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ThesisItem Open Access Establishment of minimum performance standard of prominent agricultural machinery based on test reports(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Maan Singh; Jain, MukeshA study was conducted to establish minimum performance standard (MPS) of selected agricultural machinery based on test reports collected from Deptt. of FMPE, COAE&T and FMT&TI, Hisar. The data was collected for the analysis and MPS was formulated by frequency distribution using MS-Excel Add-In. To determine the mean of individual parameter, corresponding values of the most occurring frequency (about 50 % of the frequency) was only considered. The MPS suggested for tillage machinery are 6.50 cm, 14 cm, 0.23 ha h-1, 76 %, 3.0 l h-1, 77 %, 11 kW and 817 mm for min. depth of cut, min. depth of puddle, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. puddling index, max. PTO power requirement per metre of working width and nominal closed length of drive shaft of rotavator; respectively. for disc harrow, 8 cm, 0.43 ha h-1, 70 %, 3.0 l h-1, 213 kg-f and 4.0 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre of working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of disc harrow; respectively. for cultivator, 9 cm, 0.41 ha h-1, 75 %, 2.0 l h-1, 244 kg-f and 3.4 kW for min. depth of cut, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width and max. drawbar power per metre working width of cultivator, respectively. In sowing and planting machinery MPS suggested are 50 %, 6 & 8 cm, 6 & 8 cm, 5 & 10 mm, 0.12 %, 0.27 ha h-1, 71 %, 1.40 l h-1, 98 kg ha-1, 118 kg ha-1, 1.0 kW, 189 kg-f and ± 20 & ± 24 % for seeding uniformity, min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed spacing, max. mechanical damage of seed, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max .drawbar power per metre working width, max. draft per metre working width, max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, respectively and 8.5 & 9.0 cm, 8.5 & 10 cm, 30 & 40 cm, 0.24 ha h-1, 64 %, 0.60 l h-1, 1.7 kg ha-1, 53.8 kg ha-1, 0.80 kW, 71 kg-f and ± 0.60 & ± 0.80 % for min. and max. depth of seed, min. and max. depth of fertilizer, min. and max. seed to seed distance, min. area covered per metre working width, min. field efficiency, max. fuel consumption per metre of working width, min. seed rate, min. fertilizer rate, max. power drawbar per metre of working width, max. draft per metre of working width and max. variation in dropping of seed and fertilizer of Bt. cotton planter. Similarly, MPS have been suggested for other equipments/machinery like plant protection equipments, tractor operated VCR, straw reaper, paddy thresher and maize thresher. The MPS also includes safety and other requirements, material of construction etc. to be complied on.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the effect of different types of nozzle for foliar application of urea solute(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-07) Pawan Kumar; Patel, BharatFoliar application of urea solute is the most efficient practice of fertilizer application for maximum nitrogen uptake by plants. A study was conducted to see the effect of air induction nozzles for deposition of urea solute as a foliar application on cotton crop. The air induction nozzles where an internal venture creates a negative pressure inside the nozzle body. Air is drawn into the nozzle through two holes in the nozzle side, mixing with the spray liquid. The emitted spray contains large droplets filled with air bubbles (similar to a candy malt ball) and virtually no fine, drift-prone droplets. Three types of nozzle i.e. conventional solid cone nozzle, air induction hollow cone nozzle, air induction flat fan nozzle were used in the study. Nozzles were evaluated on patternator in laboratory at three different liquid pressure (3 kg/cm2, 4 kg/cm2 and 5 kg/cm2), three nozzle spacing (650 mm, 700 mm, 750 mm) and three nozzle height (530 mm, 545 mm and 560 mm). The maximum swath for two air induction flat fan nozzle 750 mm apart was observed as 1296 mm with 16.69% CV at a liquid pressure of 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height of 560 mm. In case of air induction hollow cones nozzle the maximum swath was achieved as 1200 mm with 15.78% CV at nozzles spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm and for conventional solid cone nozzle with 12.70% CV maximum swath observed as 1104 mm for two nozzles at nozzle spacing of 700 mm, liquid pressure 3 kg/cm2 and nozzle height 530 mm. These nozzles were evaluated in field conditions for the combination of operating parameters at maximum swath with a minimum coefficient of variation (CV) to their effect in terms of spray deposition. Nozzles are evaluated in field on parameters finalised in laboratory. Number median diameter of air induction hollow cone nozzle and air Induction flat fan nozzle were significantly (p=0.00864) more as compared to knapsack nozzle and solid cone nozzle on the upper