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Open Access
Biological control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) with predatory nematode, Fictor composticola on cucumber
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) Sidhu, Harjot Singh; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on the effect of prey density levels of Meloidogyne incognita on the predation efficiency of Fictor composticola and compatibility of F. composticola with Pasteuria penetrans under in vitro and pot conditions. Efficacy of organic amendments on predation efficiency of F. composticola for the management of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber was also studied and combinations of best organic amendments with F. composticola was compared with carbofuran under screen house conditions. In the experiment on effect of predation efficiency of F. composticola on prey density levels of M. incognita, predation increased with increase of prey density. Per cent consumption was minimum at highest (2000 J2 per plate) prey density level and maximum at 500 prey density level. The prey consumption after 48 h was higher than after 24 h. Minimum number of galls and egg masses were found in the treatment where 250 J2 inoculum level was applied. Presence of predatory nematode, F. composticola reduced the nematode population. In in vitro compatibility test, P. penetrans encumbered J2 were consumed more by predator than the healthy juveniles as the adherence of endospores slows down the movement of such juveniles and the chances of predation by F. composticola are increased. In pot experiment, maximum reductions in numbers of galls and egg masses were observed after F. composticola inoculation alongwith juveniles encumbered with P. penetrans endospores, which indicated that there was reduced penetration of juveniles into the roots of cucumber plants resulting in reduction of these parameters. Among all organic amendments, maximum population of F. composticola was found in chicken manure followed by vermicompost. Neem cake had the maximum plant weight among all amendments, but maximum root-knot nematode population reduction was recorded in FYM followed by neem leaves. Among oilcakes, castor cake reduced maximum nematode population but neem cake improved maximum plant growth. FYM was better than chicken manure and vermicompost in reducing nematode population. Among plant leaves, minimum nematode population and maximum plant growth was found in the treatment of neem leaves. Among the four combinations of different organic amendments, F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was found best in reducing number of galls, egg masses and final root-knot nematode population. The predator population was enhanced by the chicken manure and the plant growth was more in the combination of chicken manure, neem cake and neem leaves. The predator population was maximum in the treatment having chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves and the treatment without amendments has minimum predator population. Integration of F. composticola + chicken manure + neem cake + neem leaves was more effective than carbofuran in improving plant growth as well as in reducing nematode population.
Open Access
Studies on the incidence and management of guava decline involving root-knot nematode and fungi
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) M. R., Madhu; Verma, K. K.
The present investigation was conducted for the incidence and management of guava decline caused by root-knot nematode, M. incognita and fungus, F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii, in Haryana. The survey results of Hisar, Jind, Sirsa and Fatehabad districts of Haryana revealed the occurrence of nine phytonematode genera and three fungal genera from infected guava orchards. Among them, M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii were predominant pathogens involved in causing guava decline. The maximum frequency of occurrence of M. incognita was recorded in Fatehabad (72.2%), followed by Hisar (63.2%), Jind (56.3%) and Sirsa district (53.3%). Among four districts surveyed, the mean of guava decline incidence was maximum in Jind (51.6%) followed by Sirsa (49.4%), Hisar (40.4%) and Fatehabad district (36.6%). The experiment on pathogenicity of M. incognita revealed that the significant reduction of plant variables were observed at the inoculum level of 1000 j2 and onwards and which was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii on guava seedlings was proved and inoculum level of 6g mycelium/kg soil was considered to be pathogenic level to guava plants. The interaction of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. psidii showed that the statistically lowest plant growth parameters were recorded in nematode 10 and 20 days prior to fungus and the significantly lowest nematode reproduction factors were recorded in fungus 20 and 10 days prior to nematode inoculation. Significantly highest root rot was observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita 10 days prior to inoculation of F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii (43.67%) followed by nematode 20 days prior to fungus (39.34%). The incorporation of deoiled cakes viz., neem and mustard cake @ 30g/kg soil enhanced plant growth parameters and reduced the nematode reproduction factors irrespective of individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii. Among different bio-agents tested, the treatments receiving combined formulation of T. viride, P. fluorescens and P. lilacinum @ 10ml/kg soil recorded maximum plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction factors irrespective of whether individual or combined inoculation of M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. psidii.
Open Access
Integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice
(CCSHAU, 2019) Vinod Kumar; Verma, K.K.
