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Open Access
Production of beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin on industrial wastes and its potentiality against chilo auricilius dudgeon
(CCSHAU, 2006) Rathi, Anil Kumar; Jaipal, Saroj
Sugar industry wastes/byproducts viz. molasses, bagasse, press-mud and cane trash were evaluated in the laboratory for mass culturing of a locally collected strain of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin. A set of five optimal and supra-optimal media of each substrate was selected on the basis of growth parameters particularly the growth and sporulation (conidial yield). Potentiality of conidia harvested from each select medium was tested against the sugarcane stalk borer Chilo auricilius Ddgn larvae. The results of the studies indicated that cultivation of fungus on aqueous molasses, a sugar industry byproduct, after addition of aqueous yeast was feasible. Among the molasses-yeast liquid media fungus cultivated on 4.0 per cent molasses + 1.5 per cent yeast yielded highest conidial density (70.3 x 107 conidia ml-1) and biomass (24.0 g). Conidia harvested from this medium inflicted highest mortality of C. auricilius larvae (90.5 per cent) in shortest time interval (7.4 days). Conidia produced on all molasses-yeast select media were larger in size than in remaining media, were more oblong than oval shaped and looked like early stage blastospores. Incorporating molasses and yeast in various concentrations and combinations to solid substrates mainly the bagasse, press-mud and cane trash increased sporulation heavily. Bagasse amended with 4.0 per cent molasses + 1.5 per cent yeast and 3.0 per cent molasses + 1.0 per cent yeast emerged as the best media for mass production of B. bassiana both in terms of conidial density (833.4 and 144.1 x 107 conidial ml-1, respectively) and potentiality to C. auricilius (87.8 and 88.0 per cent mortality, respectively). Fungus sporulated heavily on press-mud based medium containing 3.0 per cent molasses (1310.3 to 1090 x 107 conidia ml-1) while the yeast concentration did not much affect the sporulation pattern. A lower to moderate level of larval mortality (33.3 to 64.8 per cent) was inflicted by conidia grown on select media of press-mud in 8.4 to 9.1 days. Though fungus yielded good conidial load on press-mud based media after addition of exogenous carbon (molasses) and nitrogen (yeast) sources but these media were found inadequate (suboptimal) in terms of potentiality of fungus against test insect and hence may not be suitable for the mass cultivation of fungus. A two stage cultivation process seems feasible for cultivation of B. bassiana on molasses-yeast liquid media and bagasse based solid media. Based on conidial yield, potentiality, time taken to sporulate and cost of production of the fungus bagasse amended with 4.0 per cent molasses and 1.5 per cent yeast may be used as medium for mass culturing while 4.0 per cent molasses and 1.5 per cent yeast broth 1:1 (v/v) as inoculant for culturing of B. bassiana.
Open Access
Evaluation of mungbean, vigna radiata (L.) wilczek genotypes against whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius and its management
(CCSHAU, 2006) Panghal, Puneet; Roshan Lal
The present studies were carried out during the year 2005 in Pulses Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Eighteen genotypes of mungbean were evaluated to study the population dynamics of whitefly and infection of mungbean yellow mosaic virus on different genotypes. Out of 18 genotypes, MH 412 and MH 435 genotypes harboured the minimum population of whitefly adults, eggs, nymphs and pupae whereas, MH 420 and K-851 for whitefly. Genotype MH 435 was found resistant mungbean yellow mosaic virus whereas, MH 401 was highly susceptible and K-851 were the most preferred hosts for whitefly. Genotype MH 435 was found resistant to mungbean yellow mosaic virus whereas, MH 401 was highly susceptible and K-851 susceptible to MYMV infection. Meteorological parameters were also correlated with the population of whitefly. Temperature, pan evaporation, sunshine showed positive and non-significant correlation while relative humidity and rainfall were negative and non-significantly correlated with population Literature Cited -xiiof whitefly. Phenotypic characteristics of 18 different genotypes of mungbean were studied, to evaluate their correlation with incidence of B. tabaci. Phenotypic characters such as leaf size and glabracity showed positive and significant while leaf thickness was negative and significant correlation with whitefly population. There was no correlation between length of setae with whitefly population. Two insecticides imidacloprid 200SL and dimethoate 30EC were used for seed treatment and four namely imidaclopird 200SL, oxydemeton methyl 25EC, NSKE and Verticillium lacani including combination with the seed treatments were applied against B. tabaci in field conditions. Seed treatment with imidacloprid 200SL @ 3ml and dimethoate 30EC @ 5ml/kg seed followed with spraying of NSKE 5% proved most effective treatments in controlling whitefly and mungbean yellow mosaic virus on mungbean. Seed treatment with imidacloprid 200SL @ 3ml and dimethoate 30EC @ 5ml/kg seed proved better than untreated control in realizing yield. Seed treatment with dimethoate 30EC @ 5ml/kg seed showed maximum cost benefit ratio.
