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20234
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on brinjal
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Soniya; Anil
    Studies on efficacy and persistence of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueene) were conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, thiacloprid 20.70% SC, cypermethrin 3% + quinalphos 20% EC, pyriproxyfen 5% + fenpropathrin 15% EC and betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8 % OD were applied at recommended dose of 200, 200, 187, 750, 400, 750 and 200 g or ml ha-1. Results revealed that spinosad and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin were most effective against L. orbonalis reducing 70.48 and 69.82 per cent shoot infestation; 74.39 and 70.18 per cent fruit infestation (number basis); 76.53 and 73.21 per cent fruit infestation (weight basis) over control with increase in yield of 109.74 and 97.23 per cent over control, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were found next in order of effectiveness. On the other hand, treatments with thiacloprid, cypermethrin + quinalphos and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid were comparatively less effective. Applications of betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen+ fenpropathrin caused maximum reduction of whitefly (57.79 and 56.38%) and leafhopper (63.76 and 61.32%) while lowest reduction was recorded in case of emamectin benzoate (30.23, 24.46%) and spinosad (29.40 and 25.70%). Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinosad and pyriproxyfen + fenpropathrin were found to be relatively safer for natural enemies (coccinellids and spiders) whereas treatments with thiacloprid, betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid and cypermethrin + quinalphos caused more than 50 per cent reduction over control in the population. Emamectin benzoate with LC50 of 0.32 ppm was 4.84 times toxic than chlorantraniliprole with LC50 of 1.55 ppm against first instar larvae of L. orbonalis. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in brinjal fruits followed first-order kinetics and residue reached below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th days of application with half-life and waiting period of 1.47 to 1.65 days and 6.48 to 6.76 days at recommended dose while 2.04 to 2.57 days and 10.75 to 12.67 days at double of recommended dose, respectively during kharif 2020 and 2021. In case of combination insecticide (pyriproxyfen 37.5 + fenpropathrin 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) residue level reached below detectable level after 7 (single dose) and 10 days of spray (double dose) for pyriproxyfen and 10 (single dose) and 15 days of spray (double dose) in case of fenpropathrin. Half-life for pyriproxyfen was calculated to be 1.92 and 2.19 days while in case of fenpropathrin, it was 3.13 and 3.62 days at single and double doses, respectively during kharif 2020 whereas half-life of 1.82 and 1.57 days (pyriproxyfen) and 3.07 and 3.62 days (fenpropathrin) were calculated during kharif 2021 at corresponding doses. Harvest time residues in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Waiting periods of 8.46 and 12.35 days (kharif 2020); 8.70 and 12.96 days (kharif 2021) were suggested in case of pyriproxyfen at single and double doses, respectively while 3.32 and 6.92 days (kharif 2020); 3.00 and 7.13 days (kharif 2021) were suggested at single and double doses of fenpropathrin, respectively. Dipping of brinjal fruits in baking soda solution (2%) resulted in maximum removal (63-71%) of chlorantraniliprole residues while dipping in lemon water resulted in maximum reduction of 52-66 and 60-47 per cent residues of pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera L. colony placement modes under protective environment in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Penumajji Ganesh Kumar; Chaudhary, O.P.
    Present research on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Inthanon in enclosures (walk-in-tunnel) and open field was conducted at Center of Excellence on Vegetables (CEV), Gharaunda, Department of Horticulture, Haryana. Three honey bee colony placement modes viz. i) colony permanently inside, ii) colony with dual entrance and iii) addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval were further evaluated with three other treatments namely hand pollination (HP), without bee pollination (WBP) and crop grown in open field conditions (open pollination, OP) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. An early and prolonged flowering period was recorded under protected environment when compared to open field crop. A total of 12 species of flower visitors from 4 orders and 9 families were recorded on muskmelon bloom. Six of the 12 species were hymenopterans, while the other 6 were lepidopterans, dipterans, and coleopterans each with 2 species in each order. In 2020-21, Bactrocera cucurbitae (23.93%), Aulacophora foveicollis (21.86%) and hymenopterans (28.19%) were major floral visitors. Among hymenopterans, A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 9.30% proportion. In 2021-22, hymenopterans (61.32%) were major floral visitors in which A. mellifera is most dominant floral visitors of muskmelon with 19.85% proportion, whereas, B. cucurbitae (4.51%) and A. foveicollis (7.25%) were reported in negligible amount. During both the years, A. mellifera foragers visited significantly higher foraging rate in colony with dual entrance (8.1 and 7.7) followed by colony permanently inside (7.8 and 7.4) compared to open field- OP (4.7 and 4.3/minute, respectively). Foraging speed for different resources (pollen, nectar and pollen+nectar) was maximum in enclosures with colony permanently inside (3.6, 5.2 and 5.5 seconds/flower, respectively which was at par with colony with addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (3.5, 4.7 and 5.4 seconds/flower) followed by colony with dual entrance (3.4, 4.4 and 5.1 seconds/flower, respectively) and the lowest in OP (3.1, 4.0 and 4.7 seconds/flower, respectively). In muskmelon, hermaphrodite flowers produced higher DNS (0.916 mg/flower) than the staminate flowers (0.212 mg/flower) in 2020-21 season. Both quantitative and qualitative fruit parameters were dropped with devoid of bee pollination (WBP), increased on exposure to pollinators in open field and hand pollination but were maximum under bee pollination plots (Colony with dual entrance). Muskmelon fruit yield in plots devoid of bee pollination input was negligible (WBP - 35.15 