Studies were carried out on integrated management of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in transplanted rice involving three pronged strategies i.e. laboratory, screen house and farmer‟s field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, all the substances (rhizobacteria, aqueous extract of phytotherapeutic substances and chemicals) inhibited larval hatch and mortality of M. graminicola at all dilutions i.e. 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80 and at each interval of exposure period i.e. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Maximum and significantly higher hatching inhibition and larval mortality was found, where eggs and larvae of M. graminicola were exposed to the chemicals i.e. carbosulfan followed by cartap hydrochloride. Among the rhizobacterial strains and plant extracts, the maximum hatching inhibition and larval mortality was observed in Azotobactor chroococcum (HT-54) which is statistically at par with aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica. However, A. chroococcum HT 54, A. indica and carbosulfan gave maximum inhibition of egg hatch and mortalty at 1:5 and 1:10 dilutions irrespective of period of exposure. Under nursery conditions, neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot treatments had significantly highest seedling growth of rice as compared to untreated check. It was found that integration of neem cake @ 50g/pot with P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot (nursery) significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Upon transplanting of treated nursery into already treated soil under screen house conditions, it was found that integration of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot) had significantly highest plant growth parameters and minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication under screen house conditions. Similarly, reproduction factor was found minimum in treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with neem cake @ 25g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 25 g/pot. In main field experiment, where treated nursery treatments were integrated with main field treatments, significantly highest and maximum yield was obtained in combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with deep summer ploughing. It was observed that combination of treated nursery (neem cake @ 50g/pot+P. fluorescens @ 50 g/pot) with+deep summer ploughing significantly reduced the nematode reproduction and multiplication. Similarly, it was observed that highest rice grain yield was recorded when treated seedlings were transplanted in combination of deep summer ploughing. Such studies will lead us to a scenario where management of M. graminicola would be possible by integration of ecofriendly, economic and effective components starting from laboratory to nursery and to the end point of rice cultivation in the main field.
Open Access
Studies on rice root-knot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield, 1965 with emphasis on its management in rice nursery
(CCSHAU, 2018) Matcha, Udaya Kumar; Kanwar, R.S.
Survey of rice nurseries for M. graminicola in Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana showed that 55.0% samples in in situ and 80.0 % samples after bioassay were infected with rice root-knot nematode. Nematode infestation was more in sandy loam than loamy sand and loam soils. In the experiment on the effect of M. graminicola on absorption and translocation of nutrients from the soil, at all three levels of 0, 2, and 4 J2/g soil, maximum plant growth parameters were observed in the treatment with all nutrients (shoot weight 2.4 g, root weight 2.2 g and shoot length 21.9 cm) and minimum in treatment where no nutrient was applied (shoot weight 1.3 g, root weight 1.0 g and shoot length 15.1 cm). Nematode population per plant was more (2650.0) in treatment where no nutrients were applied and minimum in potassium treatment (1895.6). The nutrient content of N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Cu were more in soil, in their respective treatments where the individual nutrients were applied alone. The data on uptake of nutrients in rice seedlings revealed the maximum uptake of nutrients (N 23.0%, P 12.7 %, K 19.4 %, Zn 14.3 ppm, Fe 20.5 ppm, and Cu 6.0 ppm) in rice seedlings was recorded in control (0 J2/g soil). Among the treatments maximum nutrients uptake was observed in treatment where all nutrients were applied in soil (N 15.1 %, P 11.7 %, K 14.9 %, Zn 13.6 ppm, Fe 21.0 ppm and Cu 4.1 ppm). Amount of nutrients was more in soil at 4 J2/g soil (N 151.5 mg, P 33.7 mg, K 125.2 mg, Zn 37.5 ppm, Fe 78.2 ppm, and Cu 20.4 ppm per kg soil) than 2J2/g soil (N 140.0 mg, P 32.9 mg, K 123.7 mg, Zn 31.5 ppm, Fe 74.5 ppm, and Cu 19.4 ppm per kg soil). Among five bacterial isolates evaluated for nematoxicity, Bacillus strain (RKB-91) showed best results on nematode mortality as well as in inhibiting egg hatching at S/2 concentration in both cell cultures and cell free culture filterates. This strain also suppressed the nematode population as well as promoted plant growth. Among neem, cabbage and cauliflower, neem showed best results in terms of nematode mortality at 100 % concentration and > 50% hatching inhibition at 1:10 dilution. It reduced the nematode population and improved plant growth in pots. In vitro results on synthetic chemicals showed that the Coumarin carbamate series, Coumarin I and Coumarin III gave > 50% on mortality of nematode as well as hatching supression at 1000 and 500 ppm concentration. In planta study revealed that Coumarin carbamate III and Coumarin Carbamate V were more effective in reducing the nematode population and improving plant growth. Integration of different treatments for the management of M. graminicola in rice nursery showed that application of Bacillus sp. (RKB-91) + Neem extract + Coumarin carbamate III ranked first in reducing the galls as well as the nematode population and also in improving the plant growth.
Open Access
Studies on cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae woll. on wheat (Triticum aestivum) with emphasis on nutrients
(CCSHAU, 2018) Yadav, Saroj; Kanwar, R.S.