Open Access
Field evaluation of methanolic plant extracts against bollworms in cotton
(CCSHAU, 2006) Sarvesh Kumar Singh; Ram Singh
Methanolic plant extracts neem, bakain, and karanj and ginger at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 per cent were sprayed (5 sprays at 8 days interval) against bollworms in hirsutum cotton variety H-1117 at Research area, Dept. of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Higher concentration (7.5%) of neem, bakain and karanj caused significant incidence of bollworms in shed squares (13.42 – 17.01%), shed bolls (13.89 – 18.58%), intact squares (14.00 – 22.66%) and intact green bolls (16.00 – 23.39%) on 7th day after fifth spray. The incidence was on par with nimbecidine but significantly higher than control. Reduction in larval population followed similar trend.Ginger was found inferior to neem, bakain, karanj and nimbecidine but better than control in respect of bollworms incidence. Neem (5.0%) also showed considerable adverse impact on bollworms incidence. Earias spp. dominated the bollworm complex.In case of field incidence, larval population of bollworms in open bolls on locule basis at 7.5 per cent concentration was minimum (5.29%) in neem, followed by (6.63%) in bakain and (7.79%) in karanj, which was on par with nimbecidine (7.69%). Ginger manifested significantly higher incidence (14.27 – 16.06%) than nimbecidine at all doses. Consumption index (6.38 – 6.56), growth rate (0.613 – 0.626), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (9.34 – 9.82 %), approximate digestibility (65.66 – 67.91 %) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (10.25 – 10.76 %) of E. vittella larvae were adversely affected when fed on bolls field sprayed with 7.5 per cent methanolic extracts of neem, bakain and karanj. These indices were on par with nimbecidine but significantly adversely affected in comparison to control. Similar trend was observed in case of H. armigera. Ginger did not adversely affect consumption – utilization indices of both the pests. Various biological parameters of Earias vittella were significantly adversely affected when the larvae were allowed to feed on young to medium aged bolls collected from plants sprayed with methanolic extracts. Larval period (12.70 – 13.50 days), larval survival (50.20 –54.42), larval weight (48.09 – 52.42 mg), pupal period (10.60 – 11.70 days), pupal weight (40.65 – 42.54 mg), adult emergence (61.40 – 65.40 %) and fecundity (54.70 – 59.10 eggs/female) were adversely affected in 7.5 per cent concentration of neem, bakain and karanj as compared to control. Feeding on ginger had no adverse effects on various biological parameters, which was on par with control. Neem at 5.0 and 7.5 per cent and bakain and karanj at 7.5 per cent each were as effective as nimbecidine.Yield of seed cotton 7.5% conc. of neem (18.17 q/ha), bakain (17.42%) and karanj (17.33 q/ha) was on par with nimbecidine (16.92 q/ha). Ginger proved inferior to all concentrations.
Open Access
Management of phorid fly, megaselia sandhui disney by entomopathogenic nematodes on white button mushroom, agaricus bisporus (Lange) singer
(CCSHAU, 2006) Lamba, Jagbir Singh; Mrig, K.K.
The present investigation was undertaken for management of phorid fly, Megaselia sandhui Disney by entomopathogenic nematoides on white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Singer. The material for management comprised of phorid fly larvae, Galleria larvae, five EPN isolates, one insecticide. The experiments were carried out at Departments of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2005-06 and CRD design with three replications was followed for layout. Out of 50 soil samples processed by “Insect trap” method five EPN isolates were collected. These were identified as Heterorhabditis indica (two isolates) and one isolate each of Steinernema abbasi, S. pakistanense and an unidentified species of Steinernema. In lab. tests, only Heterorhabditis indica (isolate II) resulted in significant mortality (60-87%) of M. sandhui larvae. Inoculum levels of 300, 400 and 500 were equally effective. H. indica (isolate I), S. pakistanense and S. abbasi also caused infections and larval mortalities, but the results were inconsistent and statistically non-significant. Steinernema sp. was totally ineffective. In vivo experiment using 3 levels of H. indica (isolate II) revealed lowest (5.3%) infestation in case of 10x104 IJs, followed by 5x104 IJs (7.1%) treatments of H. indica. Highest yield (24 kg/q compost) was obtained with H. indica @ 10x104 IJs, which was at par with 5x104 IJs (22.6 kg/q compost), but significantly higher than other treatments.
