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2010 - 201744
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of irrigation and methods of nitrogen application on the yield and quality of barley under furrow irrigated raised bed system
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Vimal Kumar; Rathee, S.S.
    The field study entitled “Effect of irrigation and nitrogen application method s on yield and quality of barley under furrow irrigated raised bed system” was carried out during rabi season 2008- 09 and 2010-11 at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. Two separate experiments were conducted to fulfil the objective of this study. First experiment entitled “Effect of Irrigation levels on yield and quality of barley under furrow irrigated raised bed system” consisted of four methods of sowing viz. flat sowing, FIRBS 75 cm (2 rows), FIRBS 90 cm (2 rows) and FIRBS 90 cm (3 rows) in main plots and three irrigation levels viz., one irrigation (60 DAS), two irrigation (40 and 80 DAS) and three irrigation (40, 60 and 80 DAS) as sub plots. The second experiment entitled “Effect of methods of nitrogen application on yield and quality of barley under furrow irrigated raised bed system” consisted of three methods of sowing viz., FIRBS 75 cm (2 rows), FIRBS 90 cm (2 rows) and FIRBS 90 cm (3 rows) in main plot and four nitrogen application methods viz. Recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) applied before 1st irrigation by broadcasting, RDN applied after 1st irrigation by broadcasting, RDN applied before 1st irrigation top of bed, RDN applied after 1st irrigation top of bed as sub plot. Both experiments were conducted in split plots design keeping three and four replications in first and second experiments, respectively. Among methods of sowing of barley, FIRBS 90cm (3 rows) resulted in significantly higher grain, straw and biological yield as compared to FIRBS 90cm (2 rows), FIRBS 75cm (2 rows) and flat sowing. The better grain yield and straw yield in FIRBS 90cm (3 rows) resulted due to significant increase in productive tillers/m2. Among the different irrigation levels, application of two and three irrigations in barley being at par and significantly increased the number of productivity tillers/m2, dry matter accumulation, ear length, number of grains/ear head, 1000-grain weight, grain quality characters, malt yield, grain and straw yield as compared to one irrigation. Flat sowing with three irrigations resulted into highest consumptive use of water. Application of N on top of bed led to significant increase in plant height, productive tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation in barley over application of N by broadcasting. Further, N application on top of bed also brought about improvement in yield attributes viz. productive tillers/m2, ear length, number of grains/ear head and 1000 grain weight and consequently significant improvement in grain and straw yield over N application by broadcast. Application of N on top of bed increased the protein content, -glucan, hectoliter weight, husk content and decreased in the malt yield and hot water extract over N application by broadcasting, however N application before or after irrigation either on top of bed or broadcast did not reflect any significant variation in term of yield, yield attribute and quality parameters.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of transplanting time and planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of semi-dwarf Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sagwal, Vishal; Ishwar Singh
    A field experiment was conducted during summer (kharif) season of 2016 at College of Agriculture (Kaul), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, to study Effect of transplanting time and planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of semi-dwarf Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications keeping three time of transplanting viz., 1st week of July, 3rd week of July and 1st week of August in main plots and four planting geometries (15x15cm, 20x15cm, 30x20cm and Farmer’s practice) in sub plots. There was significant variation among different time of transplanting in respect of growth. Growth parameters were maximum in paddy transplanted in 1st week of July as compared to rest of the cultivars. The yield attributes as productive tillers/m2, panicle length and numbers of grains per panicle were significantly superior in paddy transplanted in 1st week of July. Early transplanting of paddy during 1st week of July proved significantly superior in terms of grain, straw and biological yield when compared to later transplanting i.e. 3rd week of July and 1st week of August. The difference was also significant between 3rd week of July and 1st week of August transplanting. The quality parameters of paddy transplanted in 1st week of July were significantly lower than delayed transplanting. Highest hulling and milling percent and head rice recovery was recorded