Investigations were carried out on absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat infected with Heterodera avenae, its management through organic amendments, crop rotation and additional fertilizers as soil application and spray. Effect of fertilizers on emergence of larvae from cyst was also studied. Absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat was hampered by nematode. Combination of all four nutrients promoted plant growth and reduced nematode population. N, P, K and Zn contents in soil were more, in their respective treatments, where the individual nutrients were applied. Amount of nutrients was more in infested soil than uninfested soil. Combination of all the four nutrients increased the nutrient uptake in wheat and nutrient content in straw and grain was more in uninfested soil. Organic amendments reduced nematode populations and increased plant growth both with and without nematicide. Castor cake at 20g/kg soil increased plant growth but neem cake at same dose gave maximum population reduction. All the organic amendments performed better in combination with nematicide than alone. Recommended doses of fertilizers with urea (2.5 %) + zinc (0.5 %) spray at 30 days after sowing followed by kinetin (100 ppm) spray at 40 days after sowing improved maximum plant growth but 30 % higher dose of fertilizers reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreekwheat rotation increased plant growth more than other rotations but mustard-wheat and cabbage-wheat rotations reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreek and gram increased N content in soil but maize reduced the N and P content and cabbage reduced the K content in soil. Nematode penetration occurred in susceptible wheat, resistant wheat and maize but not in gram, fenugreek, mustard, cabbage, garlic and onion. Under laboratory conditions, all fertilizers suppressed larval emergence from cysts, except zinc, which stimulated it. In pots, minimum nematodes in soil and roots were found at higher dose of urea. In zinc larvae in roots and soil were less than untreated check (water) but higher than other fertilizer treatments.
Open Access
Studies on the incidence, interaction and management of root- knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and soil borne fungus infesting cucumber in polyhouse
(CCSHAU, 2017) Jaydeep Ashok, Patil; Sewak Ram
Survey of polyhouse crops revealed 68.4 %, and 45.8 % frequency of occurrence of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, respectively, in Rewari and Jhajjar districts. The fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum which was found most prevalent during survey of the polyhouse crops proved pathogenic on cucumber. Concomitant and sequential nematode and fungus inoculation resulted in a significant reduction in number of galls per plant. Maximum galling was observed when the nematodes were inoculated 7 days prior to the fungus. Soil treatment with formalin @ 30 %, followed by NSKP as soil amendment @ 30 g per kg soil proved significantly effective in pots against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in improving plant growth parameters and reduced nematode reproduction and wilt severity. Seed treatment with liquid formulation of bio-agents @ 15 ml per kg seed followed by seed treatment with neem oil @ 20% v/w in pots proved most effective against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Combinations of soil fumigation with formalin @ 30 % + seed treatment with Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 20 g per kg seed was found highly effective against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Integration of most effective management practices of soil and seed treatment in cucumber against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum under polyhouse conditions revealed that soil amendment with neem cake @ 200 g per sq meter + seed treatment with P. lilacinus @ 20 g per kg seed in cucumber proved most effective in significantly improving plant growth parameters while soil fumigation with formalin @ 30 250 ml per sq meter + seed treatment with P. lilacinus @ 20 gm per kg seed was significantly better in suppressing nematode reproduction and fungal wilt incidence.
Open Access
Identification and Mass Multiplication of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species indigenous to Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2015) K.V.V.S., K. Kranti; Walia, K.K.
Identification and mass multiplication of indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes was attempted. Of the fifteen populations studied- fourteen belonged to genus Steinernema and one to genus Heterorhabditis. Six new species S. numeropapillatum n. sp., S. oryzae n. sp., S. sirsaense n. sp., S. indicum n. sp., S. gangulyi and S. hisarense n. sp. were identified. First four species were with horn like structures in cephalic region of IJs which was absent in last two species. Other species identified were H. indica Poinar et al. 1992, S. pakistanense Shahina et al. 2001 (three populations), S. bicornutum Tallosi et al. 1995, S. ceratophorum Jian et al. 1997, S. siamkayai Stock et al. 1998. SEM studies of S. oryzae n. sp. and S. sirsaense n. sp. revealed the lateral field pattern as 2,4,6,8,6,4,2 and 2,4,6,4,2, respectively and also the number of genital papillae as 25. Of the eight media tested, S. abbasi ans H. indica both multiplied maximum on modified dog biscuit medium. Wout‟s medium was second best in IJs yield. Yield was maximum at 30 days and reduced drastically at 60 days. S. abbasi yielded maximum at 25 ºC whereas H. indica multiplied maximum at 30 ºC. None of the species multiplied at 15 ºC.
Open Access
Predatory behaviour of Fictor composticola Khan et al. and its potential for the management of nematode pests of button mushroom
(CCSHAU, 2016) Keshari, Nishi; Kanwar, R. S.