and bottom side of leaves at top, middle and bottom level of cotton plant and also NMD due to leaf position on cotton plant (p=0.00137) was significant at 5% level of significance. For VMD due to nozzle type is not significance at 5% level but for leaf position VMD is significant at 5%level. Air induction flat fan nozzle has lowest uniformity coefficient 2.63 among all the nozzles. Area covered by droplets in case of air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.024) higher than air induction hollow cone nozzle, solid cone nozzle and knapsack sprayer nozzle at top, middle and bottom level on upper and under side leaves of plant canopy respectively at 5% level of significance. The statistical analysis showed that air induction flat fan nozzle was significantly (p=0.01406) higher volume of spray deposition than air induction hollow cone and conventional knapsack nozzle at 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cryogenic treatment on the performance of straw combine blade.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Jakhar, Chander; Kumar, AnilThe harvesting machines (combine, reaper and straw combine) are developed to overcome the shortage of labor and timely operations and also to facilitate the multi cropping sequence in India. The cutting blades are made up of high carbon steel having carbon content ranging from 0.60 to 1.00 percent. The carbon is the main element for higher strength and hardness of cutting steel blades. However, during cutting at high temperature and in abrasive environment, these cutting materials faces excessive surface degradation which ultimately reduces the life of the blade and increased cutting cost of the machine. In recent times the cryogenic treatments have positive effect to improve the wear resistance, hardness and life of the cutting tools. The present study was undertaken to improve the mechanical properties of cutter bar blade (A type) and chopping cylinder blade (M type) of straw combine with cryogenic treatment. For this, the laboratory testing was done in Tribology laboratory of NIT, KUK, Kurukshetra, whereas, field testing was done at farmers field in Ludas and Sahpur village of Hisar district. In laboratory experiment three replication of load (15, 20 and 25 N), time (150, 300 and 450 s) and sliding velocity (1.31, 2.61and 3.92 m s-1) were used for wear analysis. The wear analysis was done by using Pin on disc wear testing machine. The diameter and the length of the coated and uncoated high carbon steels specimens for testing were 10 and 35mm, respectively. In uncoated specimens, the wear was significantly affected by load followed by sliding velocity and time, whereas in coated specimen, the load was the only significant parameter to affect the wear properties of the specimens. The time and sliding velocity had negligible effect on the coated specimens. During field testing, the coated and uncoated blades were installed on the straw combine and operated for 38.33 hours. The wear of the blades was analyzed with respect to the weight and dimensions of the blades before and after work. The wear (%) in cutter bar and chopping cylinder blades for uncoated and coated were found as 2.82, 0.69 and 1.48, 0.41%, respectively. The cryogenic treatment resulted in increase of 9.38 and 13.61% cost of the cutter bar and chopping cylinder blades, respectively. This increased cost was fully justified by the increased cutter bar and chopping cylinder blade life by 75 and 72 %, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of tractor operated weeder for raised bed crops(CCSHAU, 2019) Jyoti Kiran; Anil KumarFarm mechanization plays a vital role to achieve modernization in agriculture as it gives a substantial growth in agriculture by the means of modern technology and efficient use of inputs and ensures timeliness of operations in the field. In India, weeding is mostly done manually in the fields that is very time consuming and labour intensive, and can lead to heavy losses to farmers.. Therefore taking this into consideration, a study on development and its evaluation of tractor operated raised bed weeder was conducted. The developed raised bed weeder consisted of cutting blade, furrow opener, tyne and main frame, it can cover three furrows at a time and had an overall working width of 1.86 m. The main frame was fabricated from mild steel channel. Spring loaded tynes were used to absorb the shock loads and prevent breakage. The angle of cutting blade (sweep type) varied from 77.36 to 102.052 degrees and the vertical height of blade varied from 206 mm to 256 mm. The type of furrow opener was single point shovel type and the angle of furrow opener was 42.70 degrees. The experiment was conducted in three crops: Potato, Pea and Spinach, each at three forward speeds. The optimized forward speed was found to be 1.88 km h-1. The effective field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and draft requirement at the optimized forward speed were (0.299 ha h-1, 86.40 %, 2.40 l h-1, 70.4 kgf ), (0.289 ha h-1, 83.63 