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Open Access
Insect faunal diversity and management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01-05) Rekha; Verma, Tarun
Studies on “Insect faunal diversity and management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.” were conducted at CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi season, 2021-22. Studies on insect diversity revealed that eleven species of insect (gram pod borer, beet armyworm, semi looper, tobacco caterpillar, bean aphid, lady bird beetle, ground beetle, dragon fly, cricket, preying mantis and honey bee) belonging to seven orders (Lepidoptera, hemiptera, coloeptera, odonata, orthoptera, mantodea and hymenoptera) were recorded in chickpea. Population dynamics of insect pests and natural enemies revealed that population of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, Autographa nigrisigna, Aphis craccivora and Coccinella septumpunctata commenced during 50th, 52nd, 52nd, 49th, 50th SMW, respectively and remained upto 19th SMW. Larval population of H. armigera attained peaks in 14th and 16th SMW on HC 1 and HK 1, respectively. S. exigua attained peak in 9th SMW on HC 1, whereas on HK 1 three peaks (12th, 13th and 16th SMW) were recorded. A. nigrisigna attained two peaks between 13th to 16th SMW in both HC 1 and HK 1. A. craccivora reached peak in 52nd (HC 1) and 50th SMW (HK 1), respectively. C. septumpunctata attained two peaks (14th and 15th SMW). Temperature and bright sunshine hours showed significant and positive correlation with population of H. armigera, S. exigua, A. nigrisigna and C. septumpunctata. Wind speed exhibited significant positive effect on population of A. nigrisigna, S. exigua and C. septumpunctata. Relative humidity exhibited significant negative correlation with H. armigera, A. nigrisigna, C. septumpunctata. Screening of chickpea genotypes against H. armigera revealed the minimum larvae of H. armigera on H 16-17 (3.85 larvae/mrl). S. exigua and A. nigrisigna ranged from 0.32 to 0.60 and 0.16 to 0.59 larvae/mrl, respectively. Larval population of H. armigera, S. exigua and A. nigrisigna commenced from 45 days after sowing and remained upto 165, 135 and 135 DAS, respectively. H. armigera attained peaks at 150 DAS, whereas S. exigua and A. nigrisigna attained peak at 120 DAS. Minimum pod damage and maximum yield was recorded in genotype, H 19-36 (25.7%) and H 16-04 (2159.72 kg/ha), respectively. Weather parameters viz. temperature and relative humidity exhibited significant positive and significant negative correlation with H. armigera. Efficacy trial of insecticides against H. armigera revealed minimum number of larvae in Novaluron 10EC sprayed plots and was less toxic to C. septumpunctata. However, Flubendiamide proved significantly superior in terms of minimum pod damage (21.71%), maximum reduction over control (41.18%) and maximum yield (3409.26 kg/ha).
Open Access
Studies on biorational management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in fodder sorghum
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04-04) Raj Kumar; Dalip Kumar
The present investigations were carried out on “Studies on biorational management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in fodder sorghum” during Kharif, 2021 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Impact of date of sowing on incidence of sorghum stem borer and shoot fly in sorghum crop studied. Number of eggs laid by sorghum shoot fly at 7 and 14 days after emergence (DAE) was lowest in the crop sown on 21st July (0.67 and 1.33, respectively) and was highest in the crop sown on 11th August i.e., 3.00 and 4.00, respectively. Sorghum crop sown on 21st July showed significantly lowest per cent of deadheart incidence (12.33 and 15.39) while, crop sown on 11th August showed higher per cent of deadheart incidence i.e., 25.52 and 29.78 at 21 and 28 DAE, respectively. Deadheart per cent by sorghum stem borer was recorded lower (16.42) in crop sown on 21st July as compare to crop sown on 11th August (27.79) at 45 DAE. Evaluation of forty sorghum genotypes for their resistance against sorghum shoot fly was done on the basis of number of eggs, deadheart per cent, plant vigour, glossiness of leaves and shape of plant canopy and for sorghum stem borer was done on the basis of number of pin holes, leaf feeding at 7, 21 and 42 DAE, number of larvae per plant, stem