometric parameters declined significantly at various Cd (50 to 150 ppm) stresses. The moisture stress resulted in increased underground biomass of the sedlings; however, whole plant biomass decreased with increasing levels of moisture stress. Chlorophyll pigments, RWC and TSP values responded negatively to the increasing levels of Cd and moisture stresses. Maximum reduction in Chlorophyll (1.09%), carotenoid content (0.24%), RWC (60.31%) and TSP (0.40%) was observed at 150 ppm Cd application. However, the values of RSI, H2O2, MDA content and ROS, increased under both the stresses (cadmium and moisture). Significant enhancement was noticed in accumulation of osmolytes under both the stresses. Specific activity of SOD, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione enhanced abruptly with increase in levels of both the stresses, but maximum increase was observed under cadmium stress i.e. 275.87, 32.85, 79.84, 26.51 & 41.32 and 3.47, 32.86, 27.22 & 1.21, respectively compared to control. During observance of Cd accumulating pattern in different plant organs, it was maximum in roots (129.83) followed by stem (110.23) and leaves (106.71). Under cadmium and moisture stress, combat effect was observed after exogenous application of the various levels of BRs and sucrose. At various levels of both the stresses; chlorophyll, carotenoid content, RWC and TSP values increased with the exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the combination of BRs (20 ppm) and Su (5 ppm) resulted in overcoming the serious negative effects that could happen to plants under both the stresses as indicated under control. Though, the ameliorative effects in lipid peroxidation, RSI, ROS and H2O2 content under both the stresses (Cd and moisture) were seen at all levels of exogenous application of the BRs and sucrose, but the maximum protection was found at the interaction of BRs (20 ppm) & Su (5 ppm). Exogenous application of BRs and Su caused further enhancement in the osmolytes, SOD activity, CAT, POX, GR & APX enzymes and non-enzymatic AsA, MDHAR, DHAR & Glutathione but these values were more under cadmium stress compared to moisture stress. Maximum decrease in cadmium uptake in roots, stem and leaf was found with application of (BRs 20 × Su 5) ppm. When compared the negative effects of Cd and moisture stresses on the plants, moisture stress was less deteriorative. Exogenous application of BRs alone in stressed (Cd and moisture stress) condition protected the eucalyptus seedlings in better way when compared with Su exogenous application.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on flowering, Fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Rinku Rani; Sharma, J. R.The present investigations entitled Studies on flowering, fruiting behaviour and ripening management of sapota (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen), was carried out in orchard and laboratory of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2017-20. For field experiment to studies the flowering and fruiting behaviour of sapota, the tagging was done at 1st and 3rd week of every month on the three branches in different directions on sapota cultivar Kalipatti and Cricket Ball. The T1 is marked for the date 15/09, T2 for 01/10, T3 for 15/10 and up to T24 (01/09). The results revealed that the more number of flowers per shoot and flower intensity was observed in month of September, October and August during 2017-18 and 2018-19. During 2017-18, there was no flowering observed in three months December, January and February (T6 to T11). Whereas, no flowering observed after 15th December to April (T7 to T15) during 2018-19 in both cultivars. Fruit set per cent in both cultivars was showed increasing trends from July flowering to reaching maximum in September flowering and then followed declining trend to no fruit set in 15th November flowering. It was observed that sapota is a climate sensitive crop and climatic parameters viz., temperatures (maximum and minimum), relative humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall etc. had a profound influence on various flowering characters of sapota. The number of days taken for fruit set was showed increasing trends from June to November flowering. Whereas, the days required to attain the maturity was showed decreasing trends from June to November flowering in both cultivars. The fruits from winter season flowering (September, October and November) followed a characteristic double sigmoid pattern growth Whereas, fruits from rainy season flowering (June, July and August) followed somewhat linear pattern growth. The fruit weight was increased from September to November flowering and decreased in fruits from June to September flowering in both cultivars. All physico-chemical attributes were decreased in fruits from June to November flowering in both cultivars. Number of flowers per shoot, flower intensity, fruit set, TSS and total sugars were recorded higher in Kalipatti. Whereas, fruit drop, days taken for fruit setting, days taken for fruit maturity, firmness, ascorbic acid, acidity, pectin, tannin, Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were more in Cricket Ball as compared to Kalipatti. Cricket Ball has round shaped fruits in all flowering dates. Whereas, in Kalipatti shape was influenced by different