with 3rd week of July transplanting which was statistically at par with 1st week of August transplanting. Early transplanting of paddy (1st week of July) had higher cost of cultivation, net returns and B:C ratio than delayed planting. Significantly taller plant height, greater number of tillers/m2 and higher dry matter accumulation was recorded with closer planting geometry (15x15cm). Growth parameters of 20x15cm planting geometry were higher than 30x20cm and transplanting with farmer’s practice. Closer planting geometry (15x15cm) produced significantly more effective tillers/m2 and longer panicles. Panicle length and number of productive tillers of 20x15cm planting geometry were also significantly higher than wider planting geometry (30x20cm and farmer’s practice). The grain, straw and biological yield of narrow (15x15cm and 20x15cm) planting geometry were found to be significantly higher than wide (30x20cm and Farmer’s practice) planting geometry. There was no significant difference in quality parameters of paddy with respect to planting geometry. Closer planting geometry of 15x15cm had highest cost of cultivation and produced highest gross returns but 20x15cm produced highest net returns. Low cost of cultivation of wider planting geometries (30x20cm and farmer’s practice) produced higher B:C ratio than narrow spaced geometries (15x15cm and 20x15cm).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of pearl millet to Rhizosphere biofertilizers and foliar application of Azotobacter isolate under rainfed conditions
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Savita; Anil Kumar
    The field experiment entitled “Response of pearl millet to Rhizosphere bioferilizers and foliar application of isolate under rainfed conditions” was conducted during the kharif season of 2016 at the Research Farm Area of Genetics and Plant Breeding of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar with the objective to study the effect of different bioinoculants (Biomix and Azotobacter) as seed treatment or foliar application along with and without recommended inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield, quality, microbial counts and economics of pearl millet. Twelve different nutrient management combinations i.e. T1 (Control) , T2 (Seed treatment with Biomix) , T3 ( Foliar spray of Azotobacter) isolate JFS5 @ 108cfu ml-1 at 15 DAS , T4 ( Foliar spray of Azotobacter isolate JFS5 @ 108 cfu ml-1 at 30 DAS) , T5 (RDF (40 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1) , T6 (75 % RDF (30 kg N + 15 kg P2O5 ha-1) , T7 (T5 + seed treatment with Biomix), T8 (T5 + foliar spray of Azotobacter isolate JFS5 @ 108 cfu ml-1 at 15 DAS), T9 (T5 + foliar spray of Azotobacter isolate JFS5 @ 108 cfu ml-1 at 30 DAS) , T10 (T6 + seed treatment with Biomix ), T11 ( T6 + foliar spray of Azotobacter isolate JFS5 @ 108cfu ml-1 at 15 DAS) and T12 (T6 + foliar spray of Azotobacter isolate JFS5 @ 108 cfu ml-1 at 30 DAS) was laid out in randomized block design along with three replications. The combined application of Biomix bioinoculants along with RDF (T7) significantly delayed various phenological events; wherein 50 percent flowering and physiological maturity was delayed by 4.0 and 3.7 days, respectively by this treatment compared to control. The growth parameters viz. plant height (cm), leaf area , total number of tillers plant-1 and dry matter accumulation plant-1 (g plant-1) as well as yield attributing parameters [number of ear heads plant-1, ear head length (cm), ear head girth (mm), test weight (g)] were also recorded significantly highest under this treatment T7. The crop growth indices i.e. LAI, LAD and CGR were found significantly higher in the treatments T7, T8, T9 and T10 over rest of the treatments. LAI was found maximum at 40 DAS and CGR and LAD between 20 and 40 DAS and thereafter, a decreasing trend was observed. The pearl millet grain and dry fodder yield were increased by 44.2% (33.40 q ha-1) and 42.4% (81.50 q ha-1), respectively under T7 treatment over the control (18.64 q ha-1 grain; 46.95 q ha-1 dry fodder yield). The N, P content and their uptake as well as in protein content in grain were also recorded higher in T7. The treatments involving biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizer improved the microbial population (Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria) as compared to inorganic fertilizers alone. The different microbial groups population were found more at boot stage compared to the dough stage. The highest gross returns (Rs. 59092 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 42484 ha-1) and B:C (3.56) were recorded highest the treatment T7- 40 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 + seed treatment with Biomix. The treatment resulted in Rs. 6208, Rs. 6158 and 0.37 more gross returns, net returns and B: C ratio over the T5 treatment and Rs. 25850, Rs. 24184 and 1.34 over the control, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Dahiya, Sucheta; Punia, S.S.
