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Open Access
Economic evaluation of climate smart agriculture technologies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Manpreet Kaur; Malik, D. P.
Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach which guides the actions to transform and re-orient the system of agriculture to increase agricultural productivity sustainably, adaptation to climate change and reduction of greenhouse gases emission. The climate smart agriculture technologies constituents a set of technologies grouped together to form five major components; carbon and energy smart technologies, knowledge smart technologies, nutrient smart technologies, water smart technologies and weather smart technologies. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of cultivators from both climate smart villages (CSVs) and non-climate smart (Non-CSVs) villages of both Kurukshetra and Sirsa districts selected purposively from east and west agro-climatic zone of Haryana. In Kurukshetra district, the increase in the returns over cost A2 + FL in CSVs as estimated through propensity score matching was found to be ₹3898.75, ₹6397.19 and ₹11457.74 for a hectare paddy, wheat and mustard, respectively with the adoption of CSA technologies. In Sirsa district, per hectare increase in returns over cost A2 + FL as estimated through PSM was calculated to be ₹6977.13, ₹10477.88, ₹7577.18 and ₹8859.20 for paddy, wheat, cotton and rice, respectively in CSVs. For cattle enterprise, an increase in returns over variable cost for both Kurukshetra (₹37.71 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹42.45 animal-1 day-1) was estimated by PSM. Similarly, increment in returns over variable cost for buffalo were attained in CSVs of Kurukshetra district (₹45.87 animal-1 day-1) and Sirsa district (₹78.93 animal-1 day-1). Based on DID technique, increase of total farm income in Kurukshetra district (₹194074.30) and Sirsa district (₹92648.04) were attained in CSVs over non-CSVs. Pathway analysis revealed that CSA technologies had been proved to be very successful in attaining the goals of food security, adaptation and mitigation. The Improved crop varieties, laser land leveler, concentrate feeding for livestock, happy seeder, ICT based agro-met advisories, crop insurance and contingent crop measures were identified as high rated technologies whereas, zero till drill, green manuring, SSNM, super seeder, fodder management, intercropping with legumes were medium or poor rated technologies. The major constraints identified like land holding status, low education and skills, low profitability, lack of adequate credit facilities, delayed release of subsidies and lack of capacity building of cultivators were causing hindrance in the adoption of CSA technologies.
Open Access
Economic analysis of chemical fertilizer use in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Sharma, Nitin; Pannu, R S.
Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in foodgrain production. the effectiveness of fertiliser in enhancing crop productivity is apparent, excessive fertiliser usage has negative environmental repercussions because nutrients pollute the hydrosphere or biosphere. In view of the aforementioned facts, the current research will focus on an economic analysis of chemical fertiliser usage in India the study used both primary and secondary data to fulfil the objective of the study. The present study was conducted in four districts (two from each zone) of Haryana, namely Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad and Yamuna Nagar districts, based on the fertilizer consumption under major crops during 2018-19. Both primary, as well as secondary data, were used for attaining the objectives of the study. The growth of consumption was positive during the period from 1990-91 to 2019-20 Thus, there was considerable increase consumption of fertilizer. Except from the period 2010-11 to 2019-20, phosphorus and potash show negative growth rate. Intensity of fertilizer use was highest in Bihar followed by Pondicherry, Punjab and Haryana. Highest production of fertilizer was in Uttar Pradesh Followed by Maharashtra, UP, MP and Punjab. Whereas Haryana was at rank 13 with the consumption of 1410.45 thousand tonnes in 2019-20. There is increasing trend in the consumption of Urea, DAP, MOP and CAN except CAN. The Paddy wheat cropping system was one of the most prominent cropping systems. Cotton wheat cropping system was second most preferred system followed by the farmers. In BR  W cropping system there was negative technology gap, in case of nitrogen and phosphorus there was negative and low technology gap, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium negative. In NBR  W cropping system there was negative and very low technology gap in case of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in case of potash technology gap was Medium and positive. In all other cropping system technology gap was medium to high and positive which means the consumption of fertilizer is low as compare to recommendation. Area Under HYV, cropping intensity had signification effect on consumption of fertilizer in Haryana where as in case of Yamuna Nagar and Faridabad price of potash was found to be negative and statistically significant. The results depicted the government policy impact the consumption on fertilizer which affect the balance use of fertilizer. From the results we conclude that policy has direct impact on prices of fertilizer which affect the purchasing power of farmers.
