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Open Access
Microclimate modification and simulation studies on pigeonpea under semi-arid conditions
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Rahul; Khichar, M.L.
Field experiment entitled ―Microclimate modification and simulation studies on pigeonpea under semi-arid climatic conditions‖ were conducted during kharif season (2020 and 2021) at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29º 10´ N latitude, 75º 46´ E longitude and 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was put in a factorial randomized block design and comprised of three plant spacing (main plot treatments) viz. S1- 30 × 10 cm, S2- 40 × 10 cm, S3- 60 × 10 cm and four sub plot treatments comprising four varieties viz. V1 (Paras), V2 (Manak), V3 (PAU 881) and V4 (Pusa 992) with three replications. Spacing 60 × 10 cm and Pusa 992 took more number of days to attain physiological maturity in both the crop seasons. Higher plant height was recorded in spacing 30 × 10 cm and Pars in both the crop seasons. Maximum dry matter was observed in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Maximum LAI and chlorophyll content was recorded in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. LAI and chlorophyll content increases with the advancement of crop growth intervals and reach maximum at 130 DAS and then gradually decrease up to 150 DAS. Maximum primary and secondary branches per plant were observed in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Test weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Paras in both the crop seasons. Highest GDD, HTU and PTU were recorded in 60 × 10 cm spacing and Pusa 992 from seedling emergence to physiological maturity in both the crop seasons. The temperature profiles were inverse in morning hours and lapse in evening hours. The relative humidity profiles were lapse inside the crop canopy throughout the day but profiles were near iso-humic at 0900 in the morning during various growth stages during both crop seasons. Simulation performance of model showed an underestimation with days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, LAI and biological yield, while, Harvest index and seed yield was overestimated by the model.
Open Access
Appraisal of aquacrop model for barley crop production under semi-arid conditions in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Bassi, Navreet; Surender Singh
Barley is one of the most important cereals of the world. It is cultivated in almost all parts of the world except the tropical regions. Barley is a major source of food for larger number of people living in the cooler semi-arid regions of the world where wheat and other cereals are less adapted. The present study entitled “Appraisal of AquaCrop Model for barley crop production under semi-arid conditions in Haryana” was conducted in Research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar for two seasons 2019-20 and 2020-21. Barley crop was sown in four different dates: 15th November 2019 and 28th November 2020 (D1), 30th November 2019 and 14th December 2020 (D2), 15th December 2019 and 28th December 2020 (D3) and 30th December 2019 and 8th January 2021 (D4). Four cultivars selected for the study were BH 393 (V1), BH 902 (V2), BH 393 (V3) and BH 885 (V4). The objectives of the experiment were, (i) To evaluate AquaCrop model for barley crop for semi arid conditions in Haryana, (ii) To estimate barley crop water productivity (CWP) in different growing environments, and (iii) To compare yield response of barley crop in different growing environments. During the experiment, observations were recorded for plant growth parameters, soil moisture content at various depths (15, 30, 60 and 90 cm), soil temperature at 15 and 30 cm depth, micrometeorological parameters and yield and yield attributes. The AquaCrop was evaluated using the observed parameters recorded during the two-season experiment. From the experiment it was concluded that, the AquaCrop model overestimated the grain yield of varieties BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and underestimated the yield of BH 393. The model showed a closer estimate with the crop sown in November than in crop sown in second fortnight of December or later. After the evaluation of the model it was concluded that AquaCrop can effectively work for the semi-arid conditions of Haryana for November sown crop. The CWP was observed to be higher inseason 2020-21 than season 2019-20. November sown crop showed a higher CWP than December and January sown crop. BH 885 showed the maximum CWP than other varieties. November sown crop showed a higher yield and plant growth parameters than December and January sown crop and BH 885 showed a higher yield and plant growth parameters.
Open Access
Sensitivity analysis for potato crop under different climate change scenarios in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Rajesh Kumar; Dagar, C.S.