flowering dates. Efficacy of ethephon was tested with different concentrations for ripening and physico-chemical quality of harvested sapota fruits. The fruits treated with ethephon were more uniform in ripening and had higher rate of ripening than the fruits under control. The effect increased with increasing concentrations of ethephon during ripening. Moreover, all quality parameters were retained in higher amount when the fruits were treated with ethephon. While, shelf life of fruits reduced with the increased concentrations of ethephon in both cultivars and seasons. Fruit treated with ethephon registered higher PME, PG and cellulase activity as compare to control in both cultivars. Kalipatti ripened earlier and registered higher TSS, total sugars, pH and enzymes activity as compared to Cricket Ball. Whereas, Cricket Ball registered longer shelf life and registered higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, firmness, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content as compared to Kalipatti. During August, the retention of the firmness, ascorbic acid, pectin, tannin, chlorophyll a and b was more as compared to May. Whereas, TSS, total sugars, Titratable acidity, activity of PG and cellulase enzymes were observed higher during May as compared to August at every days of observation. Carotenoid content and PME activity were more during May at 4th day of observation as compared to August and after that carotenoid and activity of PME were decreased on 7th day and rate of decrease was more during May.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses of various biostimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-09) Preety Rani; Sarita DeviThe present investigation entitled ―Physiological responses of various bio-stimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition‖ was studied during the summer season of 2019. Seeds of cowpea genotype (CS-88) were procured from Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. Experiment was conducted at Dry land Research Farm, Forage Section under rainfed conditions. Bio-stimulants were applied exogenously at flower initiation stage. Sampling was done after 10 day of foliar spray at flower initiation stage. The physiological parameters in cowpea plant like water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield showed declining trend in rainfed condition. But with the imposition of different bio-stimulants at flower initiation stage, values of physiological parameters found to be increased. Values ranged from control to biostimulant application in osmotic potential (-MPa) (-1.24 to -1.09), RWC (%) (72.7 - 88.7), assimilation rate (23.31 - 29.73 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (1.70 - 2.07 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.02 - 0.03 mmol H2O m-2 s-1). Similarly, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed the increasing trend after foliar application of different biostimulants and the values varied from (41.0 - 51.4) and (0.678 - 0.718), respectively. Reversibly, relative stress injury was found to be decreased from control (35.51) to biostimulants application (20.58) in cowpea under moisture stress. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced under moisture stress and further increased rapidly after imposition of different biostimulants at flower initiation stage. The value of antioxidative enzymes and biochemical parameters ranges from SOD (130.4 - 165.9 units mg-1 protein min-1), CAT (0.38 - 1.18 units mg-1 protein min-1), POX (0.71 - 1.40 units mg-1 protein min-1), proline (131.4 - 381.9 μg g-1 DW) and glycine betaine (144.0 - 424.2 μmol g-1 DW) over their respective control. Yield and yield attributes reduced significantly under drought stress i.e. seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index, but after the foliar application of different biostimulants the yield parameters were found to be increased. The value of seed yield per plant was varied from (0.92 - 1.64 g). Conclusively, based on the above studies it could be concluded that after foliar spray of different biostimulants under rainfed condition, cowpea performed better by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of RSI (%). Biostimulants treatments not only ameliorate the effect of moisture stress on plants, but also showed a stimulating effect. Application of 2 % complex N, P, K was found more effective which was at par with SA 100 ppm spray at flower initiation than others biostimulants in cowpea.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Orthosilicic Acid and Seaweed Extract for Mitigation in Brassica juncea(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Sujata; Goyal, VinodThe present study entitled “Response of Orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract for drought mitigation in Brassica juncea” was conducted at Field Crop Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Foliar application of biostimulants viz. Orthosilicic acid (2ml/L & 4ml/L), Seaweed extract (3ml/L & 4ml/L) and water spray were done two times at 25-30 DAS and 40-45DAS in two environments i.e., irrigated and rain fed in Brassica variety RH 725. Sampling was done after 5 days of second application of biostimulants. Foliar application of OSA & Seaweed had a positive impact on the physiological processes