tunneling, deadheart (%) formation at 45 DAE, plant height, number of total stalks and damaged stalks, plant vigour, glossiness of leaves and plant canopy. Deadheart (%) formation caused by shoot fly varied from 6.23 to 23.94 per cent at 21 DAE and from 11.42 to 43.48 (%) at 28 DAE in different sorghum genotypes. Resistant genotypes viz., IS 2312 and IS 2205 recorded least deadheart (%) while, susceptible genotypes, Swarna and DJ 6514recorded highest deadheart percentage. Deadheart formation (%) due to sorghum stem borer was recorded minimum in resistant checks IS 2312 (11.00%) and maximum deadheart in susceptible check, Swarna (45.38%) at 45 DAE. Forty sorghum genotypes were categorised into different classes on the basis of deadheart per cent formation on a 1-9 scale at 45 DAE and all the screened sorghum genotypes fallen within a range of 2-5. Seven sorghum genotypes were assigned a scale rating of 2 having deadheart (%) ranges from 11 to 20. 12 genotypes received a scale rating of 3 with deadheart (%) between 21 and 30; 17 genotypes classed in scale rating of 4 had deadheart (%) between 31 and 40. There are 4 sorghum genotypes that received a 5 rating implying a deadheart percentage between 41 and 50. Management of sorghum stem borer revealed that standard check, Carbofuran 3.0 %CG @ 8.2 kg/ha was found to be superior to all the treatments in terms of plant vigour (rating of 1.00), deadheart formation (5.49%) and green fodder yield (309.60 q/ha) and was statistically at par with egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis @ 75000 parasitized eggs/ha that recorded the values, 1.33 scale rating, 6.34%, 320.8 q/ha for afformentioned parametres. However, the maximum ICBR was noticed in treatment received application of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis (2.79) followed by standard check, Carbofuran 3.0% CG (1.22).
Open Access
Bioecology and management of painted bug bagrada hilaris (Kirkaldy) on Indian mustard
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Sokhal, Parkash; Balbir Singh
The present studies entitled “Bioecology and management of painted bug Bagrada hilaris kirkaldy on Indian mustard” were carried out during rabi season, 2021-22 at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal. The biology of Bagrada hilaris was studied on Indian mustard in the field and laboratory of the Department of Entomology. Observations on biology of the pest on mustard indicated that the pest had egg, five nymphal instars and adult stages. The mean duration of nymph period was 3.93, 4.90, 5.66, 5.73 and 6.03 days, respectively. The adult female had a pre-oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period of 5.90, 10.10 and 4.20 days, respectively. Male and female completed their life span in 49.50 and 52.20 days, respectively. An adult female laid on an average 54.80 eggs. The mean incubation period of eggs was varied from 5.50 days. The population of painted bug was initiated at early stage of crops i.e 40th SMW and reached maximum in 42th SMW (6.8 adult/nymph/per plant), while the maximum population of aphid was noticed during 10th SMW (13.6 aphids per plant). The incidence of gujhia weevil in mustard was started from early stage of crop in 40th SMW. Maximum damage of gujhia weevil was observed in 41th SMW with 4.2 dead plant per meter row. In late sown mustard the population of aphid was higher than early sown mustard while the painted bug and gujhia weevil incidence were lower in late sown crop. The peak population of painted bug was noticed during 11th SMW with an average population of (8.4 painted bug nymph/adult) while the maximum population of aphid was noticed during 10th SMW (25.8 aphids per plant). Maximum damage of gujhia weevil was observed in 44th SMW with 4.8 dead plants per meter row. Based on the data, seed treatment of thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 5 g/kg seed was found most effective as compare with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5ml/kg in managing painted bug population. In foliar spray the treatment T6 which include seed treatment with thiamethoxam and foliar application of imidacloprid proved the most effective among all other insecticides. The highest yield was 17.07 q/ha and the lowest population of painted bug was in this treatment which were (1.40, 1.13, 1.40, 1.47) after one day, 3rd, day, 7th day and 10th day of spray, respectively.
