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ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of early blight of tomato incited by Alternaria solani(CCSHAU, 2018) Ravinder; Narender SinghEarly blight disease caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most important fungal diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Keeping in view the enormous loss caused by the pathogen, the present investigation was carried out to study the early blight disease progression in relation to weather parameters and its management by using the plant extracts, bio-agents and fungicides under both in vitro and field conditions during Rabi season, 2017-18 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Survey was conducted in eight villages of two districts (Bhiwani and Hisar) in Haryana and minimum per cent disease intensity was recorded in village Saral of Bhiwani district. The epidemiological study revealed that early sown crop was least affected by the early blight disease compared to the timely and late sown crop. The per cent disease intensity increased with the increased age of the plant. . Mancozeb (75% WP) and hexaconazole and zineb (72% WP) were found to be most effective among the fungicides under in vitro condition. Two plants extract (neem leaf extract and combination of garlic clove and green chili extract) and a bio-agent (Trichoderma viride) was also found effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. solani among the plant extracts and bioagents, respectively. In field conditions, mancozeb 75% WP was found to be most effective in reducing the early blight disease intensity and increasing the fruits yield of tomato crop.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on some epidemiological and biochemical resistance parameters for powdery mildew disease in Indian mustard caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz. ex. Junell(CCSHAU, 2018) Sunil H. S.; Rathi, A.S.Powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum is an important disease of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) particularly in northern and north eastern states of India. Keeping in view the importance of disease present study has been carried out on epidemiology in relation to weather, sources of resistance and biochemical changes due to powdery mildew infection under in field conditions during rabi 2017-18 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Powdery mildew disease first appeared in third week of February on all the three varieties (RH 0749, RH 0406 and RH 9801) sown on 16th October and delayed by a week i.e. in the 1st week of March in all the varieties sown on 26th October and 8th November, when the temperature ranged between 27.3-29.4°C (maximum) and 9.4-13.5°C (minimum), while relative humidity (RH) range was 91.7-94.0 (morning) and 37-49% (evening). Wind speed during this period ranged from 1.1-2.7 km/ha, while sunshine range was 5.4-7.7 hours. Maximum disease progression in last two dates of sowing was observed from March 4th to March 13th, when the temperature ranged between 28.2-28.7°C (maximum) and 10.7-12.3°C (minimum), while RH ranged between 81.0-91.3% (morning) and 35.7-48.3% (evening). Wind speed and sunshine hour during this period was 2.2-2.5 km/hour and 4.9-7.7 hours, respectively. Temperature (maximum and minimum), wind speed and sunshine were positively correlated with per cent disease intensity, while relative humidity (morning and evening) and average vapour pressure (morning and evening) were negatively correlated with the per cent disease intensity and AUDPC increased with delay in time of sowing. The apparent rate of infection was high during initial stages of disease development, while it was negligible from 2nd week of March in all the varieties. Varieties RH 0749 showed less disease intensity followed by RH 0401 and RH 9801. Out of 148 genotypes screened under the artificial inoculation conditions, 5 genotypes (HNS 0901, Bio 902, BioYSR, DRMRIJ 12-48 and JM-6011) were resistant and 21 genotypes were moderately resistant, 55 genotypes were moderately susceptible and 31 genotypes were susceptible, while rest of the genotypes were highly susceptible. Slightly higher amount of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll and total sugars was found in healthy leaves of resistant (DRMRIJ 12-48) as compared to susceptible (RH 30) genotype. After infection amount of chlorophyll (a, b and total) and total sugars reduced gradually in both genotypes, but reduction was more in susceptible genotype particularly under inoculated conditions. The amount of phenols (total and OD) and the activities of POX and PPO were increased at higher rate in resistant as compared to susceptible one at the time of disease initiation. At the time of maximum disease intensity i.e. at 120 DAS, the activities of enzymes were more in resistant genotype under inoculated condition in comparison to un-inoculated condition.