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Open Access
Status and evaluation of herbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus L. and its management in wheat
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-12) Dahiya, Seema; Sewhag, Meena
Herbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus in wheat could be a major sustainability issue, which can put the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in IGP under serious threat. The investigation entitled “Status and evaluation of herbicide resistance in Rumex dentatus L. and its management in wheat” comprising of a wellstructured survey carried out during rabi season of 2018-19 (end of January to February 2019), a pot bioassay study conducted at screen house, CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Karnal during rabi season of 2018-19 and a two year field experiment, carried out during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at KVK, Panipat. The survey was conducted in three districts (Panipat, Karnal and Kurukshetra) of Haryana. Two blocks were selected from each district and two villages from each block and a total number of 120 farmers were covered from 12 villages involving 10 farmers from each village. The diagnostic survey in three districts of Haryana indicating that the use of metsulfuron-methyl is decreasing over the years from 61.1% in 2016-17 to 23.8% in 2018-19 and that of metribuzin is increasing from 6.49% in 2016-17 to 41.27% in 2018-19. Majority of farmers apply herbicide for control of R. dentatus during 35- 35 DAS. More than 80% farmers use flood jet/ cut nozzle instead of using recommended flat fan nozzle by only 19% of total farmers. Almost all farmers have heard about herbicide resistance (99.9%) and they follow herbicide rotation (85.8%) after an average of 2.04 years. Spraying was done mostly by hired labor (70.3%) but in the presence of farmers. Around 75% farmers do not follow crop rotation. Farmers perceptions about poor efficacy of herbicide were mainly poor quality of herbicide and herbicide resistance. Overall farmers assign first rank to 2,4-D with 1.36 rating and after 2,4-D, metribuzin was the second choice of farmers and assign 1.45 rating. Farmers have assigned 3rd position to clodinafop+ metribuzin with 2.07 rating. Metsulfuron-methyl was reported for not showing any control, so it was placed at last position by farmers with overall 2.96 rating. The numbers of farmers going for second spray was increased from 15.9% in 2016-17 to 55.6% in 2018-19 similarly numbers of farmers going for herbicide > 1 to 2 X dose of herbicide has been increased from 5.6% in 2016-17 to 53.0% in 2018-19. It may be concluded that there is problem with control of R. dentatus particularly by use of metsulfuron-methyl in Haryana. From pot bioassay study, it can be concluded that three biotype of R. dentatus viz.Ujha, Bhagwanpur and Gudha have been found resistance to metsulfuron-methyl at graded doses. None of the biotype was found resistance of carfentrazone-ethyl and 2,4-D. The findings of the study established that problem of resistance in R. dentatus in Haryana. From the field experiment, it can be concluded that pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1), 2,4-D ester (600 g ha-1), 2,4-D Na (1000 g ha-1), carfentrazone+ metsulfuron (25 g ha-1) were found at par to weed free treatment and also found as best treatments for controlling resistance population of R. dentatus and beside these carfentrazone-ethyl (20 g ha-1), 2,4-D amine (750 g ha-1) and metribuzin (210 g ha-1) were also found effective for controlling resistance population of R. dentatus. In nutshell, based on this study it may be concluded that resistance has started developing in R. dentatus against metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D, carfentrazone-ethyl, pendimethalin, carfentrazone+ metsulfuron and metribuzin could be used as alternate herbicide with proper spray techniques.