Open Access
Pollination studies in Apple ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Yadav, Vishesh; Manoj Kumar Jat
The present investigations entitled ‘Pollination studies in Apple ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)’were carried out in the Apple ber orchard situated at the Horticulture Experimental Area and P.G. Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2022. A total of 25 insects species belonging to 17 families of 5 order were recorded on the Apple ber bloom. Hymenopterans were accounted for up to 75.20% of the total visitors followed by dipterans. Among hymenopterans Apis florea (2.88 per branch/5min) was the most abundant species followed by A. mellifera (2.09 per branch/5min) and A. dorsata (1.40 per branch/5min), whereas among dipterans, Lucilla sericata was the most abundant (1.16 per branch/5min). The temporal abundance of insect visitors recorded on Apple ber bloom was highest at 1400 h (1.86) and lowest at 0600 h (0.09) (per branch/5min). The highest foraging rate was observed for A. dorsata (19.47 flowers per minute), and lowest foraging rate was observed for A. florea (8.29 flowers/minute). The maximum mean foraging speed was observed in A. florea 6.22 seconds for nectar reward and it was lowest in A. dorsata (2.33 seconds) for pollen reward. The loose pollen grains (LPG) carrying capacity was highest for A. dorsata (109584) followed by A. mellifera (71827) and it was lowest for A. florea (42806). The maximum Relative Pollination efficiency (RPE) was recorded in A. dorsata (16.21) followed by A. mellifera (14.45) and it was lowest in case of A. cerana (4.90). It was observed that pollen (13.18) and nectar+pollen (13.05) foragers exhibited maximum and second maximum RPE, respectively. The Dry nectar sugar (DNS) production was maximum in one day old flower (0.65 mg/flower) as compared to two-days old flower (0.28 mg/flower) while the maximum DNS production was observed at 1200 h and least at 0900 h. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of Apple ber fruits were almost similar in bee and open pollination treatments while TSS, ascorbic acid and sugar content were reported maximum in open pollination and bee pollination treatments. Fruits in without insect pollination treatment had maximum acidity.
Open Access
Impact of habitat manipulation and biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Jeevan B G; Kalkal, Deepika
Studies were carried out on habitat manipulation and effect of biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies during Rabi, 2021-22 at HAU, Hisar. The experiment was carried out to access the impact of different cropping patterns, viz., T1 [cabbage + coriander as border crop], T2 [cabbage + mustard as border crop], T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop], T4 [cabbage +fenugreek (3:1)], T5 [cabbage + marigold (3:1)], T6 [cabbage + fennel (2:1)] T7 [cabbage + coriander (2:1) + fennel as border crop], T8 [cabbage + mustard (2:1) + fenugreek as a border crop] and T9 [Control (Cabbage as sole crop)] on three insect pests viz., mustard aphid, diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly and two natural enemies viz., coccinellids and syrphid fly. Results on habitat manipulation revealed that lowest mean population of aphid and cabbage butterfly was found in T8 with 8.10 aphids/plant and 3.47 larvae/plant, respectively while highest in T6 with 13.38 aphids/plant and 5.13 larvae/plant, respectively whereas, DBM larval population was found lowest in T7 with 0.61 larvae/plant and highest in T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop] with 1.15 larvae/plant. For increasing the population of coccinellids and syrphid fly treatment T7 was found best with highest population 3.44 coccinellids/plant and 1.57 maggots/plant, respectively. Aphid population shows significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity and negative correlation with maximum temperature and coccinellid population. Larval population of DBM (P. xylostella) showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae larvae population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and evening relative humidity and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity and aphid population. Syrphid fly maggot population also showed significant negative correlation with evening relative. Maximum cabbage yield (180.62 q/ha) was recorded in the treatment T2 with third highest B:C ratio (2.46) while the first highest B:C ratio (3.38) was observed in T5. Results of bio-efficacy of eleven treatments (nine biorationals and one chemical along with unsprayed control) revealed that malathion 50 EC (as check) recorded maximum per cent reduction over control against both mustard aphid (62.24 %) and diamondback moth (52.14 %). Among biorationals, L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) and azadirachtin 0.15% exhibited maximum per cent reduction over control against mustard aphid and DBM with 53.75 % and 47.66 %, respectively. However, maximum population of coccinellids (2.52 coccinellids/plant) and syrphids (0.76 maggots/plant) was recorded in L. lecanii(1x108cfu/g) and (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5 % WP), respectively. Maximum yield of 198.69 q/ha was recorded in malathion 50 EC whereas the highest yield among biorationals was recorded in L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with 186 q/ha. The benefit cost ratio for efficacy was found highest (2.58) in treatment malathion 50 EC followed by L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with B:C ratio 2.36 and azadirachtin 0.15% with B:C ratio 2.20. The control had the lowest benefit cost ratio, B:C (1.72).