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability and management of Verticillium fungicola causing dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus(CCSHAU, 2018) Jagdeep Singh; Surjeet SinghVerticillium fungicola is a serious pathogen causing dry bubble disease in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Present investigations were carried out on both host and pathogen by covering aspects of variability in pathogen, host-pathogen interaction and management of the disease. The isolates of V. fungicola were collected from different mushroom farms of Haryana state, coded as MHS (Hisar), BFT (Fatehabad), NJN (Jind), RHT (Rohtak), TPN (Panipat), BSN (Sonipat), FDB (Fridabad) and SKK (Kurukshetra) and pathogenicity was proved on A. bisporus. All isolates showed morphological, physiological and pathological variations. The isolates BSN, TPN, FDB, SKK and RHT are fall in the fast growing category having radial growth of 44.66, 43.86, 43.33, 42.16 and 41.50 mm, respectively and whitish colonies with dark yellow underside on PDA at pH 6.5 and 25±1ºC temperature after 12 days of incubation. Similarly, during screening of the isolates, only BSN, TPN, FDB, SKK and RHT showed disease symptoms on fruiting bodies of all the strains of A. bisporous included in the study and other mushroom spp. i.e. A. bitorquis, Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. florida, except A. bisporus strain U-3 and Calocybe indica where no disease appeared. During interaction between A. bisporus and the virulent isolate (BSN) of V. fungicola, both are easily distinguishable at interaction regions on the basis of hyphal width i.e. ranged from 4.0 to 6.5 μm and 1.5 to 4.5 μm, respectively. Pathogen grows inter- as well as intra-cellularly on host hyphae, thereby causing coiling and lysis of host mycelia. During enzymatic bioassay in dual culture, the mycopathogen showed production of different hydrolytic enzymes i.e. amylase, cellulase and chitinase but not lipase and pectinase by formation of clear zonation on substrate. In in vitro studies three bacterial isolates i.e. BI, BII and BIII were isolated from casing soil for their antagonism against V. fungicola. The maximum growth inhibition of V. fungicola was 78.64% with BII isolate followed by 63.94% and 61.10% in BI and BIII, respectively after 12 days of incubation. The efficacy of neem products i.e. neem seed kernel extract, neem oil and neem leaf extracts, at three concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 μl/ml) were determined against V. fungicola. The radial growth inhibition recorded was 50.02% at 7.5 μl/ml in case of neem seed kernel extract, followed by 40.99% and 34.94% in neem leaf extract and neem oil, respectively. Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM) were used and growth inhibition was 44.96% recorded at concentration 0.4 mM with salicylic acid, followed by jasmonic acid (23.42%) when evaluated against V. fungicola. In In vivo both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid resulted in reduction of lesions size on A. bisporus to the extent of 69.69% and 39.93%, respectively at concentration of 0.4mM. Similarly, the number of lesions reduction was 81.96% (salicylic acid) and 54.64% (jasmonic acid) at same concentration. The integrated managements of dry bubble disease caused by V. fungicola during the cultivation of A. bisporus in cropping period of 2016 and 2017 showed that all the treatments individually as well in combinations affected all yield parameters at all stages of growth of A. bisporus. However, the integrated disease management reported when treatments combination (bacterial isolate BII, neem seed kernel extract and salicylic acid) were applied at both spawning and casing time resulted in maximizing yield (24.75%) and minimizing disease incidence (4.31%) in cropping duration of 37 days.ThesisItem Open Access Ecofriendly management of Rhizoctonia solani causing black scurf of potato(CCSHAU, 2018) Manoj Kumar; Anil KumarIn recent years, among different fungal diseases of potato, black scurf disease has emerged as a serious problem caused by Rhizoctonia solani in most of the potato growing areas of India with 2-70 per cent disease incidence leading to considerable yield losses up to 50 per cent. Due to difficulties in disease management and lack of stable genetic resistance in potato cultivars against R. solani, different ecofriendly management aspects including fungicides, bioagents, organic amendments and cultural practices as well as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) activators in vitro and in vivo conditions were undertaken for effective management of the disease in present investigation. The in vitro and in vivo management study involving fungicides, bioagents or organic amendments indicated that among fungicides, Monceren, MEMC were most effective, whereas, in bioagents Trichoderma harzianum produced better results followed by T. viride. Among the organic amendments, vermicompost was found most effective followed by neem cake against black scurf of potato. Besides chemicals and biological control, cultural practices have also been used to minimize the inoculums level from the soil and tubers. Black scurf incidence is significantly influenced by irrigation level and depth of planting. As the irrigation frequency and depth of planting were increased, disease incidence and severity of potato black scurf was also increased. The delayed date of planting also affects disease incidence and severity. It was observed that soil moisture content is directly proportional to increased irrigation frequency and depth of planting. Black scurf disease incidence and severity showed a linear and negative correlation with soil temperature, whereas, a linear and positive correlation with soil moisture. Biochemical analysis indicated roles of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducing chemicals viz., salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, β-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid and hydrogen peroxide against black scurf of potato caused by R. solani. SAR activators play an important role in biochemical composition viz., total phenol, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and enhanced defense mechanism in potato crop for black scurf. It was also inferred from the study