q/ha) compared to plots having honey bee pollination inputs (150.30 to 545.44 q/ha). Exposure to open pollination (OP), yield increased 5 times to 150.30 q/ha and in hand pollination increased significantly to 247.27 q/ha. Ensuring fruit pollination with honey bee input increased yield significantly and was maximum in colony with dual entrance (545.44 q/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (507.14 q/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (409.69 q/ha). The maximum income was obtained in treatments of honey bee colony with dual entrance (Rs. 10.56 lakhs/ha) followed by colony permanently inside (Rs. 9.86 lakhs/ha) and addition of one brood frame at 10-day interval (Rs. 7.85 lakhs/ha) which was lowest among bee input plots. Superior colony growth parameters were recorded in colony with dual entrance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of promising desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) genotype and insecticidal management of bollworm complex
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04) Manisha; Rolania, Krishna
    The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Effect of different sowing time, varietal screening, insecticidal management and avoidable yield loss etc. were studied against bollworms in cotton during 2018 and 2019. In the variety, HD 432 (desi) incidence of bollworms namely, Earias spp (Earias insulana & Earias vittella), and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders was high in May sown cotton (14th May) as compared April sown cotton (12th and 27th April). Weather parameters like minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed showed significant negative correlation with spotted bollworm and pink bollworm damage. Twenty one genotypes were screened during 2017 and 2018 and green bolls damage was recorded minimum in genotype IET (2) 5 against spotted bollworm (8.87 and 9.93%, respectively) and pink bollworm (0.67 and 0.80%, respectively) bollworm. While genotype CISAA 6 was observed with maximum incidence of spotted bollworm (15.91 &18.16%) and pink bollworm (4.13 & 4.80%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Bollworms incidence showed negative significant correlation with rind thickness, total soluble sugar and tannin content while positive significant correlation was observed with total phenol content and crude protein in seeds. During 2018 and 2019 twenty insecticidal treatments with control was evaluated against bollworms damage. Treatment T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) was found highly effective with minimum SBW damage (6.74 & 7.36 %) in green bolls that was statistically at par with T18 (spray of Spinosad 45 EC initiated at initiation of boll formation) (7.23 & 7.97%), T13 (spray of Thiodicarb 75 WP initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.33 & 7.95%) and T5 ( Spray of Bifenthrin 10 EC initiated at 25 % square formation) (7.37 & 8.03%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Pink bollworm damage on locule basis was also recorded minimum in T17 (spray of spinosad 45 EC initiated at 25% square formation) with 6.16 and 8.40 per cent damage during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significant difference was observed between yield of protected and unprotected fields. Yield obtained in protected condition was 1750 and 1628 kg/ha while in unprotected condition it was 2593 and 2356 kg/ha during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Avoidable yield loss was calculated 32.52 and 30.91 percent during 2018 and 2019, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-04-05) Yadav, Jayant; Maha Singh
    The present studies entitled “Biochemical and molecular characterization of wheat genotypes for resistance against aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)” were carried out at field and lab facilities of the Crop Protection Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana from 2018-19 to 2020-21 Rabi cropping seasons. Most of the wheat varieties and wild genotypes were found to be either resistant or moderately resistant whereas none of the varieties and wild genotypes were found to be immune against aphid infestation. The susceptible check A-9-30-1 was most preferred by the aphids for survival whereas the varieties viz., DBW 90, DBW 187, DBW 303, WH 283, WH 1080, WH 1105 were found to be resistant with high nymphal mortality. Similarly, among the wild genotypes, the genotype 13993 was found to be most suitable for aphid survival whereas the genotype 3590 was highly resistant having increased nymphal duration, low fecundity and high mortality. The varieties viz., DBW 187 and WH 1105 were highly tolerant to aphid infestation with minimum reduction in seedling length and weight over control whereas A-9-30-1 was least tolerant. Similarly, in case of wild genotypes, the genotype 3590 had shown highest tolerance to aphid infestation while the genotypes PI 604172 and 13762 were least tolerant. In case of varieties, the highest alatae formation was observed in the genotype DBW 303 whereas lowest in the genotype A-9-30-1 while among the wild genotypes, the highest was observed in the genotype 3590 whereas lowest was noticed in the genotype 13993. Aphid infestation exhibited a significant increase in the total phenolics (TP), total proline (TPC), tannins, chlorophyll, phenlyalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione reductase (GR), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) content whereas non-significant change in total soluble protein (TSP) and total soluble sugar (TSS) content in the developing flag leaves as compared to the controlled conditions in both varieties and wild genotypes. Aphid nymphal mortality had significant positive correlation with TP, TPC, tannins, PAL, PPO, GR, H2O2, CAT, POX and APX content whereas negative correlation with TSP, TSS and chlorophyll content. AMOVA revealed that difference between Triticum spp and Aegilops spp was around 37 per cent of the total variation contributed by the whole germplasm. However, 63 per cent variation was attributed to diversity between individuals within a group. STRUCTURE analysis conceded the presence of four major sub-groups in the populations whereas two genotypes (UP 2425 and wild genotype 13993) were considered as admixtures. Out of the total significant MTAs identified, 22 MTAs were common during both the cropping seasons i.e., 2018-19 and 2019-20 and with the annotation of the markers from identified significant MTAs with genes, these can be employed with resistance breeding programs in wheat.