Open Access
Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Deepak Kumar; Maha Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize” was carried out at Research Farm and laboratories, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and Research Farm CCS Haryana Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal during Kharif, 2020. The biology of S. frugiperda was observed at four different temperatures viz., at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The average fecundity of S. frugiperda was 1110.6, 714.8, 1303.9 and 1013.1 eggs/female at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Egg hatchability was observed as 93.3, 74.9, 83.5 and 92.5 per cent whereas incubation period as 2.68, 6.08, 3.24, 2.80 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Average larval period was 15.44, 32.97, 19.96 and 15.09 days whereas larval survival as 85.6, 58.8, 62.4 and 84.3 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Pupal period was noticed as 7.78, 25.63, 9.28 and 7.42 days whereas the adult emergence as 64.2, 52.0, 63.0 and 68.5 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Total life cycle of females was observed as 35.13, 79.33, 45.19 and 34.73 days while those of males as 33.24, 77.05, 42.71 and 32.46 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Studied on population dynamics of S. frugiperda revealed that larval population prevailed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW. Its peak was observed during the 33th SMW with a mean population of 4.93 larvae per plant. The average plant infestation was observed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW (second week of July to first week of October) with a maximum of 79.1 per cent during 40th SMW. Larval population had a significant positive correlation with evening relative humidity (r = 0.652) and significant negative correlation with sun shine hours (r = -0.634) whereas per cent plant infestation indicated a non-significant correlation with all the weather entities. During the study period, three hymenopteran larval parasitoids (Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Campoletis sp) were also observed. Studies on screening of maize genotypes against S. frugiperda indicated that amongst the 55 maize genotypes, HM 10 recorded lowest leaf injury (4.45 score), while HKI 1348-6-2 recorded highest leaf injury (8.85 score). Five genotypes (HKI 1105, HKI 139, HKI 193-2, HKI 1011 and HM 10) were categorized as partially resistant (leaf injury score: 4.0 to 5.99), 20 genotypes as susceptible (leaf injury score: 6.0 to 7.99) and 30 genotypes as highly susceptible (leaf injury score: 8.0 to 9.00). Studies on effect of date of sowing on incidence of S. frugiperda indicated that plant infestation and larval population was observed minimum when crop was sown during last week of June while infestation and larval population gradually increased as date of sowing is delayed.
Open Access
Studies on insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Aarti; Ram Karan
The studies entitled “Insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.” were carried out during 2020-21 at guava orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station (RRS), Bawal. Population dynamics of insect pest; incidence of fruit flies, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, red banded thrips and mealy bug was recorded. The first appearance of fruit fly was recorded in 16th standard meteorological week (SMW), 2020 and maximum fruit fly (132/trap/week) were recorded during 35th SMW, while fruit infestation by fruit fly was initially noticed during 25th SMW, 2020 and peak fruit infestation (75.0%) was recorded during 35th SMW. The castor capsule borer infestation was noticed in 28th SMW and maximum fruit infestation (12.0%) was during 43rd SMW. The castor capsule borer was not appeared during hasth bahar fruiting season. The first symptoms of bark eating caterpillar infestation recorded on 2nd fortnight of April, 2020 and maximum plant infestation (70.0%) with active holes 6.00 leaded to index of incidence 4.2 recorded on 2nd fortnight of August. There was no further increase in infestation of bark eating caterpillar after September. The first appearance of red banded thrips was recorded in 19th SMW, 2020 and maximum population (24.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th and 27th SMW. The maximum population of mealy bug (34.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th SMW. In correlation studies minimum temperature, relative humidity shows a highly significant and positive effect on all the insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were found in guava orchard. The maximum population of both species were found in 35th SMW, while B. dorsalis (55.13%) was dominant over B. zonata (44.87%). Maximum number of pupae were found in the 2nd fortnight of August and their viability was maximum in the 1st fortnight of July. The varietal/germplasms screening revealed that among the six varieties/germplasms screened, the susceptibility against fruit fly was maximum in Banarsi Surkha sequentially followed by L-49, Hisar Surkha, Allahabadi Safeda, Hisar Safeda and Desi. The correlation studies of physical traits showed that fruit firmness have highly significant and negative impact on fruit fly infestation while fruit weight, fruit size are positively related. The correlation studies of biochemical traits such as TSS, Vitamin C and total phenol showed highly significant and positive effect on fruit fly infestation, while acidity showed negative effect on fruit fly infestation. An analysis of all the parameters revealed that no single factor governed the fruit fly infestation independently and that the level of infestation was the result of the combined effects of all the factors.