The experiment entitled, “Sensitivity analysis for potato crop under different climate change scenarios in Haryana” was conducted at Agricultural Meteorology Research Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar, during Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was comprised of four planting dates (main plot treatments) viz. D1- 10th October, D2- 25th October, D3- 10th November and D4- 25th November and sub plot treatments comprising three different varieties viz. V1- Kufri Bahar, V2- Kufri Pushkar and V3- Kufri Lima during both the crop seasons. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design with four replications. Different agrometeorological indices viz. AGDD, AHTU, APTU, RUE and TUE accumulation was significantly higher under D2 sown crop at various phenophases. Among different sowing dates, D2- 25th Oct sown crop resulted in better overall growth as compared to D1, D3 and D4 sown crops in both the crop seasons. During crop season 2019-20, D4 sown crop was recorded highest tuber yield, whereas, in 2020-21, D2 sown crop. While, among varieties, Kufri Pushkar attained better growth and produced highest tuber yield with better yield attributes as compared to Kufri Bahar and Kufri Lima, in both the crop seasons. The micrometeorological parameters, among different planting dates were performed better in 25th October sown crop. Tuber yield was positively and significantly correlated with RHm, Rhe, BSH and RF, whereas, significantly and negatively correlated with Tmin. However, it was showed positive and significant correlation with LAI, total dry matter and absorbed PAR at tuber bulking stage. APSIM-Potato model was calibrated for 2019-20 and derived their genetic coefficients and further outputs were validated for second year (2020-21) experiments. The results revealed that simulated values of days taken for emergence, tuber initiation, physiological maturity, maximum LAI and tuber yield were in good agreement with observed values for Hisar conditions. The model under estimated the days taken for emergence whereas, over estimated the days taken for tuber initiation, physiological maturity, maximum LAI and tuber yield in majority of the treatments. The model has proved to be a suitable tool for optimization in potato management, prediction of phenology and estimating potential yield. Among different projected periods 2040s, 2060s 2080s and for all four projected climate change scenarios viz. RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5, the lowest maximum leaf area index and tuber yield was found under projected period 2080s in RCP 8.5 projected climate change scenario in D2 (25th Oct) sown crop and Kufri bahar variety.
Open Access
Study on effect of climate variability on fruit crops in Haryana state
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02-14) Khan, Gowhar Bashir; Dagar, C.S.
The present study entitled “Study on effect of climate variability on fruit crops in Haryana” was conducted inall the districts of Haryana. The objectives of the study were to investigate the spatio-temporal changes in fruit production and to examine the effect of temperature and rainfall on fruit production in Haryana state. Regression equation was used to analyze the temporal variation in the area and productivity of fruit crops (Mango, guava, citrus, ber, grape, aonla and chiku) while Arc-GIS software was used to analyze the spatial variation. Correlation analysis was carried to evaluate the impact of weather characteristics such as rainfall, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature on the yield of fruit crops. In majority of the district of Haryana average annual maximum temperature during second and third decade saw a decreasing trend. While the average annual minimum temperature was saw an increasing trend during second decade in districts Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Mewat, Palwal, Panipat and Sirsa. The scenario was similar in third decade except for district Mewat where it decreased by 1 °C. In all the districts of Haryana there was decrease in annual average rainfall in second decade than first decade except in the districts Ambala, Hisar and Jind. During the third decade there was decrease in annual average rainfall than second decade in the districts viz., Ambala, Bhiwani, Charkhi dadri, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Mewat, Palwal, Panchkula, Rewari and Rohtak whereas Jind, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Mewat, Panipat, Sirsa and Yamunanagar observed increase in rainfall. The decreasing temporal trend in productivity was observed for grapes in Hisar and Sirsa, ber in Fatehabad, Jind, Sirsa, and Mewat; guava in Mewat; and aonla in Panchkula, Hisar, Sirsa, and Mewat. Likewise, the temporal trend in area of grapes in Hisar and Sirsa showed a drastic decreasing trend, as did that of ber in Hisar, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Rohtak, and Kaithal, mango in Panchkula, Panipat and Sonipat, guava in Panchkula, chiku in Ambala and aonla in Gurgaon. Fruit crops which showed a decreasing temporal trend in productivity in a particular district were significantly and negatively correlated with one or all of the weather parameters in that district. Similarly, fruit crops which showed an increasing temporal trend in productivity in a particular district were significantly and positively correlated with one or all of the weather parameters in that district.