Open Access
Laboratory evaluation of transgenic Bt cotton against helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spodoptera litura (Fabricius)
(CCSHAU, 2007) Basavaraja H.; Chhillar, B.S.
Studies on the “Laboratory evaluation of transgenic Bt cotton against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)” were carried out in the laboratory and at Research Farm, Department of Entomology Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during kharif 2006. Eleven genotypes including five Bt (Ankur 2534 Bt, Ankur 651 Bt, RCH 134 Bt, RCH 317 Bt and MRC 6304 Bt) and their corresponding non-Bt hybrids with one local hybrid HHH-223 were taken for the study and they were grown by adopting recommended package of practices. The survival of first instar larvae of H. armigera was observed on top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls for five days at an interval of 60, 90, 100, 120 and 140 days of crop age. Significant adverse effect of Bt was observed at 60, 90 and 100 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. The maximum per cent reduction in survival of larvae was observed at 60 days of crop age in top leaves (16.67-76.67 %), middle leaves (13.33-86.67 %), squares (26.67-86.67 %) xivand bolls (30.00-86.67 %). Similar trend followed at 90 and 100 days of crop age. No significant effect of Bt at 120 and 140 days of crop age was observed in comparison to non-Bt. The various biological parameters (larval period, larval weight, larval survival, pupal period, pupal weight and adult emergence) of H. armigera larvae from third instar onwards were studied on top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls at an interval of 65, 95, 105, 125 and 145 days of crop age. Significant adverse effect of Bt was observed at 65, 95 and 105 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. At 125 and 145 days of crop age no significant effects of Bt were observed. The various biological parameters of S. litura larvae from first instar onwards were studied on top leaves and middle leaves at an interval of 80, 120 and 140 days of crop age. No significant difference between Bt and non-Bt hybrids were observed. Fourth instar larvae of H. armigera were used to study various consumption-utilization indices at an interval of 70, 100 and 130 days of crop age in top leaves, middle leaves, squares and bolls. There was significant reduction in CI, GR, ECI, AD/AE and ECD in Bt genotypes at 70 and 100 days of crop age for H. armigera. At 130 days of crop age no significant effect of Bt was observed. Similarly fourth instar larvae of S. litura were used to study various consumption-utilization indices at an interval of 75, 105 and 135 days of crop age in top leaves and middle leaves. There was no significant reduction in CI, GR, ECI, AD/AE and ECD in Bt genotypes at 75, 105 and 135 days of crop age for S. litura. Twigs of different genotypes bearing leaves, flowers, squares and bolls were brought to the laboratory at 80 days of crop age to observe the ovipositional preference of H. armigera between Bt and non-Bt genotypes in a choice test conditions. No significant variation was found between Bt and non-Bt genotypes for oviposition studies. The total number of eggs laid on Bt and non-Bt hybrids ranged from 344 to 361 eggs/2 twigs/4 females.
Open Access
Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting pigeonpea, cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp
(CCSHAU, 2007) Vijaykumar Jangamashetti; Singal, Shiv K.
Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is one of the most important pulse crop cultivated in India. It is next only to chickpea in area and production among all the pulse crops grown in India. Pulses also constitute the main source of protein in developing countries like India, where per capita consumption of animal protein is very low. Pulses can be stored for considerable periods of times after harvest but during storage they may be attacked by various insect species. Among these the most important one is pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) mainly in pigeonpea. Synthetic pesticides played a significant role in restricting problems and were also cost effective. However, these chemical insecticides pose several problems like residual toxicity and health hazards to the consumers as well as users. The present investigations were carried out to study the effectiveness of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20g/kg, neem oil @ 10ml/kg, mustard oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5g/kg, mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75 g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering), sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on quality of pigeonpea seed variety Manak. There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic jars. All the grain protectants except wheat husk, neem seed kernel powder and turmeric powder proved to be more effective as compared to untreated control for causing mortality of C. chinensis adults. As the storage periods of treated seed increased, the mortality of adults decreased. All the grain protectants except wheat husk and neem seed kernel powder proved to be most effective as compared to untreated control in reducing number of egg laid after 1, 45, 90 and 135 days of storage, respectively. On the basis of number of adult emergence and per cent seed damage, all the grain protectants except three protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder, turmeric powder and wheat husk treatments were highly effective and no adult emerged from saw dust, sand, dung cake ash and neem oil treatments at all storage intervals of 1, 45, 90 and 135 days of storage. This group followed by mustard oil + turmeric powder, groundnut oil + turmeric powder, mustard oil and groundnut oil proved to be the most effective and next effective group of grain protectants, respectively. None of the treatments had any adverse effect on standard germination which was above the prescribed Indian seed certification standards for pigeonpea seeds. Dung cake ash and turmeric powder treatments had adverse effect on seedling vigour index when compare to all other treatments.
Open Access
Studies on the effect of artificial diet on development of apis mellifera L. colony
(CCSHAU, 2006) Sharma, Ravi Shankar; Ombir
Research entitled “Studies on the effect of artificial diet on development of Apis mellifera L. colony” was conducted from June to September, 2005. Total of thirty three A. mellifera colonies were selected and equalized in early June. Total of 10 diets were prepared with different quantities of various ingredients viz. soybean meal (Sm), Parched gram flour (Pg), Soybean nuggest flour (Snf); brewer’s yeast (Y), Fish meal (Fm) and pollen, with milk powder, grinded sugar and honey dough was prepared and 100g of each diet in each colony was placed on top bar of frames in bee hive and three colonies were kept as control. Diets were provided at weekly interval and observations were recorded in terms of diet consumed (g), brood area (cm2), pollen area (cm2), honey area (cm2), bee strength (no. of frames) and workers life (days). Longevity of worker bees was observed by marking the bees just after emergence. Diet containing pollen was consumed in higher amount (96.16 g/week) followed by SnfY (84.90 g/week), Fm (84.60g/week), Snf (80.73 g/week), Pg SnfY (77.83 g/week) and Pg (74.76 g/week). Diets SmY and SmPgY were consumed in least amount 29.13 and 36.23 g/week, respectively. Diets SmpgY, SmY and pollen were having significantly higher brood area i.e. 1587.62, 1568.25, 1527.50 cm2 respectively than control (1394.75 cm2) and Fm (1402.12 cm2), followed by Pg (1515.54 cm2), SnfY (1497.33 cm2), Snf (1488.95 cm2), Sm (1462.5 cm2) and PgSnfY (1441.87 cm2) and SnfY (1419.95 cm2). Diets SmPgY, SmY had significantly higher pollen area i.e. 502.25 and 484.54 cm2 than control (347.33 cm2) and Fm (368.54 cm2) followed by diets pollen (462.54 cm2), Pg (445.45 cm2), Sm (429.37 cm2), PgSnfY (409.41 cm2). SnfY (391.37 cm2), Snf (389.08 cm2) and PgY (387.29 cm2). Diets SmPgY (1733.70 cm2), SmY (1716.79 cm2) and pollen (1674.83 cm2) had significantly higher nectar area than control (1470.70 cm2) and Fm (1519.41 cm2) other diets Pg, Sm, Snf, PgY, SnfY had 1626.95, 1604.12, 1559.20, 1548.41 and 1524.25 cm2 nectar area. Diets pollen and SmPgY were having significantly higher bee strength 9.06 frames and 8.52 frames than control (6.79 frames) and Fm (6.89 frames). Other diets Pg, SmY, SnfY, PgSnfY, Sm and Snf had bee strength of 8.0, 7.95, 7.87, 7.72 and 7.45 frames, respectively. All the treatments were having equal effect on bee longevity except pollen (34 and 30 days) and PgY (31.33 and 29.33 days) in which bee longevity was significantly higher than control (25.33 and 24.33 days) in two sets of experiment. Diet pollen (Rs. 5.3 / 100g) was found most economical and effective in bee colony development. Pg (Rs. 6.3 g/100g) and Snf (Rs. 6.3/100g) were at par with pollen in respect of economy and pollen development.

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