Open Access
Performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties for grain yield and malt quality at various nitrogen levels under saline water irrigation
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Amandeep Kaur; Satyavan
The present investigation entitled, “Performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties for grain yield and malt quality at various nitrogen levels under saline water irrigation” was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 with the objective to study the growth, yield, quality and radiation and thermal use efficiency of different barley varieties and to find out the optimum dose of nitrogen under saline water irrigation. The experiment was laid out in split plot design by keeping four varieties (BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and DWRB 101) in main plots and four nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 ) in sub plots with four replications. The crop was irrigated with saline water of ECiw 8.0 dS m -1 . Both 6-row barley varieties BH 902 and BH 946 recorded significantly higher growth attributes, number of grains spike-1 , straw yield and biological yield, while 2-row barley varieties BH 885 and DWRB 101 produced significantly higher number of effective tillers m-1 row length, spike length and 1000-grain weight. Maximum grain yield was produced by variety BH 946 which was statistically at par with variety DWRB 101 but was significantly higher than variety BH 902 and BH 885. On an average, variety BH 946 recorded highest grain yield of 51.51q ha-1 which was 5.1, 7.3 and 14.7% higher as compared to DWRB 101, BH 902 and BH 885, respectively. Both 2 rowed barley varieties BH 885 and DWRB 101 recorded significantly higher hectolitre weight, starch content and malt recovery as compared to BH 902 and BH 946, whereas protein content, diastatic power, α-amylase activity and Na: K in plants at spike initiation stage were significantly higher in 6-row barley varieties BH 902 and BH 946. Maximum radiation use efficiency and thermal use efficiency was recorded by variety BH 946 which was statistical at par with DWRB 101 and significantly higher than BH 902 and BH 885. Nitrogen application significantly increased all the growth and yield attributes of barley varieties. Each increment of nitrogen dose produced significantly higher grain yield up to 60 kg ha-1 and further increasing the nitrogen dose up to 90 kg ha-1 did not significantly influence the grain yield under saline irrigation water. Nitrogen application at 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 enhanced the grain yield by 25.3, 34.0 and 34.7%, respectively over control. Based on the regression equations and regression coefficients, the optimum dose of nitrogen for variety BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and DWRB 101 was found as 74.5, 74.9, 71.8, 69.2 kg ha-1 , respectively. Nitrogen application significantly enhanced the hectolitre weight, protein content in grains, α-amylase activity and diastatic power, while starch content, malt recovery and Na: K at spike initiation stage were significantly decreased.
Open Access
Temporal and spatial management for higher productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under changing climate scenario
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-10) Abhinaw Kumar Singh; Bikram Singh
The study entitle “Temporal and spatial management for higher productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under changing climate scenario”. was conducted with the following objectives: (i) To find out the optimum seed rate and row spacing for barley under different sowing dates. (ii) To study the growth, yield and quality of barley under different agronomic practices. (iii) To study the nutrient and soil moisture extraction by barley under different agronomic management practices. (iv) To work out the economics of different treatments. The present study was conducted at the Regional Research Station (Bawal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four dates of sowing viz., D1 (last week of October), D2 (1st week of November), D3 (2nd week of November) and D4 (3rd week of November) and two seed rates viz., recommended and 110 % of recommended were kept as main plot and three row spacings viz., 17.5 cm, 20 cm and 22.5 cm (recommended) as sub plot. The results of study revealed that all the Phenological, Growth and Physiological parameters; Yield and its attributes; Quality and Nutrient parameters, Water Use Efficiency and Net returns were significantly superior under D1 (last week of October), followed by D2, D3 and D4 in descending order except malt content sown crop under changing agro-climatic conditions of Haryana. Increasing seed rate from S1 @ 87.5 kg/ha to S2 @ 96.5 kg/ha had no significant effect on the above cited parameters under study. Row spacing 20 cm (R2) was found optimum than other spacings 17.5 cm (R1) and 22.5 cm (R3) and R2 had higher values of all the parameters. For achieving consistently higher grain yield and net returns from barley under changing climate, it should be sown between last week of October to 1st week of November with seed rate of 87.5 kg/ha and at a row spacing of 20 cm.
Open Access
Schedule of nitrogen application in rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by planting time
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Kavinder; Mangat Ram
A field experiment on rice crop was conducted during Kharif season of 2017 and 2018 at Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to find out optimum schedule of nitrogen application in rice under timely and late transplanting for getting higher yield. Soil of the experimental field was loamy in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.0), low in organic carbon (0.42%) and available nitrogen (103 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (26 kg/ha) and high in available potash (552 kg K/ha). The experiment consisted of three transplanting dates (P1: 3rd week of June, P2: 1st week of July, P3: 3rd week of July), four levels of N application (90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N/ha) and four timings of N application (T1: ½ at transplanting + ½ at 21 DAT, T2: ½ at 21 DAT + ½ at 42 DAT, T3: 1/3 at transplanting + 1/3 at 21 DAT + 1/3 at 42 DAT and T4: LCC based) laid out in split-plot design with transplanting dates and N levels in main plots and time of N application in sub-plots. The crop growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation were reduced significantly under late planting (P3) but grain quality parameters viz. hulling, milling and head rice recovery improved significantly under the late planting. The crop yield attributes (number of panicles/m2 and grains/panicle) and grain yield of rice crop were at par under earlier planting (P1 and P2) but reduced significantly under late transplanting (P3). Uptake of NPK by grain and straw and nitrogen use efficiency was higher with early planting. The yield attributes and yield (grain and straw) of the crop increased with every increase in N application rates but the response was significant up to 150 kg N/ha. Uptake of NPK increased but nitrogen use efficiency decreased with higher N levels. Application of N in three equal splits at 0 (transplanting), 21 and 42 days after transplanting (DAT) or as per LCC was found optimum as it gave the highest yield as well as nitrogen use efficiency. Interaction between transplanting time and N application levels was found significant in respect of grain yield/ha which revealed that a dose of 150 kg N/ha was sufficient in rice transplanted early (up to 1st week of July) whereas the late transplanted (3rd week of July) crop may be supplied with higher dose of N (180 kg/ha) to get higher yield. The highest yield was, however, obtained with the crop transplanted early (up to 1st week of July) and supplied with 150 kg N/ha.
