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Open Access
Studies on biodiversity and DNA barcoding of predatory ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Mohammad Thamseer M K; Yadav, S.S
The biodiversity of predatory ladybird beetles was investigated in the state of Haryana,India. The predators were collected from natural and manipulated ecosystems across the state by hand collection. The collected specimen were identified with appropriate taxonomic keys. The state presented a highly abundant but less diverse ecosystem with respect to coccinellid predators. 2253 specimen of 20 species belonging to coccinellidae were collected from 17 ecosystems. The Shannon-weiner index,Simpson’s index,Effective number of species,Margalef’s index and Pielou’s evenness index were calculated for different ecosystems and it was found that sheesham (Dalbergia sisoo) and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was ecologically the most diverse ecosystem in the state. The diversity indices of the predators in the state was very low for most of the crop ecosystems which can be attributed to the fact that the state is one of the leading consumer of insecticides in the country. Thus, the present data reflects on the grave consequences of indescriminate usage of pesticides on the natural enemies which, if left unchecked, can cause potential localised extinction of predatory fauna. DNA of the six species among the collection were successfully barcoded and the phylogenetic tree revealed a close relationship between Chilocorinae and Scymninae. The temporal distribution of the major aphidiphagous predators in wheat ecosystem revealed the presence of five major predators including two syrphids viz., Episyrphus viridaureus and Ischiodon scutellaris and three coccinellids viz., Hippodamia variegata, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Coccinella septempunctata. The cumulative population of the predators had significant positive correlation with aphid population (r= 0.999).
Open Access
Incidence of major insect-pests, genotypes evaluation and management of pod borer complex in pigeonpea
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Kanchan; Verma, Tarun
Experiment on “Incidence of major insect-pests, genotypes evaluation and management of pod borer complex in pigeonpea” was conducted during kharif, 2019. Four pigeonpea genotypes (PAU 881, AL 1747, Paras and UPAS 120) were sown to study incidence of Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata, Clavigralla gibbosa and Empoasca kerri. Incidence of H. armigera commenced in 37th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), remained upto 48th SMW, reached it’s peak in 44th SMW and population ranged from 0.05 to 0.45 larvae per plant. Web formation by M. vitrata and larvae started to appear from 37th SMW and persisted upto 43rd SMW. Peak of M. vitrata larvae was in 39th SMW (in Paras) and 40th SMW (AL 1747, UPAS 120 and PAU 881). Number of webs, larvae of M. vitrata ranged from 0.94 to1.23 webs per plant and 0.05-0.90 larvae per plant, respectively. Clavigralla gibbosa (Nymph and adult) incidence started from 36th SMW and continued upto 47th SMW. Adults of C. gibbosa attained peak in 40th SMW in all genotypes (in AL 1747: 39th SMW). Population varied from 0.08-0.20 nymph/plant and 0.20-3.69 adult/plant during period of study. M. obtusa persisted from 41st SMW to 48th SMW and reached it’s peak in 45th SMW. Empoasca kerri nymphs persisted from 29th SMW to 43rd SMW (AL 1747: 44th SMW) with peak in 33rd SMW. Pod damage (%) by M. vitrata, H. armigera, C. gibbosa and M. obtusa was reported as 2.10, 4.03, 25.16 and 2.31%, respectively. Grain yield of different genotypes ranged from 775-1200 kg/ha. Significant and negative correlation was found between H. armigera and minimum temperature, evening relative humidity, average relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall. Nymphal population of C. gibbosa exhibited significant and negative correlation with temperature, wind speed, while adults showed significant and negative correlation with relative humidity (Eve. and Avg.). E. kerri population exhibited significant and positive correlation with temperature (minimum and maximum), however, M. obtusa population showed significant and negative correlation with temperature, relative humidity (avg. and eve.) and wind speed. Genotypes evaluation studies showed minimum pod damage in AH 9-18 (for M. vitrata, H. armigera and M. obtusa), AH 16-02, B-17200, H 00-15 (for H. armigera). Grain yield ranged from 777.78 kg/ha (Paras) to 1859.26 kg/ha (AH 9-18). Evaluation of insecticides against pod borer complex indicated spinosad 45 SC as most effective against M. vitrata, H. armigera and M. obtusa. Spinosad 45 SC was found at par with indoxacarb 14.5 SC (M. vitrata and H. armigera), chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC, lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG and deltamtherin 2.8 EC (H. armigera) and azadirachtin 0.03% (M. obtusa). Maximum grain yield was obtained in spinosad 45 SC (919.26 kg/ha) sprayed plot.