Open Access
Analyzing spectro-thermal characteristics and their relationship with yield in mustard
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Ankit; Anurag
Field experiment entitled “Analyzing spectro-thermal characteristics and their relationship with yield in mustard” was conducted during rabi season (2022-23) at Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29º 10´ N latitude, 75º 46´ E longitude and 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was put in a randomized complete block design and comprised of two irrigation environments viz. irrigated and non-irrigated and three sub plot treatments comprising three varieties viz. V1 (RH 725), V2 (RH 749) and V3 (RH 761) and with four replications. Results revealed that Irrigated crop and RH 749 took a greater number of days to attain physiological maturity in the crop season. Highest GDD, HTU and PTU were recorded in irrigated conditions and RH 749 from seedling emergence to physiological maturity during the crop season. The spectral reflectance in blue, green and red band was observed maximum under non-irrigated conditions except NIR band. All the spectral indices i.e., NDVI, EVI, IPVI, DVI, Green NDVI, MSAVI2, WBI and NDWI were observed maximum in irrigated conditions except GRVI. All the greenness-based indices (Green NDVI, GRVI, DVI, IPVI and NDWI) were significantly correlated with yield during the early stages of crop growth whereas, all the water-based indices (WBI, MSAVI2 and NDWI) were significantly correlated with yield during the later stages of crop. Highest regression coefficient with spectral indices was recorded with yield followed by the crop canopy temperature, leaf area index and dry matter. Higher plant height was recorded in irrigated crop and RH 761 variety during the crop season. Maximum dry matter was observed in irrigated conditions and RH 749 during the crop season. Maximum LAI and chlorophyll content were recorded in irrigated crop and RH 761 and RH 749 respectively, during the crop season. LAI and chlorophyll content increased with the advancement of crop growth stages and reached maximum at 50 % flowering stage and then gradually decreased up to physiological maturity. Test weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest in irrigated conditions during the crop seasons.
Open Access
Evapotranspiration and yield estimation in Potato Crop using CROPWAT Model in Diverse Growing Environments
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Azmeena Mehjabin; Surender Singh
The field study entitled “Evapotranspiration and Yield Estimation in Potato Crop using CROPWAT Model in Diverse Growing Environments” was conducted at University Research farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2022-23 season (Lat.: 29° 10 N; Log.: 75° 46 E; Alt.: 215.2 m). The study comprised of four sowing dates i.e., D1 (8th November), D2 (18th November), D3 (28th November) and D4 (8th December) and three different varieties i.e., V1 (Kufri Bahar), V2 (Kufri Pushkar) and V3 (Kufri Lima). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. With respect to agrometeorological indices, the highest GDD, HTU, PTU, HYTU were accumulated in crop sown on 18th November (D2) and in the variety V3 (Kufri Lima). All growth factors viz., number of tubers produced per plant, tuber yield, haulm yield, dry matter was found highest in D2 among the different dates of sowing and in Kufri Pushkar among the different varieties. Evapotranspiration (ET) worked out through CROPWAT 8.0 was found to be the lesser in D2. At physiological maturity, phenology showed high positive significant correlation with GDD, HTU and PTU. WUE derived from ET and yield was recorded highest in D2 sown crop i.e., on 18th November and the higher number of negative values of the difference between canopy and air temperature in D2 revealed that it felt comparatively lesser stress. WUE showed significant positive correlation with ET and tuber yield. CROPWAT is an effective model for estimation of evapotranspiration. The results obtained from CROPWAT was consistent with the field data, indicating its reliability and accuracy. This ability to accurately estimate evapotranspiration makes CROPWAT a highly valuable and reliable tool for assessing and optimizing water use efficiency in agricultural systems and also predicting productivity and yield of the crop even before the it reaches its maturity phase and start producing the yield; provided we have an idea of the water use efficiency of the crop. Its importance in agricultural water management is shown by its reliable performance and usefulness.
Open Access
Study of microclimate in Pearl millet genotype under different growing environments
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07-26) Harshana; Anil Kumar
Field experiment entitled “Study of microclimate in pearl millet genotype under different growing environments” was conducted during kharif season (2020 and 2021) at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar which is located at 29° 10´ N latitude, 75° 46´ E longitude with 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was carried in a factorial RBD design that comprised of three sowing dates viz. D1 – 2nd fortnight of June; D2 – 1st fortnight of July and D3 – 2nd fortnight of July; and three different genotypes viz. V1 (GHB 558), V2 (HHB 67 improved) and V3 (HHB 272) during crop season 2020 and 2021, respectively with four replications. Crop growth and development i.e. the phonological phases, plant height, no. of tillers/ plant, leaf area index, CCI and dry matter accumulation were higher in D1 and V1 under different growing environments and genotypes. Among all the treatments, D1 recorded higher grain (3726 and 3576 kg/ha ) and biological yields (13863 and 13442 kg/ha) ) during crop season 2020 and 2021, respectively. The higher grain and biological yields were recorded during crop season 2020 as compared to crop season 2021. The highest grain and biological (3767 and 13444 kg/ha during crop season 2020) and (3642 and 13043 kg/ha during crop season 2021) were recorded in V1, respectively. Maximum soil moisture content was recorded in early sown crop during both the crop seasons. 2021 crop seasons had high soil moisture content as compared to crop season 2020. Among different growing environments, morning soil temperature was observed significantly higher in D1 at 5 and 10 cm depth and lower was in D3 at 5 cm depth during both the crop seasons. Among different growing environments, the higher chlorophyll content value was significantly observed in D1 as compare to other sowing dates, highest intercepted PAR were observed in D1 sown crop at various growth intervals during both crop seasons. Among genotypes during both crop seasons crop at various growth intervals, V1 (GHB 558) received higher intercepted PAR. All the agrometeorological indices were consumed more by D1 at different phenophases among different growing environments during both the crop seasons. Among genotypes, the indices were consumed highest by V1 (GHB 558). Among micrometeorological studies, the absorbed PAR was higher in D1 and was maximum in V1 (GHB 558) under varying growing pearl millet genotypes during both crop seasons. The net radiation was higher at anthesis stage. The higher canopy temperature Tc was observed late sown crop during two years study. The temperature profiles were lapse within the canopy throughout the day. The relative humidity profiles were lapse throughout the day inside the crop canopy but profiles were near iso-humic in the morning at 9:00 hours at different crop growth stages during both crop seasons.