Open Access
Studies on resource partitioning by honey bees and nectar secretion rhythms in different Brassica spp
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-02) Jyoti; Yadav, Sunita
The present study was carried out on eleven genotypes/varieties belonging to eight Brassica spp. at Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2019-20. The flowering phenology of various rapeseed-mustard genotypes/varieties showed that flowering initiation and cessation was earliest on TH 68 (32.67 and 81.67 DAS) while total flowering period was highest on RH 725 (53.00 DAS). The flower morphological parameters i.e. flower length, flower breadth, corolla and calyx length of different genotypes varied from 1.41 to 1.74 cm, 1.42 to 2.23 cm, 0.76 to 1.14 cm, 0.49 to 1.06 cm respectively and flower color was bright yellow in all genotypes/varieties. Eighteen bee species belonging to twelve families of five orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) were recorded. The Apis spp. were most abundant on variety TH 68 (16.77 bees/m2/10 min). The mean densities of A. mellifera was maximum (15.50 bees/m2/10 min) followed by A. cerana (12.90 bees/m2/10 min), A. dorsata (12.25 bees/m2/10 min) and A. florea (9.37 bees/m2/10 min). The foraging rate of Apis spp. was highest on HNS 0901 (15.16 flowers/min). The mean foraging rate of A. cerana was maximum (18.06 flowers/min) followed by A. dorsata (16.65 flowers/min), A. mellifera (16.66 flowers/min) and A. florea (6.57 flowers/min). The comparative mean time spent per flower was highest on variety T-27 (3.52flowers/sec). The mean foraging speed of A. florea was maximum (6.38 flowers/sec) followed by A. dorsata (2.39 flowers/sec), A. mellifera (1.94 flowers/sec) and A. cerana (1.83 flowers/sec). Highest mean percentage of nectar, pollen and both nectar plus pollen gatherers were observed at 2nd fortnight of December i.e. 37.67, 24.84 and 43.08 per cent respectively. Top workers were highest in case of A. dorsata (97.33%) followed by A. mellifera (90.33%) A.cerana (90.00%) and A. florea (66.33%) and the highest percentage of side workers was observed in A. florea (43.33%) followed by A. mellifera (21.00%), A. cerana (21.33%) and A. dorsata (4.33%). The maximum DNS was produced by the flowers of HC-212 and T-27 (1.50 and 1.49 mg/flower) and also amount of energy produced by nectar was highest in HC-212 and T-27 (25.11 and 24.92 joules energy). Abundance of all four honey bee species showed positive non-significant correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. Relative humidity was significantly positive correlated with the abundance of. A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. dorsata but showed non-significant positive correlation in case of A. florea at morning and analysis of relative humidity resulted significant positive correlation with the all bees at the evening. Wind speed showed significant positive correlation with all Apis spp. and sunshine hours were non-significantly correlated.
Open Access
Studies on biodiversity and DNA barcoding of predatory ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Mohammad Thamseer M K; Yadav, S.S
The biodiversity of predatory ladybird beetles was investigated in the state of Haryana,India. The predators were collected from natural and manipulated ecosystems across the state by hand collection. The collected specimen were identified with appropriate taxonomic keys. The state presented a highly abundant but less diverse ecosystem with respect to coccinellid predators. 2253 specimen of 20 species belonging to coccinellidae were collected from 17 ecosystems. The Shannon-weiner index,Simpson’s index,Effective number of species,Margalef’s index and Pielou’s evenness index were calculated for different ecosystems and it was found that sheesham (Dalbergia sisoo) and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was ecologically the most diverse ecosystem in the state. The diversity indices of the predators in the state was very low for most of the crop ecosystems which can be attributed to the fact that the state is one of the leading consumer of insecticides in the country. Thus, the present data reflects on the grave consequences of indescriminate usage of pesticides on the natural enemies which, if left unchecked, can cause potential localised extinction of predatory fauna. DNA of the six species among the collection were successfully barcoded and the phylogenetic tree revealed a close relationship between Chilocorinae and Scymninae. The temporal distribution of the major aphidiphagous predators in wheat ecosystem revealed the presence of five major predators including two syrphids viz., Episyrphus viridaureus and Ischiodon scutellaris and three coccinellids viz., Hippodamia variegata, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Coccinella septempunctata. The cumulative population of the predators had significant positive correlation with aphid population (r= 0.999).

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