Open Access
Studies on insecticide use pattern, population susceptibility and insecticide evaluation against Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in cotton
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Pritam Kumari; Anil
A survey was carried out to study the insecticide use pattern in Sirsa, Hisar and Bhiwani districts of Haryana during kharif, 2019. The maximum respondents (70.00%) were found to be belonging to the age group of 40-60 years. Education status of farmers was quite good with an overall literacy rate of 87.00% and 56.00% of the respondents were having more than 15 years of experience in cotton cultivation. Most commonly grown Bt cotton hybrid by the majority of farmers (34%) was RCH 773 BG II followed by RCH 776 BG II (31.30%), US 51 BG II (13.30%), Ankur 3028 BG II (13.30%) and US 81 BG II (8.00%). Based on farmers experience, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula were the most important pests among sucking pests in Bt cotton. All the farmers were found to target whitefly and leafhopper for control whereas in case of dusky cotton and red cotton bug none was reported to targeting for control. The incidence, severity and yield losses of sucking pests especially whitefly and leafhopper were estimated to be high by 100, 86.67 & 82.70; 76.67, 74.00 & 64.67% farmers, respectively. The cent per cent farmers was found to adopt control measures at 61-90 days after sowing as highest pest incidence was estimated by cent per cent farmers at this duration. The majority of the farmers (44.67%) were found to be dependant on Agriculture input dealers for information in cotton cultivation followed by CCS HAU Hisar/CICR-RS (34.66%). Major constraints faced by farmers in insect pest management were high cost of pesticides, weather problems and lack of knowledge about bioagent and insubstantial control or poor efficacy of insecticides. Insecticides like imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, dimethoate and monocrotophos were mainly used by farmers to control sucking pests. Besides, newer insecticides like flonicamid, dinotefuran, diafenthiuron, spiromesifen and spinetoram were also being used by farmers. Insecticide-bioassays were carried out to assess the susceptibility of field-collected cotton leafhopper from Hisar, Sirsa and Bhiwani districts to commercial formulations of imidacloprid 17.8% SL, thiamethoxam 25% WG and flonicamid 50% WG during kharif, 2019. Intrinsic toxicity data on imidacloprid 17.8% SL, thiamethoxam 25% WG and flonicamid 50% WG indicated that Bhiwani population was most susceptible to these insecticides with LC50 values ranging from 7.23-24.74 ppm followed by Hisar population (10.09-29.83 ppm) whereas Sirsa population was found to be least susceptible with LC50 values of 12.17-34.60 ppm. Among different insecticides, flonicamid 50% WG with LC50 values ranging from 7.23 to 12.17 ppm showed maximum toxicity followed by thiamethoxam 25% WG 20.73 to 29.60 ppm while imidacloprid 17.8% SL was found to be least toxic insecticide with LC50 ranging from 24.74 to 34.60 ppm. Based on mean of two sprays in a field trial during kharif, 2019, the lowest mean nymhal and adults population (No. per 3 leaves) were recorded in flonicamid 50% WG @ 150 g ha-1 (0.84 nymphs and 1.73 adults) followed by dinotefuran 20% SG @ 150 g ha-1 (1.49 nymphs and 2.06 adults) and diafenthiuron 50% WP @ 500 g ha-1 (1.65 nymphs and 2.25 adults). Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 100 ml ha-1, thiacloprid 21.7% SC @ 125 ml ha-1, thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 100 g ha-1 and buprofezin 25% SC @ 1000 ml ha-1 were found to be moderately effective insecticides. Monocrotophos 36% SL @ 437 ml ha-1 was found to be the least effective insecticide. The non-significant differences were observed in the population of natural enemies (spiders, coccinellids & Chysoperla) among the different treatments. The highest seed cotton yield (q ha-1) was obtained with flonicamid (21.60), followed by dinotefuran (20.99), diafenthiuron (20.71), imidacloprid (20.41), thiacloprid (20.12), buprofezin (19.87), thiamethoxam (19.83) and monocrotophos (19.37). On the basis of cost of protection, the incremental cost benefit ratio was maximum with imidacloprid (1:6.36) followed by thiacloprid (1:5.64), thiamethoxam (1:5.29), monocrotophos (1:4.74), dinotefuran (1:4.38), flonicamid (1:3.99) and buprofezin (1:3.86).