Investigations were carried out on prey range, prey preference, strike rate, predation behaviour, effect of prey density on predation rate of Fictor composticola, survival of F. composticola in agar plates and spent mushroom compost and management of mycophagous nematode, Aphelenchoides swarupi (mushroom pest) in button mushroom. F. composticola preyed upon all the twelve nematode species tested including fungal feeders (Aphelenchus avenae, A. swarupi and Ditylenchus myceliophagus), microbivorous (Panagrolaimus sp., Bursilla sp., Tylencholaimus sp., Rhabdolaimus sp. and Aerolaimid), plant parasitic (Heterodera avenae males and Hoplolaimus sp.) and predatory nematodes (Aporcelaimium sp. and Nygolaimus harishi). F. composticola preferred mycophagous nematodes over microbivorous nematodes and D. myceliophagus among the fungal feeders. Female F. composticola was more voracious feeders than males. Strike rate of female F. composticola was 78.6 and 48.2 in males. The myceliophagous nematodes have more prey susceptibility than the microbivorous nematodes. The feeding duration of female and male F. composticola was 8 min 31 sec and 4 min 11 sec, respectively. It preferred juveniles over adults and posterior part of preys over other parts. Predation efficiency of F. composticola increased with increase in prey density but, the per cent consumption was minimum at highest prey density level (1600 per plate). The optimum per cent prey consumption was at 200 and 400 prey density levels. F. composticola could survive in agar plates up to two months. In spent mushroom compost, its survival was better in polythene bags than in cloth bags (75 days in polythene bags v/s 60 days in cloth bags). In compost heap stored in open, F. composticola survived in active stage during off-season (April to September). No anhydrobiotic survival was seen under moisture stress conditions. In mushroom bags, population of A. swarupi was found minimum when F. composticola was inoculated at spawning.
Open Access
Studies on the diversity, ecology and biomanagement of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfield, 1965
(CCSHAU, 2015) Salalia, Rajan; Walia, R.K.
Morphological and morphometrical comparisons were made for 14 populations of M. graminicola, namely, Anand, Bhubaneswar, Hisar, Hyderabad, Jammu, Jorhat, Kalyani, Kanpur, Ludhiana, Mandya, New Delhi, Palampur, Samastipur and Vellayani in respect of eggs, second-stage juveniles, females and males by employing Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and Multivariate Analysis. Out of 14 “M. graminicola” populations studied, it is clearly revealed that three populations namely Hisar, New Delhi and Samastipur appear quite different from typical M. graminicola. An elucidation of their affinity with closely related species, particularly, M. graminis, M. oryzae, M. salasi, M. triticoryzae and M. lini classified the populations of “M. graminicola” into three broad groups – (i) Anand, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad, Jammu, Jorhat, Kalyani, Kanpur, Ludhiana, Mandya, Palampur, Vellayani along with M. graminicola, M. triticoryzae, M. salasi, (ii) Hisar, New Delhi, Samastipur along with M. oryzae, M. graminis, and (iii) M. lini. Isozyme analysis i.e., EST, MDH, SOD, GOT and CAT of M. graminicola populations yielded negative results. In host range studies all the varieties of rice and two weeds were susceptible to different populations of M. graminicola to varying degrees on the basis of galling. The reaction on pearl millet and sorghum was not clearly discernible. Tomato, however, proved to be a non-host for all the populations uniformly. Detailed study against Hisar population revealed that egg production on rice var. TN-1, two weeds, sorghum, pearl millet was comparatively less but at par among themselves. M. graminicola produced very few eggs on brinjal although galling was severe. The gall and egg count on tomato was nil. In studies on survival potential of M. graminicola during rabi season, it is concluded that M. graminicola survives mostly as J2 or egg stage in soil rather than rice stubbles under north Indian conditions. Studies on the effect of soil types i.e., clay loam/loamy (Karnal and Kaul) soils v/s sandy loam soils (Hisar and Hansi), and irrigation systems i.e., 50% water holding capacity, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), Continuous Ponding (CP) revealed that AWD resulted in maximum galling, followed by 50% water holding capacity and it was least in CP, irrespective of soil type. Egg production also showed the same pattern. CP adversely affected nematode multiplication. Endospores of an isolate of P. penetrans from Meloidogyne javanica (MjPp) adhered to J2 of all the tested populations of M. graminicola, but spore production in females was not observed. The natural incidence of P. penetrans on M. graminicola, was recorded in four populations namely Bhubaneswar, Jorhat, Kalyani and Vellayani. The endospores of P. penetrans collected from M. graminicola (MgPp) appeared different in shape than those of MjPp at 1000x. The males of Vellayani and Bhubaneswar populations showed the presence of Pasteuria vegetative colonies inside, and the attachment of spores in the posterior region.

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