Open Access
Evaluation of tall and dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for dual purpose under different seed and fertilizer levels
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07-15) Harender; Hooda, V. S.
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of tall and dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for dual purpose under different seed and fertilizer levels” was studied at Research farm of Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar during rabi season of the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with two wheat cultivars i.e. C 306 and WH 1105 taken in main plot with cut and no-cut management and two seed rates (100 kg & 125 kg/ha) with three fertilizer levels (100%, 115% and 130% RDF) in sub plot. It was found from the study that significantly higher dry matter accumulation, CGR, total tillers, effective tillers, spike length and number of grains/spike at harvest was recorded in WH 1105 over C 306. Whereas, significantly higher plant height and LAI was recorded in C 306 over WH 1105 during both the years sown at either seed rate and fertilizer levels. Significant increase in growth parameters and yield attributes was recorded in both wheat cultivars when fertilizer dose increased from 100% RDF to 130%, being at par with 115% RDF. Due to fodder cut at 60 DAS, significant reduction in growth parameters of both the cultivars was observed but grain yield of C 306 was not much affected significantly due to fodder cut when supplied with higher fertilizer dose of 115% RDF and 130% RDF even with recommended seed rate. WH 1105 was not found economical under dual purpose because of heavy growth and yield penalties. Therefore, C 306 may be a good choice for dual purpose crop which can provide fodder in lean period without affecting its yield if supplied with higher dose of fertilizer.
Open Access
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated condition
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02-13) Fazily, Tamim; Thakral, S.K.
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications consisting of ten treatments and the wheat variety was WH-1105. During both the years, application of 100% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost produced significantly higher plant height (99.33 and 102.27 cm) at harvest, Leaf area index (4.92 and 5.02) at anthesis, dry matter (235.77 and 243.61 g/mrl) at harvest and has taken significantly higher number of days to 50% heading (94.67 and 96.33), 50% anthesis (102.33 and 104.33) and maturity (150.00 and 153.33), produced significantly higher number of effective tillers (101.33 and 104.33 mrl-1) and test weight of 39.66 and 40.11 g during both the consecutive years, respectively, which was statistically at par with application of 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM and application of 100% RDN during both years of study. The significantly higher grain yield of 5654 and 5798 kg per hectare of wheat was produced with application of 100% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost during both the consecutive years, respectively, being statistically at par with application 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM and application of 100 RDN during both the years. Application of 100% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost produced 1.9 and 2.1 percent higher grain yield over application of 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM, 3.1 and 3.8 percent higher grain yield over application 100% RDN and 164.82 and 165.60 percent higher grain yield of wheat over control treatment during both the consecutive years of experiment, respectively. The straw yield of wheat followed same trend as grain yield of wheat during both the years. Application of 100% RDN + 25% N through vermicompost produced significantly higher protein content of 11.94 and 12.31 percent during both the consecutive years, respectively, followed by application of 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM and application of 100% RDN during both the years of study. The significantly higher benefit cost ratio (1.79 and 1.81) of wheat during both years, respectively, was obtained with application of 100% RDN being statistically at par with application of 100% RDN + 25% N through FYM during both years.
Open Access
Bio-efficacy of various herbicides in green gram, their dissipation behaviour and residual effect on succeeding mustard crop
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-10) Kumaresan, P.; Punia, S. S.