Open Access
Socio-economic impact of agro-meteorological advisory services in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Nisha; Malik, D. P.
Weather's effects on agricultural operations and farm production show how it affects farmers' livelihoods. Inspiring farmers to organise and employ their own resources in order to reap the tremendous rewards is possible with the help of advance meteorological information. Keeping same in view, the present study was conducted in Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Kaithal and Karnal districts selected from eastern zone and Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad and Bhiwani districts selected from western zone based on maximum number of farmers registered in the m-Kisan portal. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used for selection of AAS and non-AAS farmers. The main source of awareness about AAS in the eastern zone and western zone was personal contact with officials and fellow farmers or panchayat head (63.75%), respectively. All the farmers received AAS in Hindi language. Majority of farmers received advisories once-a-week in both zones. Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) as developed by IMD in 2008 enhanced the current coverage of AAS. The distribution of these advisories was conducted by different personnel operating at AMFUs/DAMUs, SAUs, ICAR institutes, NGOs, and other organizations. Mediums employed for disseminating the advisories included newspapers, electronic media and social media platforms like WhatsApp groups, Facebook groups, Twitter, and websites of IMD, KVKs, and state agriculture departments. The foremost individual function for which the farmers agreed that they employed advisories while scheduling was marriage ceremony in both the zones. In case of community-based function, it was social and cultural entertainment function in the eastern zone and gathering for social work in the western zone. In the eastern zone, the increase in net return of paddy and wheat estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs11044.76 ha-1 and Rs3596.88 ha-1, respectively. While, in the western zone, the increment in net return estimated through propensity score matching was found to be Rs7319.28 ha-1, Rs3494.52 ha-1, Rs3547.06 ha-1, Rs698.45 ha-1 and Rs5449.51 ha-1 in case of paddy, wheat, pearlmillet, cotton and mustard, respectively. The major perceptional, technical, organizational and social constraints faced by the AAS and non-AAS farmers in the eastern as well as western zones included lack of location-specific information, occasional inaccuracy of weather information, insufficiency of two-way communication between sender & receiver and lack of education and skills. The strategies to enhance the impact of AAS included trainings for improving user capacity in accessing AAS through apps, augmenting mass media outreach and app training.
Open Access
A Study to develop optimum combination of farm enterprises in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Sunita; Malik, D.P.
The present investigation was carried out to develop optimum combination of existing farm enterprises on different category of farms in Haryana. For study purpose, Hisar, Mahendergarh and Sonipat districts of Haryana state, were randomly selected from each zone. From each selected district one block was selected randomly. From each selected block, different villages were selected to collect the data regarding major crops and livestock enterprises of that area. Total 80 farmers were selected from each district which makes a total of 240 farmers in the district. The selected farmers were categorized as small (upto 2 ha), medium (2-4 ha) and large (>4 ha) according to their operational size of holdings. Linear programming technique was used to achieve optimum combination of farm enterprises. In Hisar district human labour employment was found highest in cotton crop followed by guava crop, carrot, buffalo and broilers. Highest human labour was employed by carrot crop in Mahendergarh district followed by kinnow, HF cow, mustard, broilers, pearlmillet and wheat crop. For Sonipat district, the highest employment was found in mushroom cultivation followed by sugarcane, guava, buffalo, broilers, potato, paddy and wheat. Among crops the maximum labour utilization was under harvesting/picking activity. In case of buffalo and broiler rearing, the maximum labour use was under feeding and watering activity. In mushroom cultivation, compost making was the highest labour using activity which utilized 165.38 man days on small category farms while on medium and large farms it was 165.67 and 170.33. In all the three districts the highest net return generated was from poultry enterprise. In Mahendergarh district, the highest gross return was generated by poultry enterprise followed by citrus orchard, HF cow, carrot, wheat, mustard, and pearlmillet. From mushroom cultivation, highest net returns per shed (Rs. 144512.96) were generated on large category farms (>20 sheds) followed by medium category farms (Rs.139629.26). In livestock net returns were highest on large category farms. Total net returns in optimum and relaxed resource plan were increased on each category farm in each district. Total net returns in optimum plan in Hisar district were Rs.1228054 (small), Rs.3223939 (medium) and Rs.5369640 (large). In Mahendergarh district total net returns in optimum plan were Rs. 1166347, Rs.2876228 and Rs. 5196940 on small, medium and large category farm. For Sonipat district the net returns in optimum plan on small, medium and large category were Rs. 1259396, Rs. 3312573 and Rs. 5441168. Inadequate irrigation was the major constraint for most of the crops. For fruit crops insect pest attack was also a major problem. For livestock and poultry high cost of concentrates and feed was main constraint in their adoption.