Open Access
Study of weather and spectral parameters in Potato crop under different growing environments
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-07) Saini, Saloni; Anil Kumar
The field study entitled “Study of weather and spectral parameters under different growing environments” was carried out at University Research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2021-22 season (Lat.: 29° 10 N; Log.: 75° 46 E; Alt.: 215.2 m). The study was comprised of four sowing dates as factor (A) namely (D1) -16th November, (D2) – 22nd November, (D3) – 30th November and (D4) – 7th December, comprising three different cultivars factor (B) viz. (V1)- Kufri Bahar, (V2)-Kufri Pushakr, and (V3)-Kufri Lima. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design with four replications. With respect to agrometeorological indices highest GDD, HTU, PTU were accumulated in crop sown on 30th November (D3) and in variety Kufri Lima (V3) and highest TUE and RUE were found in crop sown on 22nd November (D1) and in variety Kufri Pushkar compared to others. Tuber yield and haulm yield was recorded highest in D2 under different growing environments. Highest chlorophyll content was recorded in crop sown on 16th November (D1) and negative value of difference between canopy and air temperature revealed that crop feels no stress. The value of NDV1 was recorded highest in D2. Negative significant correlation of NDVI existed with Tmax, RHe and RF whereas positive correlation existed with LAI, dry matter and tuber yield. Variable reflectivity signature was observed, NDVI were varies among the growing environment at physiological maturity.
Open Access
Spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration in different agro-climatic zones of Haryana
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09-21) Punia, Rahual; Anurag
Evapotranspiration is the integrated process of evaporation and transpiration and is affected by meteorological variables, crop characteristics, and management practices, as well as environmental characteristics. There have been many studies in the estimation of ETo around the world. Evapotranspiration plays an important role in maintaining water balance of terrestrial ecosystem and for irrigation scheduling in crop production. The present study was carried out at Deptt. of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU Hisar, to compute spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration at different location of Haryanaviz. Ambala, Karnal, Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa that are evenly distributed in two agro-climatic zones of Haryana. The study was based on PET calculation by maximum and minimum temperature using Thornthwaite method. The calculated values were interpreted on monthly as well as seasonal scales. Highest normal annual PET was at Sirsa with 5.5 mm/day followed by Bawal (4.72 mm/day), Hisar (4.55 mm/day), Ambala (4.34 mm/day) and Karnal (4.14 mm/day). The annual PET had an increasing trend as per MK test at all locations. Sirsa and Ambala had significant +ve trends. In Kharif season, Sirsa had highest PET while in Rabi, Ambala showed highest value of normal PET. An increasing trend was observed at all locations during Kharif and Rabi seasons but significant trends were revealed at Sirsa and Ambala in Kharif, and Bawal and Ambala in Rabi seasons. In winter season (January-February) all stations had a decreasing trend of PET with significant decreasing trends at Karnal location. On monthly scale, June had the highest and January had the lowest value of PET in Haryana as observed at all five locations.Month of October observed with significantly increasing trends in PET at all locations expect for Karnal. January and December months observed with decreasing trends at all location. Overall, for the state of Haryana as a whole, 4.56 mm/day was found as a normal annual potential evapotranspiration, likewise seasonal normal were 7.6 mm/day in Kharif, 1.5 mm/day in Rabi, 0.6 mm/day in winter, 5.5 mm/day in pre monsoon, 7.8 mm/day in monsoon and 1.9 mm/day in post monsoon period.

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