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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses of lsabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) genotypes to salt stress(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Nehru, Vandana; Varshney, U. KThesisItem Open Access Effect of cadmium on seed germination and plant reproduction on different genotypes of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Kumar, Suresh; Dhingra, H. RThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and reproductive behaviour of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes under saline irrigation(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Singh, Sunder; Kumar, NeerajThesisItem Open Access Micropropagation of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Sanjna)(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Kumar, Ram; Babber, SThesisItem Open Access Study of morphological and anatomical changes associated with salinity stress in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. Asha(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2002) Kudawla, Ritu; Goyal, S. C.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses of chandrashura (lepidium sativum L.) to salt stress(CCSHAU, 2004) Hawa Singh; Varshney, U.K.Chandrashura (Lepidium sativum L.) is a crop of medicinal importance which is being cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of different states like Gujrat, M.P., Rajasthan, U.P., Maharastra and to some extent in Haryana also as a rabi crop where it is influenced by salt/water stress. The present research deals with the physiological responses of Chandrashura to salt stress. The effects of salts that chiefly contribute to soil salinity viz. NaCl and Na2SO4, singly as well as in combination were studied on seed germination, seedling growth, plant water relations, growth and development; biochemical as well as minerals constituents and yield attributes. To achieve the objectives of the research problem two experiments were planned.First experiment was conducted in the controlled conditions of a culture room with 25±1ºC temperature and 16h light, 8h dark period. The experiment was performed in petri dishes using three salt treatments viz. NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaCl + Na2SO4 (1:1 meq/l basis) with varying EC levels viz. O (control), 4,8,12,14,16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 dSm-1. Results revealed that the progressive increase of EC levels not only inhibited the seed germination but also declined the speed of germination (maguire index). Effective delay in germination was more pronounced under Na2SO4 among all the salt treatments at higher EC levels. All the three salt treatments were proved deleterious to Chandrashura seedlings as they decreased the seedling length, vigour index, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot. Na2SO4 treatment in this regard was found most detrimental to seedlings followed by combined salt treatment and then NaCl treatment. The above salt treatments also reduced the relative water content in shoot of seedlings with increase of EC levels. Na2SO4 treatment was found more effective in reducing RWC at low EC levels than NaCl treatment. Maximum increase of membrane permeability index under Na2SO4 treatment while minimum under NaCl treatment indicated more toxicity of the former on plasma membrane. In the second experiment, plants were raised in polythene bags with sieved dune sand in screen house at varying EC levels viz. 0 (Control), 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 dSm-1 of NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaCl+Na2SO4 (1:1 meq/l basis) along with nutrients. Salt stress in general adversely affected the various growth and developmental parameters viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, root volume, root and shoot dry weight, total plant dry weight, root and shoot ratio. Among the three salt treatments, NaCl proved most deleterious while Na2SO4 least deleterious to Chandrashura with regard to above parameters. Significant changes in various biochemicals were also recorded. Total soluble carbohydrates as well as proline accumulated under increasing stress conditions created by the salts. The accumulation of these organic solutes in different plant organs helped plants in osmotic adjustment under salt stress. Ascorbic acid, chl ‘a’, chl ‘b’, total chlorophyll contents undergone more reduction under NaCl treatment than under Na2SO4 treatment. Ascorbic acid content was in general higher in top leaves of plants. Na+, Cl- and SO42- contents of shoot increased while K+ content decreased with increasing EC levels. Accumulation of Na+ and Cl- was more under NaCl treatment while that of SO42- was higher under Na2SO4 treatment. Slight postponement in number of days to flower initiation and preponement in crop maturity was found with increasing EC levels. All the three salt treatments caused significant reduction in the number of fruits per plant, 100 seed weight and the seed yield per plant with the increase of EC levels. The NaCl treatment in this regard was more reducing then Na2SO4 treatment and caused more than 50% reduction in seed yield beyond 12 dSm-1 EC level. The response of NaCl and Na2SO4 salt treatments was contrary at germination-early seedling growth and later plant growth stages. NaCl was relatively less deleterious at germination and early seedling growth stages but found more toxic at the later plant growth stages than Na2SO4.ThesisItem Open Access