Open Access
An empirical analysis of agricultural credit system in Haryana
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-05) Sanjay; Pannu, R.S
The present study was carried out to analyze the agricultural credit system of Haryana. A total of 300 farmers selected from 6 villages of three different agro climatic zones were interviewed. Demand supply gap calculations were made for the period 2009-18. It was observed that there was an over-supply of short term credit in Hisar and Karnal zone whereas, deficit was there in Jhajjar zone. Despite skewed distribution, Haryana witnessed an over-supply of short term credit throughout the study period. Of the total credit advanced to the sampled farmers, 17.1% 52.8% and 30.1% was utilized, partially diverted and completely diverted. Short term credit was primarily diverted towards marriage expenses, construction and repair, vehicle purchase, paying land rent, purchase of agricultural machinery and implements. The logistic regression performed to find the factors affecting credit defaults revealed that age area owned, outstanding non-institutional debt affected defaults positively and significantly whereas loan availed frequency, hypothecation/guarantor, family type and account holder before loan affected defaults negatively and significantly. The constraint analysis showed that time taken in sanctioning the loan, complexity of the procedure, excessive file charges, registry charges and managerial discretion affected access to institutional credit. Continuously decreasing profits, divergence towards paying debt, marriage and study expenses were the major reasons of defaults according to. Whereas, lenders found loan waiver promises and willful defaults as prime reasons. Clean record, land holding and off-farm income were major attributes that affected access to non-institutional credit cost of credit and compulsion of selling farm producing same lender or paying a penalty and is to sale were the problems reported by the study regarding non institutional finance
Open Access
Dynamics of major oilseeds and pulses in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Sadhanala Swetha; Mehta, V. P.
The study on “Dynamics of Major Oilseeds and Pulses in India” was done with the following objectives: (1) To analyze the trends in the area, production productivity, prices of oilseeds, and pulses, (2) To examine the export and import status of oilseeds and pulses, (3) To study major constraints in the export and import of oilseeds and pulses, (4) To suggest suitable policy measures and implications for the future. The present study was based on secondary data collected from various published sources, viz., indiastat.com, Statistical Abstract, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, FAOSTAT and Directorate of Economics, and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi, etc. The area, production, and productivity data were collected for the pulses and oilseeds during 1990-91 to 2019-20. The total period is divided into three periods, i.e., period-I (1990-91 to 1999-00), period-II (2000-01 to 2009-10), and period-III (2010-11 to 2019-20). The compound growth rate (CGR) is calculated for the above three and overall period to analyze the growth in the area, production, and productivity. In period-I, it is observed that there is a positive growth rate in the area for both pulses and oilseeds. In period-II, it is observed that there is a positive growth rate in the area, production, and productivity for both pulses and oilseeds. In period III, it is observed that there is a negative growth rate in the area, a positive growth rate in production and productivity for both pulses and oilseeds. . For the above period, the average compound growth rate (CGR) in major states for Bengal gram as 2.82, 1.34, and 3.5, for Black gram -0.69, 0.53, and 0.215, for Pigeon pea 0.65, 1.29, and 0.61, for Chickpea 1.27, 0.96, and 0.74, and for Green gram -0.71, 0.55, and 0.116 is observed in the area, production, and productivity. The overall growth trend analysis of Sunflower recorded 4.15, 2.05, and 3.75 annually, Soybean recorded 1.05, 0.65, and 0.25, Mustard recorded 2.35, 1.35, and 0.29, Groundnut recorded -0.38, 1.10, and 0.42, Sesame recorded -13.30, 8.18, and -5.75, and Safflower's overall growth trend analysis recorded -3.85, 2.13, and 1.15 annually in area, production and productivity-wise. There have been variations in the growth behavior of different oilseed crops over the years. Crops like groundnut, soybean, and rapeseed-mustard have seen increased production, whereas minor oilseed crops like safflower have seen a decline in area and production. Export and import data is also analyzed for both the pulses and oilseeds. Suitable policy measures are necessary to lift the oilseed economy by pushing the productivity of all major and minor oilseed crops in the major growing states. India has gained a comparative advantage in the export of pulses and a comparative disadvantage in oilseeds.