of the crop under normal and stress conditions, however they help to minimize the degree of stress impact over normal conditions. At sowing time 13.6% soil moisture content was observed which was reduced to (4.8%) at the time of harvesting in upper layer of the soil (0-30 cm). The data was recorded for Growth, physiological, biochemical and yield parameters, which had a positive impact on application of orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract under rainfed conditions. Physiological parameters like photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll stability index decrease significantly but this reduction was reduced by foliar application of OSA and seaweed extract in both environments. The percent decrease was minimum with treatment of 2ml/L OSA tracked by 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants. The percent reduction recorded for photosynthesis rate (18.0% & 18.70%), transpiration rate (31.31% & 29.62%), RWC (12.30% & 14.03%) and water potential (17.39% & 18.31%) in 2ml/L OSA and 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants respectively. These results were supported with the biochemical results viz. H2O2, MDA, RSI, proline, glycine betaine content that decreased in treated plants as compared to their respective controls. Total soluble sugars, total soluble protein and antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT, APX increased after applying orthosilic acid and seaweed extract which may be the contributing factors for yield increment. Seed yield along with plant height, number of siliqua, seeds per siliqua, 1000seed weight and biological yield decreases due to unavailability of water in the soil under normal conditions. As compared to control ones, plants treated with orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract significantly increased the yield and its attributes like plant height, 1000seed weight, number of siliqua per plant, seeds per siliqua. Minimum reduction in yield was reported in 2ml/L OSA and then in 3ml/L seaweed extract. Seed yield was reduced by 17.34% in control plants and by application of OSA (2ml/L) and seaweed extract (3ml/L) this effect was lowered to 10.22% and 13.30%. Drought susceptibility index was calculated to see the overall effect of treatments and it was found minimum in 2ml/L OSA treated plants, showing its superiority over other treatments. From our results, it is concluded that twice foliar application of 2ml/L of OSA at vegetative stage results into higher yields, with better physiological efficiencies as this concentration maintains best plant water relations and source to sink strength which is self explanatory in our results.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Characterization and Differential Gene Expression Analysis in Contrasting Wheat Genotypes under Water Deficit Stress(2020) Mathur, Priyanka; Munjal, RenuThe investigation was conducted to carry out morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular evaluation of two contrasting bread wheat genotypes namely WH 1025 (drought tolerant) and WH 1105 (drought susceptible). Twenty days seedlings were subjected to stress using 15% PEG- 6000. Tolerant WH 1025 and susceptible WH 1105 genotype in non-stressed conditions performed almost in similar way morphologically, physiologically and biochemically but on stress imposition, WH 1025 showed higher activity of antioxidants, showed higher chlorophyll stability index and lower Plasma membrane damage, less impact on shoot & root length and biomass, better seedling vigor, more relative water content and relatively lesser water loss rate and accumulate more osmoprotectants such as proline. Transcriptome analysis of the two contrasting genotypes revealed significant differences in terms of adaptive responses as evident from the gene expression pattern during water deficit condition in early growth period of wheat seedling. At 72 hours of stress a considerably higher number of genes (65,698 out of the total 1,36,770 genes) were expressed in WH 1025 as compared to WH 1105 where the number of gene expressed were less ( 54,195 out of 1,3 6,770 total genes). It also supported the results obtained in morpho-physiological and biochemical investigations. More DEGs were upregulated (204) & less downregulated (10) in WH 1025 whereas less DEG were upregulated (114) & more downregulated (12) in WH 1105. Moreover, Pathway analysis unveiled that out of six major categories mentioned in KEGG pathway Database, DEGs that is found to enrich one was, “Metabolism” pathway. Also, it revealed that the genes and the pathways involved in WH 1025 were the most important factor to make a difference between the genotypes for drought tolerance. In the present study, more up-regulated genes are enriching transcription factors like Trihelix, bHLH, ERF, C2H2, MYB families. C2H2 and MYB were found to be uniquely upregulated in WH 1025 thus, resulted in better drought tolerance and showed adaptability for tolerance. The identified TFs/Genes in the experiment, particularly those which were up-regulated in roots of WH 1025 during drought stress, were potential candidates for enhancing tolerance to drought. This information can be used to improve drought tolerance in elite wheat cultivars and to develop tolerant germplasm for other cereal crops.