    A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at CIMMYT-CSISA Research Farm of CSSRI, Karnal to determine the ‘Effects of sowing dates and rice cultivars of different maturity classes under direct-seeded rice-wheat system’.The experiment was carried out in a split- plot design with four sowing dates and three cultivars during Kharif season viz. 10th June, 25th June, 10th July and 25th July as main plot treatment and three cultivars viz. Arize-6129, Arize- 6444 and Pusa-44 as sub plot treatment with three replications. During Rabi season sowing dates was 1st November, 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December and the cultivar of wheat used was HD- 2967.The growth parameters (number of established plant/m2, number of tillers/m2, periodic biomass accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes like number of panicles, filled and total florets per panicle, test weight decreased with delay in sowing dates. Paddy yield produced during 10th June and 25th June showed significantly at par yield with each other during 2014 and 2015 year of sowing. Rest of the treatments differs significantly with each other. Paddy yield decreased by 2.93, 19.57 and 56.20 % during 2014 and 2.96, 19.44 and 56.68 % during 2015 under 25th June, 10th July and 25th July sowing, respectively as compared to 10th June sowing. Early maturing cultivar Arize-6129 produced maximum growth parameters and yield attributes while the minimum with late maturing cultivar Pusa-44 during 2014 and 2015 experimental year. Arize-6129 (early maturing) and Arize-6444 (mid-maturing) showed significantly at par yield with each other. Yield reduction of 8.34 and 15.50 % during 2014, and 8.75 and 15.71 % during 2015 have been recorded with cultivar Arize-6444 and Pusa-44 as compared to Arize-6129. Net return (Rs/ha) was also recorded highest with sowing date of 10th June but B:C ratio was high with 25th June sowing date. Arize-6129 showed best results among others cultivar. Growth parameter (number of established plant/m2, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index) and yield attributes number of spike and test weight showed decreasing trend with delay in sowing date. There was significant increase in grain yield of wheat with the delaying of sowing dates, however, the grain yield recorded at 1st November (5497,5572 kg/ha) and 10th November (5394, 5497 kg/ha) was statistically at par with each other. Sowing date of 1st November produced 1.87, 9.46 and 18.52 % and 1.35,8.82 and 17.45% higher grain yield over 10th November, 23rd November and 6th December, respectively during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Profitability parameters were showed maximum at 1st November sowing date. System productivity also showed maximum yield when crop was sown on 10th June along with Arize-6129 cultivar. But B:C ratio was found maximum where the crop was sown on 10th June with Pusa-44. APSIM modulation was near to perfection as coefficient of regression was more than 0.8 for yield and biomass for both the rice and wheat. Hence, model fits very well for both the crops.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of imidazolinone herbicides in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and their persistence in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Mohammad, Irfan; Punia, S.S.
    The study an “Efficacy of imidazolinone herbicides in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and their persistence in soil” was studied through one field experiment on “Bioefficacy of imazethapyr and its ready-mix combination with imazamox (Odyssey) against weeds in green gram and their residual carryover effects on succeeding crop” conducted at Agronomy Research Area of Department of Agronomy, two pot experiments on “Degradation of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in sterilized and unsterilized soil” and “Persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) as affected by soil” conducted in Screen House of Department of Agronomy and one laboratory study on “Dissipation behavior of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in soil by GC-MS” conducted in Residue Testing Laboratory of Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. The major weed species in the experimental field were Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus. Other weeds present in experimental field were Convolvulus arvensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Celosia argentea, Physalis minima and Cynodon dactylon during both the years. Imazethapyr at 80 g/ha PPI and imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) at 1000 g/ha PRE (being at par with each other) gave excellent control of complex weed flora and increased seed and biological yield of green gram significantly over weedy check during both the years. As the dose of imazethapyr applied in green gram as PPI and POE increased from 70 to 80 g/ha, phytotoxicity on mustard increased singnificantly. Plant population, growth parameters viz. emergence, number of leaves, plant height, seed yield and biological yield also reduced significantly with increasing imazethapyr doses, during both the years. The experiment on effect of