Open Access
Improving pollination efficiency in strawberry and bitter gourd employing western honey bee, Apis mellifera L. under protective environment and field conditions
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Ajay; Chaudhary, O.P.
Present research on strawberry cv. Winter Dawn in NVPH and bitter gourd cv. Pusa Do Mausmi under IPNH was conducted at CCS Haryana agricultural University, Hisar. Five A. mellifera colony placement modes viz. i) colony permanently inside ii) colony replacement at 21 days iii) addition of larva frame at 10 days iv) addition of pupa frame at 10 days and v) colony with 2-way entrance were evaluated along with three other treatments of vi) hand pollination, vii) open pollination, and viii) control (without bee pollination). Pollination units comprised of 3-frame A. mellifera colony introduced at start of flowering. In strawberry, early flowering initiation occurred (31-35 days from transplanting) under poly house compared to open field (36 days). Flowers visitors include 17 species dominated by Hymenoptera (72.13%). A. cerana was most abundant (21.36%) followed by A. mellifera (14.05%), six non-Apis bees (25.5%) and Diptera (16.42%). Dry nectar sugar was higher in 3 DOF (5.51mg/flower) at 1100 h (3.80 mg/flower). Foraging rate (5.5-5.8/minute) and foraging speed (9.0-10.0 seconds/flower) of A. mellifera was higher under poly house treatments. Heaviest fruits were in treatments of colony added with pupa or larval frame at 10 days and colony permanently inside (26.26, 26.22 and 26.21 g/fruit). Minimum fruit yield and income was in control (14.96 tonnes/ha, Rs 14.96 lakhs/ha) and maximum in bee colony added with a pupa or larva frame at 10 days (33.82 and 33.54 T/ha) and colony permanently inside (33.32 T/ha) with marginally lower yields in colony with 2-way entrance (32.65 T/ha). Bitter gourd flowering initiated in 31-32 days with prolonged duration of 81-83 days under enclosure compared to open fields (41 and 71 days). Floral visitors comprised of 17 species and Hymenoptera was most abundant taxa (63.95%) comprising four non-Apis bees (28.37%) and four honey bees (26.00%) followed by Lepidoptera (30.56%). A. mellifera foraging rate was higher at 0800 and 1100 h (7.4 and 7.3 flowers/minute) and in all bee colony treatments (7.0-7.4/minute). Foraging speed was higher in bee treatments (4.5-4.9 seconds/flower). Staminate flowers produced maximum DNS at 0600 hours (0.318 mg/flower) and pistillate at 1000 h (0.966 mg). Maximum DNS production was in hand pollination (0.941 mg/flower) and minimum in control treatments (0.821 mg). Fruit dimensions were higher in colonies with addition of either pupa or larva frame at 10 days (151.2 x 49.7 mm each) and colony permanently inside (150.5 x 49.1 mm). Similar observations were for fruit volume, weight, TSS, acidity and other qualitative traits. In control, meagre yield (4.06 T/ha) and total income (Rs. 20,277/ha) were obtained. In treatment of bee colony added with a pupa frame recorded maximum yield and income (31.17 T/ha and Rs. 6,23,327 /ha) along with addition of larva frame (30.99 T/ha and Rs. 6,19,993/ha) followed by colony with 2-way entrance (26.44 T/ha and Rs. 5,28,883/ha). Nectar and honey stores were maximum in colony with 2-way entrance (60.4, 15.2 inches2/colony) and minimum in colonies added with pupa frame (48.0, 9.5) or larva frame at 10 days (48.0, 9.3 inches2/colony). Pollen stores were higher in treatments of colony replacement at 21 days, colony with addition of pupa frame at 10 days and colony permanently inside (30.3, 29.1 and 28.5 inches2/ colony). Maximum brood was in colony added with larva frame at 10 days (115.9 inches) followed by addition of pupa frame and colony with 2-way entrance (110.1 and 109.4 inches). Studies recommend employing treatments of colony added with either pupa or larva frame at 10 day intervals and colony with 2-way entrance for efficient pollination of strawberry and bitter gourd under enclosures.