that all the biochemical constituents initially increased up to peak concentration after that, it decreased. Tubers dipping of SAR activators were found more effective to control the disease by reducing disease incidence as compared to foliar spray.ThesisItem Open Access Variability and management of rhizoctonia solani kuhn, the incitant of sheath blight of rice(CCSHAU, 2018) Pankaj Kumar; Anil KumarPresent investigation entitled ―Variability and management of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, the incitant of sheath blight of rice‖ revealed that Rhizoctonia solani isolates showed a considerably variation in cultural and morphological characters and pathogenic behaviour. There was no correlation of geographic location and source of isolation of the pathogen of the fungal isolates with the cultural, morphological and pathogenic clustering. ITS species specific primers indicated the intraspecific variation within R. solani isolates. R. solani was most dominant species associated with sheath blight complex in Haryana. However, R. oryzae was also found associated to the extent of 1.5%. Out of 307 rice genotypes evaluated, only one rice genotype i.e. RMS-BL-6 showed consistent resistant reaction against sheath blight during both years, indicating that resistance against sheath blight is rarely found. Among botanicals aqueous extracts of garlic cloves and turmeric powder proved effective in reducing disease severity while among fungicides azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC and thifluzamide 23.9% SC proved to be the best treatments. None of the fungicide persisted till the harvest of crop i.e. 44 days after their last spray application in rice grains, cropped soil, paddy straw and husk indicating that these fungicides are safe for human, animal and environmental point of view. Among the combination of botanicals and fungicides, application of azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC (1 ml/l) followed by extract of garlic cloves or turmeric powder at 50 g/l proved most effective but found out inferior to azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC and thifluzamide 23.9% SC. All the herbicides inhibited the mycelial growth, sclerotial formation and sclerotial germination in vitro. Under field conditions pretilachlor 50 EC and pendimethalin 30 EC reduced the sheath blight severity alongwith significant increase in grain yield of paddy.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on green mould disease (Trichoderma harzianum) of Calocybe indica (PandC)(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2015) Kumar, Kundan; Goyal, S. PThesisItem Open Access Investigations on fruit and seed mycoflora of Bottle gourd and its management(CCSHAU, 2018) Soni, Namita; Kushal RajThe prevalence of wide variety of mycoflora is a major limiting factor in deteriorating bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) crop qualitatively as well as quantitatively. In the present study, mycoflora associated with seeds and fruits of bottle gourd was isolated, evaluated and further investigated for impact of each isolate individually on bottle gourd seed germination, seedling vigour indices and germination speed under in vitro conditions. A total of eight genera and fourteen fungal species were isolated with prevalence of Fusarium proliferatum as external as well as internal seed borne mycoflora and Talaromyces pinophilus as external seed borne mycoflora. Amongst different isolates of bottle gourd, Fusarium proliferatum was found to be highly pathogenic due to maximum seed germination inhibition and the lowest seedling vigour index of seeds inoculated with this isolate. Pathogenicity tests conducted under in vivo conditions also confirmed the pathogenic nature of species of Fusarium. The isolates Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium polonicum and Talaromyces pinophilus resulted in increased germination and vigour of bottle gourd. Amongst seven plant protectants evaluated against Fusarium proliferatum, Propioconazole 25% EC, Mancozeb 75% WP and Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 % WP performed better in inhibiting the spore germination. Investigations on efficacy of plant protectants in improving seedling health and minimizing seedling infection due to Fusarium proliferatum revealed that Propioconazole 25% EC, Copper oxychloride 50% WP and Mancozeb 75% WP were effective in reducing per cent frequency of infection while the highest germination percentage of bottle gourd seeds was observed in Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP treatment. The highest germination speed was observed in Carbendazim 50% WP followed by Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP treated seeds. Out of eight germplasm lines screened against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium, GH 34 had the maximum disease intensity of 64.81% while GH 35 was observed to have a minimum disease intensity of 23.33%.