sterilization on persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) revealed that unsterilized soil resulted in better growth of mustard at each incubation period and concentration than sterilized soil. Half-life of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) were estimated to be 27 and 20 days in sterilized soil compared to 20 and 14 days in unsterilized soil, respectively. The studies on effect of soil texture on persistence of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) showed that reduction in growth indices viz. emergence per cent, plant height, number of leaves and dry weight per plant of mustard was significantly higher in clay loam soil than sandy loam and loamy sand soil at each concentration of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) and increased growth with increasing incubation periods. Growth of mustard decreased significantly as imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) concentration increased from 0 to 140 g/ha. The dry weight per plant decreased by 61 to 98 per cent in sandy loam, 42 to 92 per cent in loamy sand and 72 to 96 per cent in clay loam soil as imazethapyr concentration increased from 0 to 140 g/ha compared to 44 to 86 per cent in sandy loam, 27 to 86 per cent loamy sand and 61 to 90 per cent clay loam soil with imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in respective doses. Half-life of imazethapyr in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam was 20, 14 and 23 days as compared to 14, 9 and 12 days with imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) in respective soil textures. Residue analysis of experimental field soil by GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column revealed that per cent recoveries at fortification level 0.003 and 0.006 μg/g in both the herbicides were more than 80 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics with a half-life of imazethapyr was 25, 21 and 16 days when applied as PPI, PRE and POE at single dose (70 g/ha) as compared to 30, 25 and 18 days in double dose (140 g/ha), thereby shows greater persistence of imazethapyr when applied as PPI whereas, half-life of imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) was 20, 18 and 13 days at single dose (70 g/ha) as compared to 26, 21 and 16 days in double dose (140 g/ha) at respective times of application. Persistence of imazethapyr was found to be greater than imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) at all the application times (PPI, PRE and POE) and at both the doses, higher at double dose as compared to single dose for both the herbicides. Half-life of imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) was in order of PPI > PRE > POE.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, quality and seed yield of multicut oat (Avena sativa L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Monika; Sheoran, R.S.
    The field experiment entitled “Effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, quality and seed yield of multicut oat (Avena sativa L.)” was conducted during the rabi season of 2016-17 at the Forage Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar with the objective to study the effect of cutting management and phosphorus fertilization on forage yield, seed production, quality and economics of different treatments for oat. Treatment combinations comprised of eight cutting management treatments i.e. C1 (Seed to Seed), C2 (Fodder at 50% flowering), C3 (Fodder 60 DAS- Seed), C4 (Fodder 70 DAS- Seed), C5 (Fodder at 80 DAS- Seed), C6 (Fodder 60 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering), C7 (Fodder at 70 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering), C8 (Fodder 80 DAS- Fodder at 50% flowering) and four levels of phosphorus i.e. control, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental field low in available nitrogen (161 kg N/ha, medium in available), phosphorus (12 kg/ha, medium in availibity), K (252 kg/ha, slightly alkaline in reaction having pH 7.8). The results indicated that the highest fodder and dry matter yield was obtained when only one cut of fodder was taken at 50% flowering stage and it was statistically at par for green fodder yield with treatment where first cut for fodder was taken at 80 DAS and second cut at 50% flowering stage. Harvesting of fodder at 80 DAS gave significantly higher forage yield and seed yield than the harvesting at 60 or 70 DAS. Contrary to this, the straw yield and biological yield were significantly higher in the treatment when the crop was raised purely for seed purpose. Under dual system, delay in first cut i.e. from 60 to 80 DAS resulted in a significant increase in fodder yield, seed yield, crude protein yield and net returns over the earlier cuttings. Every incremental dose of applied phosphorus resulted in a significant improvement in forage, seed and straw yield as well as the quality parameters and nutrient uptake over the lower doses. Harvesting of fodder at 50% flowering stage only gave the highest net returns and B: C ratio, whereas, under dual system, maximum net returns as well as B: C ratio was realized when first cut was taken at 80 DAS and then the crop was left for seed purpose. Application of 40 kg P2O5/ha also resulted in the higher forage and seed yield along with maximum net returns.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Maninder Kaur; Jagdev Singh