Open Access
Status of insect pests on cucurbits and bio-ecological management of melon fruit fly on bottle gourd in South-West Haryana
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-06) Jai Parkash; Balbir Singh
The present studies entitled “Status of insect pests on cucurbits and bio-ecological management of melon fruit fly on bottle gourd in South-West Haryana” were carried out during zaid and kharif, 2019 at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal. Bactrocera cucurbitae and Aulacophora foveicollis were observed as the major insect pests of different cucurbitaceous crops in Rewari and Mahendragarh districts of Haryana. Fruit infestation by fruit fly was started with fruit setting and was higher in rainy season crops than summer crops. During survey, the incidence of red pumpkin beetle was noticed from March to May in summer season and from August to October in kharif season. The red pumpkin beetle damaged the crops at all stages being at peak in second fortnight of April. In addition, eleven minor insect pests were also observed at farmer’s field during the survey. Study on seasonal incidence revealed that the fruit infestation by melon fruit fly was started in 34th SMW and was significant and positively correlated with evening relative humidity and rainfall. Maximum infestation was noticed in 36th SMW with 49.75 per cent fruit damage in bottle gourd. The red pumpkin beetle infestation in bottle gourd was noticed from 31st SMW and peak infestation reached in 38th SMW with an average population of 52.33 beetles per five plants. Red pumpkin beetle was negatively correlated with all abiotic factors and was significantly correlated with minimum temperature and evening relative humidity. Aphid and whitefly were also found negatively correlated with all abiotic factors except maximum temperature. Further, the aphid population was significantly correlated with minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall whereas whitefly population was significantly correlated with evening relative humidity and rainfall. The efficacy of bio-ecological molecules evaluated against melon fruit fly showed that treatment of Malathion 50EC (1 ml/l) + jaggery (3 g/l) was most effective which caused highest reduction in per cent fruit infestation and produce maximum marketable fruit yield over other treatments.
Open Access
Population dynamics, screening and management of leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius) on Castor
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-09) Josan, Chaand; Yadav, Satyapal
The present study entitled “Population dynamics, screening and management of leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius) on Castor‟‟ was carried out during Kharif, 2019 at research farm of CCSHAU, Regional Research Station, Bawal. The incidence of leafhopper was first appeared during second week (37th SMW) of September (4.50 leafhopper/three leaves) and last up to fourth week (9th SMW) of February with peak population during third week (43rd SMW) of October with (25.40 leafhopper/three leaves). The incidence of leafhopper population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.401*). The maximum infestation of leafhopper was recorded in the genotype DCH-177 with a mean population of 8.3 leafhopper/three leaves while minimum (2.3 leafhopper/three leaves) in case of Maharaja-9. Phenols showed a significant negative correlation with leafhopper population and hopper burn score while total carbohydrates had a significant positive correlation with leafhopper population and hopper burn score. The highest yield was recorded in Maharaja-9 (41.1 q/ha) while lowest yield was recorded in SLCH-158 (28.8 q/ha). Dimethoate 30 EC @ 825ml/ha proved most effective against leafhopper as the lowest mean population (4.62 leafhopper/three leaves) was found with 81.26% reduction over control which was significantly different from other treatments. Among the bio-pesticides Nimbecidine 1500 ppm @ 2.5 l/ha proved most effective with mean leafhopper population of 17.06 leafhopper/three leaves while NSKE 5% was found least effective with maximum mean population of 21.06 leafhopper/three leaves and per cent reduction (12.83%) over control. The highest yield (40.50 q/ha) was also recorded in Dimethoate 30 EC @ 825ml/ha while lowest yield (22.75 q/ha) was recorded in Neem oil 5% except control.