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on maydis leaf blight of maize caused by Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) Shoemaker(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet Singh; Mehra, RakeshThe maydis leaf blight disease of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by Bipolaris maydis has emerged as a serious problem in most of the maize growing places of India, leading to considerable yield losses in maize. The present investigation on epidemiology, management and variability (cultural, morphological, pathogenic and genetic) were carried out with twenty six isolates of B. maydis collected from maize growing areas of the country. Out of four dates of sowing of maize, the highest disease intensity, AUDPC and AIR was observed in Ist date of sowing (15 June) followed by IInd date of sowing (27 June), IIIrd date of sowing (10 July) and least disease intensity in IVth date of sowing (25 July) on all the five hybrid and inbreds. Maximum temperature range of (32.2-34.20C), minimum (23.7-25.30C) with relative humidity morning (88-93%) and evening (59.5 -76.7 %), rainfall (0.0-7.4 mm), evaporation (2.6-3.9 mm), sun shine (4.8- 9.7 h/day) and wind speed (2-3.4 km/h) were most congenial for disease progression during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Temporal increase was maximum in 33th to 34th and 36th to 37th metrological weeks in all the five hybrid/inbreds during both the years. Disease progression, AUDPC and AIR value were more in Kharif 2016 as compare to Kharif 2015 however, among the five hybrid/inbreds highest in HKI-PC4B and minimum on HM-4 in all four date of sowing during Kharif 2015 and 2016. Relative humidity, rainfall and temperature showed important role in disease progression. Regression equations on relationship between disease development and weather parameter have been developed for five maize hybrid/ inbreds. Out of one hundred and two inbred lines and one hundred and four hybrids of maize screened against maydis leaf blight under artificial inoculated conditions, six inbreds and eighteen hybrids found resistant respectively. Out of eight fungicides evaluated against B. maydis, propiconazolee and tebuconazole provided maximum per cent growth inhibition, disease control and also increase yield. Among twelve plant extracts evaluated against B. maydis, garlic clove and neem leaves extracts at 20 per cent concentration were found most effective both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Bio agents, Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride found most effective under in vitro, screen house and field conditions. For integrated disease management, combination of propiconazolee (0.1%) + garlic (20%) + T. harzianum and tebuconazole (0.1%) + neem (20%) + T. viride were most effective and also increase the yield. All the twenty six isolates identified, belonged to B. maydis based on their morpho-cultural characteristics. Among the isolates, BM-22 and BM-23 from Gogunda and Fateh Nagar recorded maximum colony diameter. The growth pattern varies among twenty six isolates of B. maydis showed rough or smooth texture, regular or irregular margin with or without zonation, mycelium of isolates was either appressed or raised type. The colors of the colony were highly variable and size of conidia ranged 28.38-77.40 × 10.32-23.22μm. The conidia size of isolate BM-20 was largest (63.98 × 15.74 μm) with highest average number of' septa (5.9). In pathogenic variations, the isolate BM-16 from Karnal was most virulent and aggressive in comparison to other twenty five isolates of B. maydis, as it showed shortest mean latent period (39.6 h) and maximum mean disease score (4.1) across ten maize genotypes. Molecular variability among the twenty-six isolates of B. maydis has been examined through RAPD and ITS analysis, isolate BM-3 isolate to remain alone in the dendrogram, whereas maximum closeness (97%) was observed between BM-24 and BM-25 isolates.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid(CCSHAU, 2017) Kumar Saurabh; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the most serious soil and seed borne fungal disease which causes maximum damage in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of M. phaseolina on seed germination and seedling vigour of sesame genotypes and to manage the disease through host resistance, fungicides and bio-agents. The pathogen significantly reduced the per cent germination, plumule and radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings and cumulative reduction in seedling vigour index in all the seven genotypes under both seed and soil inoculation technique. Out of one hundred germplasm lines screened for their relative resistance against charcoal rot disease in field under natural sick plot conditions, none of the lines showed resistance reaction, however, five lines showed moderately resistant reaction, fifty five lines showed moderately susceptible reaction, thirty eight lines showed susceptible reaction, while two germplasm lines showed highly susceptible reaction against charcoal rot disease. Efficacy of fungicides in vitro against M. phaseolina showed that thiram + carboxin and thiram completely inhibited mycelial growth up to 100 per cent at 400 ppm concentration followed by carbendazim, tebuconazole and captan showing respective mycelial growth inhibition of 97.17, 91.84 and 82.32 per cent even at 1000 ppm concentration. However, carboxin was found least effective at lower concentrations but gave comparable result to thiram + carboxin and thiram at 400 ppm concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents against M. phaseolina in vitro revealed that Trichoderma viride showed maximum antifungal activity with 71.17 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth followed by T. harzianum (63.58%), while the bacterial agent P. fluorescens inhibit 37.83 per cent of mycelial growth. Seed treatments with fungicides and soil inoculation with bio-agents significantly reduced the disease incidence. Maximum disease control was achieved by thiram + carboxin @ 2g/kg seed which controlled 77.16 per cent followed by thiram @ 2g/kg seed (69.02%). In case of bio-agents, T. viride showed maximum disease control (54.40%) followed by T. harzianum (40.90%) in comparison to control.