    Phalaris minor, the ubiquitous weed of wheat is seriously affecting its productivity and profitability in the important grain producing state of Haryana. The menace of P. minor has worsened after it evolved herbicide resistance to wheat herbicides. For rational recommendation and implementation of management strategies, it is imperative to assess and quantify the level of resistance in P. minor populations. Therefore, three experiments were conducted under the investigation entitled, “Studies on herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through herbicide mixtures in wheat” at screen house of Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar and farmer’s field at Nangla, Fatehabad. In experiment I (pot study), the level of resistance of fifteen P. minor populations to clodinafop, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron at their graded doses (0, ½X, X (Recommended dose), 2X) was assessed and quantified. In experiment II (pot study), the efficacy of EC (emulsifiable concentrate) and CS (capsule suspension) formulations of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 applied alone and in mixture with metribuzin 150 g ha-1 at field capacity and 75 per cent field capacity against resistant and susceptible P. minor and wheat was evaluated. In experiment III (field study), the efficacy of pendimethalin 1.0 and 1.5 kg, metribuzin 150 g, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron 32 g, pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g, sulfosulfuron 25 g, pinoxaden 60 g and clodinafop 60 g ha-1 applied in mixtures and sequences against resistant P. minor was evaluated. In experiment I, P. minor populations Naggal, Ambala and Kalvehri, Karnal exhibited multiple herbicide resistance. Naggal, Ambala was 13-, 18-, 26- and 22-fold resistant to clodinafop, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively and Kalvehri, Karnal was 15-, 29- and 16-fold resistant to pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, respectively. All the tested populations were resistant to ACCase inhibitors with more number of populations being highly resistant to clodinafop than pinoxaden. However, majority of the populations were susceptible to ALS inhibitors. In experiment II, the efficacy of PRE pendimethalin EC alone and in mixture with metribuzin against resistant P. minor was reduced by 52 and 35.5 per cent when applied at 75 per cent field capacity. Whereas, PRE or EPOE pendimethalin CS alone or in mixture with metribuzin was equally effective at both the levels of field capacity and recorded full control of resistant P. minor. Both the formulations were safe to wheat and slight metribuzin sensitivity on wheat was recorded. In experiment III, sequential application of PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 and PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1 reduced density of P. minor to 10-16 and 16-20 plants m-2, respectively compared to alone PRE and POE herbicide (48-88 plants m-2) and weedy treatments (143-163 plants m-2). These treatments caused 86- 92 per cent reduction in dry weight of P. minor and were also highly effective against broadleaf weeds causing 85-91 per cent reduction in their dry weight. Grain yield of wheat increased significantly by 69-78 per cent with PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1 due to significant increase in yield attributes. Maximum gross as well as net returns and benefit:cost ratio were obtained under PRE pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 or mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 14.4 g ha-1. Alone PRE or POE herbicides provided ineffective control of P. minor (43-68 per cent) and recorded lower grain yield and benefit:cost ratio. The results indicated evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in P. minor and its possible management could be achieved with sequential application of herbicide mixtures in wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of seed rates, rice residue and weed management on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and wheat productivity
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Vinay Kumar; Samar Singh
    The present investigation entitled, “Influence of seed rates, rice residue and weed management on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and wheat productivity” was conducted at research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal during winter 2014-15 and 2015-16. In Experiment-I, 3 levels of residue mulch (0, 4 and 8 t ha-1) in main plots; 2 wheat seed rates (100 and 125 kg ha-1) in sub plots; and 5 weed control treatments (weedy check, weed-free, pendimethalin + metribuzin PRE, pendimethalin + metribuzin PRE fb sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron POE and pyroxasulfone PRE fb sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron POE) in sub-sub plots were tested to evaluate the influence of residue mulch, seed rates and herbicides on weed dynamics, herbicide