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ThesisItem Open Access Cultural studies and genetic approaches for management of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn f. sp. sasakii (Exner) causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Poonam Kumari; Prashant Kumar ChauhanThe necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the highly destructive soil-borne pathogen distributed worldwide, responsible for causing banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) in maize. In Haryana, BLSB is the major constraint of maize, in reducing the yield during kharif season. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the disease and its regular appearance in severe form the present investigation has been devised on cultural, morphological and molecular variability among different isolates of pathogen collected from major maize growing regions of Haryana. Eighteen isolates of R. solani associated with maize crop were collected from different locations of Haryana and nearby of New Delhi. The variations among isolates in colony diameter, growth rate, growth pattern, colony colours, texture, hyphal characters, number of nuclei, sclerotial characters including position, colour, texture, size, number, weight and honey dew were observed in all the isolates and are grouped on the basis of variations exhibited. The hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all R. solani isolates into five major cluster (C1- C5) based on cultural, sclerotial and morphological characters. Molecular analysis confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani species and all isolates exhibited relation with anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA. The results of study confirmed that anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA belongs to maize crop causing BLSB disease is the most predominant and geographically distributed in Haryana and nearby location of New Delhi. Pathological study revealed that nine maize genotypes viz. HKI 161, HKI 163, HKI 164-7-6, HKI 193-2, HKI 194-7, HKI 288-2, HKI 488, HKI 1128 and IQPMH-18-2 were resistant for BLSB. The results clearly depicted that high genetic diversity exist among the genotypes of maize and polymorphism on the basis of SSR markers was observed. Molecular analysis differentiated thirty-eight maize genotypes into two main clusters viz. cluster-I and cluster-II with similarity coefficient 61%. The cluster-II consisted of only one genotype HKI 1653 SER-4 which was observed as the most diverse genotype among all the thirty-eight genotypes. Two SSR markers phi035 and bnlg1065 were identified as specific to resistance for BLSB. Present study revealed the existence of high variability in R. solani isolates at cultural, morphological and genetic level. The variability was present among the maize genotypes for resistance against R. solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize and all R. solani isolates of BLSB belongs to anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seasonal cultivation of Schizophyllum commune (Fries) medicinal mushroom in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Jain, Sourabh; Jagdeep SinghSchizophyllum commune (Fries) is a valuable medicinal mushroom. Various factors such as growth media, temperature regimes, and pH levels were examined to determine the optimal conditions for its mycelial growth. The most suitable growth medium was potato dextrose agar (PDA). The ideal temperature range for mycelial growth was found to be 30±1˚C, while the optimal pH level was 5, although the mushroom can tolerate temperatures between 30-35˚C and pH levels of 4-6. When evaluating different combinations of substrates and supplements, it was observed that the mycelia grew faster when a mixture of wheat straw and sawdust (1:1) was supplemented with 10 per cent wheat bran. Among the four base materials tested for spawn production, sorghum grains were the most suitable. In March 2023, a study was conducted on the cultivation of S. commune using a substrate consisting of wheat straw and sawdust supplemented with wheat bran. The substrate was amended with 3 per cent calcium sulphate and 1 per cent calcium carbonate, filled into polypropylene bags, sterilized, and inoculated with spawn made from sorghum grains (2 per cent). The bags were placed in a dark mushroom house with a temperature of 30±1˚C, high carbon dioxide levels, and a relative humidity of at least 80 per cent. This cultivation method resulted in optimal spawn growth, pinhead formation, fruit body production, yield, and biological efficiency. Three flushes of mushrooms were obtained during the 37-day crop cycle, and a biological efficiency of 15 per cent was achieved using the supplemented substrate mixture throughout the cropping season.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and induction of systemic resistance in sorghum against Cercospora sorghi (Ellis & Everh.) causing grey leaf spot(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Janvi; Manjeet SinghThe grey leaf spot disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) caused by Cercospora sorghi has emerged as a seriousprobleminmost ofthe sorghumgrowingplaces of India,leadingtoconsiderableyieldlosses. The present investigation on epidemiology, management and biochemical analysis were carried out during Kharif 2022-23. Epidemiology of the pathogen was studied under field condition in two varieties (HC 136 and CSV32F) of sorghumby sowing the cropatthreedifferentdates. Outofthethree datesof sowingof sorghum,higherdisease severity,AUDPC andAIR was observed on early sown crop (15thJune) followed by normal sown crop (30th June) and least in late sown crop (15th July) on both the varieties. Disease severity,AUDPC andAIR was higher in HC 136 as compared to CSV32F in all three dates of sowingduring Kharif 2022.Temporal increasewas maximumin 30th to 31st standard meteorological week (SMW) followed by 38th to 39th SMW in both the varieties. The inhibitory effect of