To study the phytoremedial potential of some chenopods(CCSHAU, 2005) Choudhary, Poonam; Babber, SThe effects of different levels of salinity on growth, development, water content and ion accumulation in the six chenopods (Suaeda fruticosa, Salicornia brachiata, Atriplex nummularia, Atriplex lentiformis) and glycophytes (Chenopodium murale, Spinacea oleracea) were determined. These chenopods were grown in pots at 0, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dSm-1 levels of salinity and plants were harvested at their maximum vegetative growth (Salicornia brachiata and Spinacea oleracea) or at flower initiation stage (Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex nummularia, Atriplex lentiformis and Chenopodium murale). Increase in salinity stimulated plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, fresh/dry weight of stem and leaves in halophytic species. But these parameters were adversely affected in Spinacea oleracea and Chenopodium murale. Water contributed to a large proportion towards increase in fresh biomass of halophytes. The accumulation of ions was greater in leaves than in stem. The contents of Na+ and Cl- in both stem and leaves of all chenopods increased with every increment in salinity. Elevated salinity induced decrease in Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and SO4 2- in all chenopods. Suaeda fruticosa accumulated a large quantity of ions in comparison to other chenopods as well. Higher salt tolerance in Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex nummularia and Atriplex lentiformis could be ascribed to their ability for osmoregulation and effective compartmentation of ions. Another interesting observation was higher magnitude of total ionic contents in the harvestable biomass of different chenopods like Suaeda fruticosa, Salicornia brachiata, Atriplex nummularia and Atriplex lentiformis and concomitantly retention of less amount of ionic content in the soil after harvesting of the above chenopods. Conversely, the magnitude of total ionic content in the harvestable biomass of Chenopodium murale and Spinacea oleracea was less and consequently the total ionic contents in the soil of the above mentioned chenopods was observed more. Likewise ECe and pH of the soil on comparison before transplantation of the different chenopods in the soil and after harvesting of chenopods indicated that these were reduced at all salinity levels and the reduction was more in Suaeda fruticosa, Salicornia brachiata, Atriplex nummularia and Atriplex lentiformis and it was least of all in case of Chenopodium murale and Spinacea oleracea. The computed data on per cent remediation in terms of total estimated ionic accumulation in the harvestable biomass in the chenopodsin comparison to total estimated ionic accumulation in the soil at various added salinity levels, explicitly showed that, although, it decreased with increase in salinity levels. Nevertheless, Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex nummularia and Atriplex lentiformis were able to remediate 3.99, 3.74, 3.46 and 2.90 per cent soil salinity at 20 dSm-1 , respectively. Likewise, the figures on per cent remediation at 8, 12, 16 dSm-1 were still higher than at 20 dSm-1. It was worth mentioning that Suaeda fruticosa followed by Atriplex nummularia, Atriplex lentiformis and Salicornia brachiata were able to remediate the soil salinity more than Chenopodium murale and Spinacea oleracea. Nevertheless, further extensive studies are needed with several other native flora and indigenous halophytic taxa to find out their relative long-term (3-4 years) efficacy to extract salts from the saline soil to develop a plant based sustainable remediation technology for greening of saline wastelands in India.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical studies during organogenesis in callus culture of ballon vine (Cardiospermum halicacabum L.)(CCSHAU, 2006) Ashwani Kumar; Goyal, S.C.Present investigation was conducted on Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Family Sapindanceae) and attempts have been made for direct and indirect regeneration of plantlets from various explants viz., leaf, node and internode from in vivo grown plants. Metabolites, enzymes and protein profiles studies were also made during root and shoot differentiation from callus. All the three explants were cultured on MS medium with and without growth regulators like cytokinins and auxins at different concentrations alone or in combination with each other. All the three explants gave good parcentage of callus induction but the growth of callus was best from leaf explant on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (1.0 mg/l) + Kn (1.0 mg/l). The calli showed differentiation of root on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + NAA (0.3 mg/l) and shoot on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + NAA (0.1 mg/l). Decrease in metabolities like starch, reducing sugars, totals soluble sugar and total phenols while increase in total soluble proteins was found during root and shoot differentiation. Activities of enzymes viz. -amylase acid invertase and peroxidase decreased while acid protease activity increased during root and shoot differentiation. SDS-PAGE studies revealed the synthesis of four common protein ands (51.29, 46.77, 33.8 and 30.2 KDa) during differentiation of root and shoot. It was interesting to note the synthesis of one root specific protein band (85.1 KDa) and two shoot specific proteins bands (102.3 and 36.31 KDa) during differentiation.