Green gram is grown under rainfed or irrigated conditions in wider rows, cultural and mechanical weed control practices could be rehearsed. Yet isn't constantly possible because of their high cost, non-accessibility of labour at right time, prevailing climatic conditions, long window of weed emergence in the growing season and persistent moisture amid rainy season is an issue which make it hard to expel within determined time when they cause most intense of damage to crop. Rather than blanket method, ―one soil-one crop-one dose‖ is the right approach to reduce the toxicity and residual effect as well prevent the herbicide resistant weeds. So, on considering this, the following entitled investigation, “Bio-efficacy of various herbicides in green gram, their dissipation behaviour and residual effect on succeeding mustard crop” has been carried out at Farm of Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. Residue analysis of soil conducted in laboratory study on dissipation behavior of imazethapyr+ pendimethalin (RM) and Iris (aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop 8% EC) RM in soil by GC-MS conducted in Residue Testing Laboratory of Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. Weed flora of the experimental field was dominated by Trianthema portulacastrum, Cyperus rotundus and other minor weeds. PRE application of pyroxasulfone alone at 127.5, 150 g ha-1 and tankmix (TM) combination of pyroxasulfone at 106 + 1000 g ha-1 provided good control of (90.7 and 88.3%) Cyperus rotundus up to 40 DAS. PoE application of Iris (aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop 8% EC) RM 245, 305 and 370 g ha-1 gave good control of Trianthema portulacastrum (94.8, 48.6, 92.5, and 83.2%) up to 40 DAS. At 20 and 40 DAS imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g ha-1 applied at PRE application provided maximum control of weeds which was at par with two hoeings employed at 20 & 40 DAS gave excellent control of complex weed flora and increased seed and biological yield of green gram significantly over weedy check during both the years. PoE use of imazethapyr 70 g ha-1, imazethapyr fb quizalofop 70+60 g ha-1 and PRE application of imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at 70 g ha-1 exhibited 18-23 % control of weeds with slight crop suppression which mitigated within 10-15 days after spray resulting maximum crop growth and seed yield. As the dose of of imazethapyr 70 g ha-1, imazethapyr fb quizalofop 70+60 g ha-1 and PRE application of imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at 70 g ha-1 and its combination applied in green gram as PRE and PoE increased from 52.8 to 82.8 and 56.5 to78.8 %, phytotoxicity on mustard increased singnificantly. Plant population, growth parameters viz. emergence, number of leaves, plant height, seed yield and biological yield also reduced significantly, during both the years. Residue analysis of experimental field soil by GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column revealed that percent recoveries at fortification level 0.003 and 0.006 μg/g in soils were 81.3 to 88.7 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics with a half-life of aciflourfen and clodinafop was 7.7 and 7.0 days when applied as 3-4 leaf stage, PRE application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g/ha. The imazethapyr residues on 0 day were observed to be 0.017 μg/g. The residues dissipate to 17.6, 59 and 70% on 3, 15 and 30 DAA with half -life period of 9.2 days following first order dissipation kinetics. The initial deposit of pendimethalin residues on 0 day were 2.65 μg/g. About 44% dissipation of residues was observed within 10 DAA and about 100% dissipation of residues was observed on 60 DAA. Half-life of imazethapyr+ pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g ha-1 and Iris (aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop 8% EC) RM as 370 g ha-1 was in order of PRE > PoE.
Open Access
Effect of rice genotypes under different establishment techniques and nitrogen levels on the productivity of rice-wheat cropping system
(CCSHAU, 2019) Neeraj Kumar; Thakral, S.K.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of rice genotypes under different establishment techniques and nitrogen levels on the productivity of rice-wheat cropping system” was conducted at farmer’s field in Karnal, Haryana during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. The treatments consisted of four rice crop establishment techniques viz. PTR (puddle transplant rice), Dry-DSR (direct seeded rice under dry conditions fb irrigation), Vattar-DSR (direct seeded rice under moist soil conditions) and ZTDSR (zero-till DSR) in main plots and three rice cultivars (PB 1121, PR 114 and Arize 6444) and two nitrogen levels viz. RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) and RDN+25%N in sub-plots. Zero-till (ZT) wheat was grown as succeeding rabi crop across all the treatments. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. PTR produced significantly more plant height and dry matter accumulation at 120 DAS than all DSR treatments. Number of tillers at all stages and number of panicles were higher under DSR treatments than PTR during both the years. Whereas, panicle length and grains panicle-1 were higher under PTR. Significantly, higher grain, straw and biological yield of rice was recorded under PTR in comparison to all DSR treatments during both year of study. PTR resulted in maximum gross returns whereas, maximum net returns were found under ZT-DSR treatment. Among rice cultivars, Arize 6444 produced maximum number of panicles m-2, number of grains panicle-1, grain and biological yield; whereas, maximum gross and net returns were recorded under PB 1121. Grain yield of basmati rice cultivar PB 1121 under DSR was similar to PTR, while coarse grain varieties (PR 114, Arize 6444) gave lower grain yield under DSR than PTR, indicating suitability of PB 1121 for direct seeding. RDN+25%N treatment resulted in higher growth and yield of rice crop compared to RDN during both the years. All varieties resulted in significantly higher grain yield under DSR with RDN+25%N than RDN, whereas both N doses were similar under PTR. ZT-wheat grown after DSR treatments produced significantly higher grain yield than after PTR. Among rice crop establishment methods, PTR produced maximum wheat equivalent system yield (138.69-145.61 q ha-1), maximum gross returns (Rs. 219094-221,850); whereas, ZT-DSR gave maximum net returns (Rs. 57,453-70,958 ha-1). Among rice cultivars, treatments under basmati PB-1121 resulted in maximum wheat equivalent system yield, gross and net returns in comparison to both the coarse grain varieties during both the years. Under DSR, 25% higher dose of N was beneficial than RDN.