chemical inducers was evaluated against Cercospora sorghi under in vitro conditions and maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in salicylic acid followed by indole butyric acid. Among the biorational components evaluated against C. sorghi, neem leaves extract at 20 per cent concentration and Trichodermaharzianumandwerefoundthemost effectiveinmyceliumgrowthinhibitionofthepathogenunder in vitro conditions. Out of eight fungicides evaluated against C. sorghi, under in vitro conditions, Carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC at 50 µg/ml were found most effective. Under screen house conditions, salicylic acid showed maximum per cent disease control at 100 µg/ml concentration in both the variety i.e., HC 136 (susceptible) and SH 1951 (moderately resistant). The analysis of biochemical parameters like determination of total phenol content and different enzyme activities i.e., Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Phenylalanine AmmoniaLyase(PAL)andTyrosineAmmoniaLyase(TAL)revealedsignificantresults.Totalphenolswerefoundmaximum in plants inoculated with conidial suspension of Cercospora sorghi and increase from 0 to 96 HAI. But in other treatments it increased upto 72 HAI and then decreased in both the varieties and being higher in SH 1951. The enzyme activities were higher in plants sprayed with salicylic acid. Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity continuously increased from 0 to 96 HAI in all treatments. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) and Tyrosine AmmoniaLyase(TAL)activitiesincreased upto48HAIand thendecreased from48 to96HAIin alltreatmentsof both varieties. Among the best promising non conventional chemicals, botanicals, bioagents and fungicides, carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC at 50 µg/ml were found under field conditions. Out of eighty five varieties of sorghum screened against grey leaf spot, twenty three and twelve varieties were highly resistant and resistant respectively. For sorghum, which is grown as fodder crop, fungicides are often not advised due to their residual impact, therefore use of chemical inducers to induce systemic resistance in plants and integrated approaches for management of grey leaf spot is, therefore, a high-priority research area.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of Alternaria leaf spot of Bael incited by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Deepak; Manoj KumarThe present investigation entitled “Epidemiology and management of Alternaria leaf spot of Bael incited by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler” was conducted in the laboratory in department of plant pathology, COA, Hisar and research farm of Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCS HAU during 2022-23. Characteristic symptoms were observed on leaves as concentric circles in the centre of the leaf spots surrounded by a chlorotic yellow halo. The presence of brown to black necrotic lesions on older leaves that produce a bulll’s eye pattern. The pathogen, A. alternata was isolated as pure culture on PDA medium. The colony appeared as black or olivaceous black and sometimes of grey color. The fungus produces conidia that are light brown, having muriform shape with both cross and longitudinal septa and having conical or cylindrical beak of 2 to 5 µm thickness. The average size of the conidia was 25-60 x 10-16 µm and the conidiophores were dark bearing a chain of conidia. Epidemiology of disease was studies under field condition revealed that significant but negative correlation was observed between per cent disease severity and temperature (minimum and maximum), average evening relative humidity (RHe), wind speed and rainfall. The average morning relative humidity (RHm) and Sun shine hours showed non-significant positive correlation with disease severity. Tmax. 28°C and relative humidity 79% were found most favourable conditions for the progression of the disease. Among four bioagents evaluated in dual culture under in vitro conditions against A. alternata, Trichoderma viride showed highest mycelial growth inhibition of 72.62 per cent followed by Trichoderma harzianum (68.43 per cent ) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (61.56 per cent) while least effective was Bacillus subtilis (54.37 per cent). Out of six fungicides/non-conventional chemicals evaluated against A. alternata, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5% WG and tebuconazole 50 + trifloxystrobin 25% (75 WG) with 78.92 and 71.25 percnet mycelial growth inhibition, respectively were found most effective and significantly superior among the treatments under in vitro conditions. Under field conditions, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5 % WG was found superior over other treatments with highest per cent disease reduction over control (82.43 per cent) followed by tebuconazole 50 + trifloxystrobin 25 % (75 WG) (76.83 per cent). The maximum yield was recorded in plants treated with metriam 55% pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 0.25 per cent (63.27 kg/tree) followed by tebuconazole 50+ trifloxystrobin 25% (75 WG) @ 0.10 per cent (60.24 kg/tree). An increasing consciousness about environmental pollution due to fungicides and development of fungicide resistance in pathogen population has challenged the plant pathologist to search for eco-friendly tools for A. alternata management. The use of integrated approaches to disease management is, therefore, a high-priority research area.