efficacy and productivity of zero-till (ZT) wheat. In experiment-II, 16 herbicide combination treatments including pre-emergence (PRE), post-emergence (POE), sequential application of PRE/ early POE fb POE, POE fb POE herbicides; weedy and weed free checks were evaluated in wheat sown with turbo happy seeder (ZT + residue). In Experiment-III, combinations of six rice residue (chopped) amounts (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 t ha-1) and five herbicide treatments (pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin + metribuzin and untreated control) were evaluated for the control of seeded Phalaris minor; and herbicides were applied as PRE onto residue mulch. For experiment IV &V, two PRE herbicides viz. pendimethalin and metribuzin at different application rates were placed either on the top or below three residue (loose) amounts (0, 6 and 9/12 t ha-1) to examine their efficacy against seeded P. minor in field. Experiment III, IV and V were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Rice residue mulch of 8 t ha-1suppressed most of the weed flora under study; however magnitude of suppression was higher for some weeds (Coronopus didymus, Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis, Rumex dentatus and Phalaris minor) than others (Melilotus alba, Medicago denticulata and Lathyrus aphaca). Increase in wheat seed rate from 100 to 125 kg ha-1 caused 11-20% reduction in total weed density and biomass under weedy conditions, though, suppressive effect of higher seed rate was not so evident with effective herbicides. Higher seed rate significantly improved crop emergence through heavy residues and consequently spike density and grain yield. Interaction effects showed that integration of higher seed rate (125 kg ha-1) + PRE herbicide mixture (pendimethalin 1.5 + metribuzin 0.210 kg ha-1, applied beneath the mulch) + 8 t ha-1 rice residue mulch, reduced the weed density and biomass close to zero in ZT wheat. This treatment combination also resulted in grain yield (5.17-5.74 t ha-1) comparable to weed-free (5.22-5.77 t ha- 1) and highest benefit-cost ratio (2.39-2.69). Dissipation of pendimethalin and metribuzin from soil surface was found slower when applied beneath 8 t ha-1 mulch than bare soil. In wheat sown with turbo happy seeder (ZT + rice residue), application of pendimethalin/pyroxasulfone + metribuzin onto mulch either as PRE with high carrier volume (1000 L ha-1) or as EPOE just before first irrigation (20 days after sowing) improved herbicide penetration through mulch and provided satisfactory weed control (85-90%); and grain yield similar to weed-free. In experiment III and IV, when P. minor was seeded alone, increase in residue amount successively reduced P. minor emergence compared to no-residue. However, corresponding reduction in biomass was not observed. PRE herbicides, when applied onto residue, higher application rates or mixture of two herbicides didn’t provide satisfactory control of P. minor. Remarkably in experiment V, pendimethalin 1.0 and 1.5 kg ha-1 PRE, when applied beneath 12 t ha-1 residue mulch resulted in 100% control of P. minor. Pendimethalin, if to be applied beneath 12 t ha-1 mulch, its dose can be reduced by 33 to 50% while maintaining 95-100% control of P. minor. The information obtained from this study will facilitate proactive management of herbicide resistant weeds through synergistic integration of PRE herbicides and other non-chemical tools; and to reduce herbicide use in wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties to metribuzin based herbicide mixtures
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sarita Rani; Suresh Kumar
    The field study was carried out during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design keeping three replications with the treatments consisting of five wheat varieties (WH 1105, HD 2967, DPW 621-50, WH 1124 and DBW 17) in main plots and six weed management practices viz, metribuzin (210 g ha-1), metribuzin + fenoxaprop (150 + 100 g ha-1), metribuzin + pinoxaden (150 + 40 g ha-1) metribuzin + clodinafop (150 + 45 g ha-1), weed free and weedy check in sub plots. The wheat varieties did not affect the weed density and weed dry matter accumulation. Variety WH 1105 resulted in maximum growth and yield parameters, except plant height and 1000-grain weight, producing maximum grain, straw and biological yield resulting into maximum net returns and B:C ratio, which was at par with HD 2967 and DPW 621-50, but statistically better than DBW 17 and WH 1124. Among the herbicides, minimum density of grassy and total weeds and dry matter accumulation by them at all stages at and after 60 DAS was observed with metribuzin + fenoxaprop, being at par with other two combinations of metribuzin, whereas, density and dry matter of broad leaf weeds minimum with metribuzin alone (210 g ha-1). Maximum gross returns of wheat crop were found with weed free, however, maximum net returns and B: C ratio of wheat were obtained in metribuzin + fenoxaprop followed by metribuzin + pinoxaden and metribuzin + clodinafop. Any of the herbicide treatment did not exhibit serious phytotoxicity to wheat crop as well as residual toxicity to fodder maize.