Open Access
Status of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz. in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its management options
(CCSHAU, 2019) Raghuveer Singh; Yadav, Dharam Bir
Herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor in wheat is the major sustainability issue, which puts the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in IGP under serious threat. Therefore, the investigation entitled “Status of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz. in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its management options” comprised a well structured survey and a two year experiment was undertaken. The survey was carried out during rabi season of 2017-18 (end of January to February) in five districts (Yamuna Nagar, Kaithal, Karnal, Fatehabad and Rohtak) of Haryana. Two blocks were selected from each district and three villages from each block and a total number of 300 farmers were covered from 30 villages involving 10 farmers from each village. The field experiment (18 treatments of herbicides alone and in combination with pre and post application) was carried out during rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at CCSHAU, Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal The study revealed that at present farmers of Haryana are closely back to square one similar to the situation of herbicides resistance in P. minor in wheat in 1990’s and currently no herbicide is satisfactorily effective against resistant P. minor. Farmers are using every possible combination of herbicides in a hit and trial way and overall applying about three times recommended dose (X) of herbicides and still getting only 70-80% control. Farmers in Karnal applied more than four times and in Kaithal three and half times the recommended dose of different herbicides. Farmers accepted that clodinafop was not showing any results but still it is contributing about half of the total herbicide use. Sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden contributed one-fifth and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (ready-mix) contributed <5% to total herbicide use in wheat. Mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron provided good control, but farmers are sceptic due to its phyto-toxicity in wet conditions or overlapped/repeat spraying. Recently, farmers have started using pendimethalin (750-1000 g ha-1) as pre-emergence and metribuzin (50-140 g ha-1) as post-emergence tank-mix with already recommended herbicides to get desirable results. Few farmers reported that they applied metribuzin (175-350 g ha-1) at first irrigation by mixing with urea and found satisfactory control. Farmers also reported that zero-tillage reduced P. minor infestation to the extent of 15-20% than CT. More than 90% of farmers using 225-300 L water ha-1 instead of 500 L ha-1 and are using flood jet/cut or hollow cone nozzle instead of flat-fan nozzle. Most of farmers applied herbicides later than 40 DAS. All these factors further reduced herbicide efficacy. About half of farmers blamed that herbicides were poor in quality and rest believed that resistance has evolved due to mono-cropping, higher use of nitrogenous fertilizer (urea) and under/over-dose of herbicides. Overall, farmers are in terrible situation and spending lot of money and efforts to combat this dreaded weed in wheat in RWCS of Haryana. Contrary to farmers’ fields, recommended herbicides are still providing good control of P. minor at Research Farm, however there efficacy is also getting down. Yield loss could be restored by using already recommended herbicides in combination with pre-emergence herbicide pendimethalin or metribuzin. Overall, metribuzin (PRE) followed by sulfosulfuron (POE) (175 fb 25 g ha-1) was found to be the best treatment in terms of weed control efficiency (WCE), grain yield, gross return, net return and B-C ratio. Mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (ready-mix) alone and in combination with pre-emergence herbicides (pendimethalin or metribuzin) also performed well against weeds (P. minor as well as broadleaf) but its consistency was poor. Pyroxasulfone was best herbicide against P. minor with complete control, but was not found that effective against broadleaf weeds mainly Melilotus spp. and also caused crop phyto-toxicity at 128 g ha-1. Concerted efforts are required to educate the farmers on improved herbicide spraying techniques.

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