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the interaction and management of fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sapna; Saini, Anil KumarThe devastating disease known as root knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex is caused by the synergistic relationship of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Due to the significant losses caused by these pathogens the present investigation aimed to develop effective management strategies that reduce the reliance on fungicides by focusing on the utilization of plant extracts, bioagents enriched with organic amendments to mitigate the risk of the disease. The study indicated that the severity of fusarium wilt increased when Meloidogyne incognita predisposed plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici which highlighting the importance of managing these pathogens effectively. The investigations on the interaction of both pathogens demonstrated that the presence of nematodes in the rhizosphere heightened severity of fusarium wilt disease. Based on the management practices implemented it was observed that neem cake among the organic amendments, Trichoderma harzianum among the bioagents, seedling dip with a 20% concentration of neem leaf extract was most promising in reducing the severity of the fusarium wilt and also enhanced antioxidant factors such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. The study implied that the combination of Trichoderma harzianum enriched with neem cake results lower infection rate and a reduced area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared to the control inoculated with the pathogens. Additionally, treatment exhibited higher chlorophyll content and increased photosynthetic rate results enhance plant health and promote photosynthetic activity in tomato plants affected by the fusarium wilt disease complex.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of aromatic rice blast incited by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Bharath M M; Ashwani KumarRice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple food crop feeding more people directly than any other crop in the world. More than 70 diseases have been reported in rice. Out of these, rice blast is the most ravage disease incited by Pyricularia oryzae acting as a major impediment in rice production. In favourable conditions, this disease can devastate entire rice plant in vegetative stage giving a burnt appearance and cause yield losses up to 90%. The present investigations were conducted on various aspects of blast disease like screening of promising genotypes for rice blast resistance, role of weather parameters in disease progression and evaluation of different botanicals and suitable fungicides. Role of weather parameters in disease progression was recorded in 2 varieties CSR 30 and HBC 19 and the results revealed that temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall and rainy days were negatively correlated and relative humidity (morning) was positively correlated with percent disease index of leaf blast. For neck blast incidence weather variables temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall, rainy days and relative humidity (evening) were negatively correlated. In vitro evaluation of botanicals was conducted against P. oryzae, Achook @ 4ml/lt and Garlic @ 5% were found to be effective with 100 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen. The concentrations with maximum mycelial inhibition were evaluated under field conditions, Achook @ 4ml/lt proved to best in controlling leaf and neck blast with increased yield as compared to control. Field trials were conducted on the variety CSR 30 for the evaluation of different fungicides at Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kaithal) during kharif 2021. Among six different fungicides evaluated under field conditions, picoxystrobin 6.78% + tricyclazole 20.33% SC was found to be best in controlling leaf and neck blast and also increased yield as compared to control. Forty-seven rice genotypes were screened for neck blast resistance, four genotypes were susceptible with disease rating scale of 7 and forty-three genotypes were highly susceptible with disease rating scale of 9.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics of cotton bollworms and management of Earias spp. on Gossypium arboreum L.(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2023-01) Yadav, Shweta; AnilField experiments on population dynamics of cotton bollworms and management of Earias spp. on Gossypium arboreum L. were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during kharif, 2020. Data on trap catches indicated that first peak activity of Earias spp., Helicoverpa armigera and Pectinophora gossypiella was recorded in 29th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) whereas highest peak of all bollworms was found in 41st SMW. Square damage (8.47%) and green boll damage (30.43%) were recorded maximum in 30th and 43rd SMWs, respectively. Weather parameters also affected the population and infestation of bollworm complex. Adult catches of P. gossypiella showed a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature and a highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity (evening). Minimum temperature and relative humidity (evening) showed a highly significant negative correlation with green boll infestation. Also, morning relative humidity had a significant negative correlation with green boll damage. Out of 20 genotypes of desi cotton, the minimum mean square damage due to Earias spp. was recorded on genotype FDK 124 (0.75%) followed by HD 541 (0.79%) and HD 558 (0.92%) whereas minimum mean boll damage due to Earias spp. was recorded on genotype HD 550 (5.56%) followed by AAH-1 (6.22%) and HD 535 (6.63%). Maximum yield (27.98 q/ha) was recorded in genotype HD 550 and HD 535 followed by 27.57 q/ha in HD 541 and AAH-1 and 27.16 q/ha in HD 545. All the insecticides were found significantly superior to untreated control in suppressing the incidence of Earias spp. Combination product of chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC @ 250 ml ha-1 was found most effective against Earias spp. with lowest larval population (5.00 and 2.89 larvae/50 green bolls) and green boll damage (8.00 and 4.44%) after first and second spray, respectively. It was followed by spinosad 45.00% SC @ 220 ml ha-1 (5.33 & 3.56 larvae/50 green bolls; 8.44 & 5.11% green boll damage) and chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC @ 150 ml ha-1 (5.67 & 3.44 larvae/50 green bolls; 8.44 & 5.11% green boll damage) after first and second spray, respectively. All the insecticides suppressed the natural enemy population at 3 days after both sprays over untreated control however, non-significant differences were observed after 7 days of first and 14 days of each spray. Among insecticides, spinosad 45.00% SC @ 220 ml/ha treated plots had maximum natural enemy population of 1.24 and 1.09 natural enemies/plant after first and second spray, respectively. Also, spinosad 45.00% SC resulted in maximum incremental yield (7.09 q/ha) followed by chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC (6.63 q/ha), chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC (6.51 q/ha) and flubendiamide 39.35% SC (6.06 q/ha). However, maximum Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was obtained with emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 220 g/ha (1: 6.12) followed by chlorantraniliprole 9.30% + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.60% ZC (1:4.99), chlorantraniliprole 18.50% SC (1:4.35) and indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 500 ml/ha (1:3.35).ThesisItem Open Access Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Pavitra P. Yaranal; Rakesh KumarThe present study entitled, ―Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular mycorrhiza on management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.‖ was conducted under screen house conditions to study the role of mycorrhiza on growth and mycorrhizal parameters, biochemical constituents and influence on rhizosphere population of different microbes and to work out the integrated management of damping-off incited by Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen is a soil inhabitant, facultative parasite and having wide host range. Fusarium oxysporum causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum was tested under screen house conditions. Maximum growth (plant height, root length, bulb weight), mycorrhizal parameters (per cent root colonization and sporocarp number per 100g of soil), SPAD-chlorophyll, biochemical constituents (total phenols, P content in roots) were observed in the onion plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae. All the AM fungi used viz., Glomus hoi, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae had positive influence on population of azotobacter, actinomycetes and bacteria, while significantly reduced the population of fungi compared to control. Maximum disease control (92.5%) was observed in seed treatment with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seeds. Among the biologicals, maximum disease control (81.25%) was observed in treatment with combined use of Glomus mosseae, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Mycorrhiza was comparatively effective in managing the disease with a disease control of 48.75-70 per cent when inoculated alone or in combination with other treatments. Suitable symbiont for a host can improve plant growth and provide protection against diseases. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in our study reflected a significant growth improvement of onion and comparable level of protection against the damping-off pathogen.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly seasonal cultivation of Oyster Mushroom(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Simran Jeet; Satish KumarThe present study entitled, “Eco-friendly seasonal cultivation of Oyster Mushroom” was conducted to find the appropriate eco-friendly substrate pasteurization method for different substrates of oyster mushroom and to strandardize the best cultivation method of oyster mushroom. Effect of solarization on wheat and paddy substrates were determined, among different combinations of duration of solarization, polythene sheets and heights of substrate piles. The highest temperature for wheat (59.9oC) and paddy substrate (57.2oC) was measured when 2.0 ft high piles of both the substrates were solarized for 6 hours using black polythene sheets. Studies were carried out to find the effect of solarization on microbial load of substrate, the least bacterial colonies were recorded in wheat (6.7 x 109 cfu/g) and paddy substrate (7.1x 109 cfu/g) when these were solarized for 6 hours, with 2.0 ft high piles utilizing black polythene sheets. The minimum fungal colonies were observed in both wheat (4.7 x 104 cfu/g) and paddy substrates (4.9 x 104 cfu/g) when these were solarized with 2.0 ft high piles for 6 hours utilizing black polythene sheets. Hot water pasteurization of substrates was done at different temperatures for different time periods and its effect on microbial colonies of substrates was evaluated. Minimum bacterial and fungal colonies for both the substrates was observed when these were treated at 70oC for 20 minutes. Amidst different substrates treatments used for mushroom cultivation, wheat straw hot water treatment was found better than all the other treatments as shortest time taken on it for spawn run, pinhead formation, first flush, second flush and third flush of both the species of Pleurotus. However, paddy straw hot water treatment was found superior in terms of pileus size, stipe thickness and yield of both the oyster mushroom species. The effect of different cultivation methods on yield and yield parameters of P. sajor-caju and P. florida was investigated. For all the growth parameters of both the oyster mushrooms the hanging method of cultivation was found superior than the bag method. The highest yield was recorded for P. sajor-caju (736.6 g/kg dry substrate) and P. florida (880.8 g/kg dry substrate) when cultivated by hanging method. Among the different substrates and cultivation methods used for cultivation of P. sajor-caju and P. florida, the maximum yield was obtained as 866.7 g/kg dry substrate and 1083.7 g/kg dry substrate, respectively in paddy straw hot water treated and hanging