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.5 kgf ) and (0.292 ha h-1, 84.53 %, 2.40 l h-1, 71.3 kgf ) for potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The weeding efficiency and plant damage at the optimized forward speeds were (96.15 %, 1.04 %), (95.40 %, 1.88 %) and (93.19 %, 1.09 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The performance index and field machine index at the optimized forward speeds were (5806.18, 76.92 %), (5436.39, 74.81 %) and (5448.34, 74.72 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The labour requirement for developed weeder was 3.344, 3.460 and 3.425 h ha-1 and for the manual hoe (kasola) was 120, 130 and 135 ha h-1 for the potato, pea and spinach, respectively. The cost of the operation per hectare was Rs 1550.10, Rs 1603.74 and Rs 1587.26. The time saved and savings in cost over manual were (97.21 %, 74.16 %), (97.34 %, 75.33 %) and (97.46 %, 76.48 %) for the potato, pea and spinach crop, respectively. The breakeven point and pay back period was 246.73 h yr-1 and 0.409 yr for the potato, pea and spinach crop respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption level of various farm implements by women of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Vijaya RaniA study was conducted to access the adoption level of various farm implements and the constraints faced , by rural women in Haryana state. The districts of Haryana state were first arranged into ascending order of mechanization Index and then divided into 5 groups for selection of districts. The districts of Fatehabad, Kurukshtra, Rewari, Rohtak and Sonipat were selected for the study. From these districts, three blocks were randomly selected and from each block, three villages were randomly selected. From each village, six women farmers were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire thereby making a sample of 270 respondents for the study. The results showed that none of the respondents used any implement for tillage and sowing/planting operation. For interculture operations, simple tools were used by majority of the respondents while only 0.37% respondents used wheel hand hoe. Rural women in haryana had no significant role in plant protection operation as a knapsack sprayer was used only by 0.37% respondents. Sickle was only tool used for harvesting crops and for threshing operation, thresher was used by 5.92% respondents. Tubewell for irrigation was operated by 9.63% respondents while chaff cutter was used by majority of respondents (87.77%). The respondents had a poor access to market and information sources. They reported a poor extension contact and a lack of training programmes. They lack adequate knowledge and skill regarding use of implement and were hesitant in using new implements. Lack of credit facilities, large family size and high cost of implements were among other constraints faced by rural women in Haryana. It was observed that small machines being overtaken by large machines was a major constraint in adoption of new implements by rural women in Haryana. The present study can prove to be of great help in improving the current adoption level of farm machinery by rural women. Further research needs to be carried out on ergonomically designed farm implements for women so that women become more active in adopting new technology which will reduce drudgery, save time and make farm work easier for them.ThesisItem Open Access Energetics and techno-economic feasibility of paddy straw management technologies(CCSHAU, 2018) Parveen; Jain, MukeshPaddy straw management using different combinations of machinery i.e. T1 = Combine harvester with SMS (CSMS) + Zero till drill, T2 = CSMS + Spatial till drill, T3 = CSMS + Happy seeder, T4 = CSMS + Reversible mould board plough + Rotavator + Seed drill, T5 = CSMS + Rotavator (2 pass) + Seed drill (SD), T6 = CSMS + Disc harrow (3 pass) + Planker + SD, T7 = CSMS + Rotavator + Manual broadcasting + Rotavator, T8 = Traditional combine (TC) + Stubble shaver + Straw baler + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD, T9 = TC + Stubble shaver + Hay Rake + Straw baler + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD, T10 = TC + Traditional straw removing method + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD with the objective of quantifying the energy requirement and to evaluate techno-economic feasibility. From the experiments, it is concluded that the specific energy consumption and unit cost of operation were in the range of 25 to 28 MJ q-1 and 63 to 68 Rs. q-1 for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Under the treatment T10, the specific energy consumption and unit cost of operation were 38 MJ q-1 and 74 MJ q-1, respectively. Under the treatment T4, T6, T7, and T8 the specific energy consumption was in the range of 50 MJ q-1 and unit cost of operation was in the range of 112-135 Rs. q-1. Highest specific energy consumption (58.15 MJ q-1) in treatment T5 and highest unit cost of operation (140.52 Rs. q-1) was found in treatment T9.