Open Access
Evaluation of brinjal genotypes against major insect pests and management of Leucinodes orbonalis
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Khan, Aslam; Bhatnagar, Praduman
Investigations were carried out on brinjal genotypes against major insect-pests and management of Leucinodes orbonalis during Kharif, 2019 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Results of evaluation of genotypes showed that the whitefly population was maximum and minimum on genotype HE-202-9 (4.21/ leaf) and HE-103-1 (3.48/ leaf) respectively. While, the maximum leafhopper population was recorded on genotype HE-202-9 (1.09/ leaf), and minimium from HE-101-4 (0.80/ leaf). While considering shoot damage, highest per cent was recorded in genotype BR-112 (18.60), while the lowest was recorded in genotype HE-101-3 (9.25). On overall basis, the most resistant genotype against shoot and fruit borer was HE-101-3, while the most susceptible genotypes were BR-112 and HE-202-9. Similarly with regards to fruit damage by shoot and fruit borer in different genotypes studied, the most resistant genotype was HE-101-3 (23.69), while the most susceptible were BR-112 (41.46) and HE-202-9 (39.02). In different genotypes, the length of leaf varied from 9.4 to 16.5 cm, however the maximum and minimum leaf length were recorded from genotype BR-112 (16.5 cm) and HE-209-1 (9.4cm) respectively. Similarly, the leaf width in different genotypes ranging from 4.7 to 13.6 cm. Fruit length among different genotype studied varied from 6.4 to 19.3cm, while the maximum fruit diameter of 7.9 and 7.4 cm was recorded in genotypes H-8 and BR 112, respectively while minimum were recorded from HE-101-3 (3.3 cm). Among different genotypes studied, the narrow, intermediate and wide pericarp thickness was reported from genotype HE-202-9 (0.40 cm), HE-210-1, HE-101-3 and HE-209-1 (0.48, 0.50 and 0.52 cm, respectively) and BR 112 (0.85 cm) respectively. The highest per cent fruit infestation was noticed in the genotypes BR 112 and H-8 having purple coloured fruits, while moderate fruit infestation was observed in genotype HE-202-9 having green purple fruits. The wide variation in fruit colour was noticed in genotypes HE-103-1. On shoot infestation basis, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC + spinosad 45 % SC was noted with lowest per cent shoot damage (6.33 %) and Bacillus thuringiensis 5 % WP + brahmastrawas with higher per cent shoot damage (13.47 %). On the basis of fruit infestation, efficacy of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC + spinosad 45 % SC was found to be most effective and nimbecidine 300 ppm + brahmastra were found to be least effective against shoot and fruit borer.The highest fruit yield (24.45tonnes/ ha) yield was obtained from chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC + spinosad 45 % SC, while the lowest in case of treatment nimbecidine 300 ppm +brahmastra (13.55 tonnes/ ha).
Open Access
Studies on biometrics, avoidable losses and bio-ecological management of cucumber moth, Diaphania sp. on bitter gourd
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-09) Sunidhi; Yadav, S. S.
The investigations on biometrics, avoidable losses and bio-ecological management of cucumber moth, Diaphania indica on bitter gourd were conducted during, 2019 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Studies on biometrics of cucumber moth revealed that the female moths laid 93.6 ± 44.14 eggs. The length and breadth of eggs were 0.7 ± 0.02 and 0.42 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. The mean incubation period and hatching per cent was observed to be 4.1 ± 0.66 days and 85.32 ± 4.74 per cent, respectively. The larvae were observed to pass five instars. The newly hatched larvae were creamy white and the further larval instars were observed from pale green to dark green in colour. Two white sub-dorsal lines appeared from the third instar onwards. The mean larval duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar was observed as 1.49, 2.41, 3.59, 2.54 and 3.3 days, respectively with the total mean larval period of 13.33 days. The mean length and breadth of larval instars varied from 1.75 to 21.65 and 0.26 to 2.94 mm for 1st to 5th instar. The mean length and breadth of pre-pupa was observed as 14.38 ± 0.67 mm and 3.05 ± 0.28 mm, respectively. The mean length and breadth of pupa was measured 13.54 ± 0.81 mm and 2.86 ± 0.23 mm, respectively. The mean duration of pre-pupa and pupa was recorded as 1.55 ± 0.35 and 7.93 ± 1.06 days, respectively. The average of total life cycle of D. indica was calculated as 26.91 ± 1.01 days. The adults of D. indica were medium sized with pearly white translucent wings having brown margins and a tuft of yellowish orange hairs on tip of abdomen. Female moths were larger in size as compared to males with length, breadth and wingspan of 13.59 ± 0.94, 2.72 ± 0.18 and 24.46 ± 0.85 mm in females and 12.83 ± 0.64, 2.27 ± 0.13 and 23.27 ± 0.85 mm in males, respectively. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were observed to be 1.5 ± 0.53, 3.9 ± 0.74 and 1.9 ± 0.74 days, respectively with sex ratio of 1:1.1 (male: female). The longevity of male and female moths was 6.1 ± 0.71 and 7.69 ± 1.22 days, respectively while the total life period from egg to adult death was 33.01 ± 1.25 days in males and 34.6 ± 1.38 days in females. For the management strategies, six different bio-rational pesticides were evaluated which revealed that Bacillus thuringiensis was the most effective treatment with least larval population i.e. 1.65 larvae/ plant as per pooled data and highest yield of 8.26 t/ha while, nimbecidine 0.03% EC showed the lowest per cent fruit infestation i.e. 6.41%. The avoidable yield loss due to D. indica was 29.04 per cent in bitter gourd.
Open Access
Biology, management of Earias spp. and estimation of pesticide residue in okra
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Sindhu; Kalkal, Deepika
Investigations was carried out on biology and morphometric of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias insulana on okra, efficacy and residue of noval insecticides in okra crop during Kharif, 2019 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Studies on biology and biometrics of E. insulana revealed that the average number of eggs laid by a female were 49.8 ± 9.58. The freshly laid eggs were bluish green in colour and small globular in shape with mean diameter of 0.5 ± 0.02 mm. Average duration of incubation and oviposition period was 4.1 ± 0.99 and 5.7 ± 0.95 days, respectively. The first, second, third and fourth instar larvae measured on an average 1.61 ± 0.20, 3.65 ± 0.29, 6.99 ± 0.67 and 11.21 ± 1.08 mm in length and 0.75 ± 0.35, 1.78 ± 0.18, 2.21 ± 0.17 and 2.75 ± 0.24 mm in breadth, respectively. Duration of larval and pre-pupal period was 13.8 ± 0.79 and 0.8 ± 0.28 days, respectively. The pupae were brown coloured stout and measured on an average 9.56 ± 0.37 mm and 2.64 ± 0.11 mm in length and breadth with duration of 8.5 ± 0.85 days. Longevity of adult male moth varied from 8 to 10 days and 10 to 11 days for females. Total life period of male and female ranged from 33.5 – 38.5 and 35.5 – 40 days, respectively. Adult male moth was having an average length and breadth (with expanded wings) of male 9.57 ± 0.49 mm and 20.9 ± 0.88 mm, whereas, the female measured on an average 10.08 ± 0.57 mm in length and 21.7 ± 1.06 mm in breadth (with expanded wings). Sex ratio in E. insulana was recorded as 1:0.72 (male: female). Results of efficacy of noval insecticides against Earias spp. in okra showed that larval population remained active in field from 32nd to 42nd SMW and reached to maximum (8.67 larvae/ 5 plant) during 39th SMW. Correlation studies of larval population exhibits a significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, evening relative humidity and total rainfall. Per cent shoot and fruit infestation were also significantly negative correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and average temperature. Results on bio-efficacy revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC showed significantly lower larval population, shoot infestation (%) and fruit infestation (%) per plant as compared to other treatments, while B. bassiana 1x10-9cfu found least effective for controlling Earias spp. The fruit yield (8.61 t/ha) was also significantly higher in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC when compared to the remaining treatments. Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in okra fruits followed first order kinetics with half-life period of 2.04 and 2.06 days at single (30 g.a.i./ ha) and double doses (60 g.a.i./ ha) respectively. Chlorantraniliprole applied at 50% fruiting stage, residues reached to LOQ (Limit of Quantification) of 0.01 after 7th and 10th day at single (T1) and double doses (T2) respectively with no residue in soil collected at time of harvest in both doses.

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