Open Access
Estimation of effective demand and economic analysis of fruit and vegetable crops in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Raj Kumar; Rathee, Anil Kumar
The present investigation was carried out to study the effective demand, cost and returns, trends in arrivals and prices, marketing cost, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency through different channels and constraints faced by farmers in production, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables. For study purpose, Sonepat, Kurukshetra, Nuh, Yamunanagar and Sirsa districts of Haryana state having the highest production under fruits and vegetables cultivation, were purposively selected. From each selected district one block for fruits (mango, kinnow, guava and ber) and one block for vegetables (potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion) were selected. From each selected block, 30 farmers were selected for each fruit and vegetable crops which constituted a total sample of 240 fruits and vegetables growers. Per capita net availability of fruits was 52.00 and 141.00 and the consumption gap was 7.28 and 108.67 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. Similarly in case of vegetable per capita net availability was 417.32 and 272.00 and the consumption gap was 175.32 and 63.51 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. The average total cost in establishment of mango, kinnow, guava and ber orchard in the selected districts was `28034, 127979, 77527 and 35316 per hectare and the annual operating cost `71928, 89076, 88914 and 66880 per hectare, respectively. Further the net returns were `256856, 272845, 223308 and 84338 per hectare. The benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:4.02, 1:3.76, 1:3.09 and 1:2.52 under mango, kinnow, guava and ber, respectively. In case of vegetable crops net returns were `95425, 96799, 105774 and 48517 per hectare, and the benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:1.53, 1:1.46, 1:1.58 and 1:1.35 under potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion, respectively. In fruits and vegetables there was inverse relationship between arrival and prices. There was a considerable negative relation in time and arrival in the market under study and there was a significant and positive relationship between time and prices. It was found that channel-V was the most efficient among all the marketing channels in the fruits crops and channel-IV was most efficient marketing channel in case of vegetable crops. The major problems faced by the farmer in the production, marketing and processing of fruits were having high cost of pesticides (90.00%), lack of knowledge of recommended fertilizer doses (86.67%), absence of minimum support prices (90.00%), too much fluctuation in prices (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (80.00%), lack of technical man power (80.00%).In case of vegetables, high cost of pesticides (90.00%), high cost of seed (86.67%), lack of cold chain facilities (90.00%), high cost of transportation (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (90.00%), lack of technical man power (83.33%) were found major constraints in production, marketing and processing of vegetables. There exists ample scope for the profitable expansion of cultivation, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables in Haryana as well as in India. The analysis of effective demand under the present study further strengthens it.
Open Access
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank in Financing in Agriculture
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019) Jitendra Kumar; Mehta, V.P
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank was studied with the following objectives,to study the performance of loans, to study the behaviour and adequacy of loans,to determine the factors affecting amount of loans and to identify the constraints in getting loans and repayment.The present study was based on both primary as well as secondary data. Secondary data was collected pertaining to the year 2009-10 to 2017-18 from the annual reports of randomly selected eight branches of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank.Primary data for the year 2019 regarding utilization pattern and credit gap was collected from 160 selected respondents with the help of pre-tested schedule. The efforts made by SHGB in branch expansion, deposit mobilization, and credit deployment in weaker section of rural areas are appreciable. SHGB successfully achieved its objectives like taking banking to doorstep of farmers, providing credit without time lag and cheaper credit to weaker sections, encouraging rural savings for productive activities and bringing down the cost of accessing credit in rural areas The performance of SHGB in branch expansion, income, expenditure and profit changed over the period with CGR stood that 11, 26, 33 and 19 per cent, respectively. Moreover, credit and deposit of SHGB increased significantly over the period with a CGR of 21 and 25 per cent, respectively. After amalgamation of Haryana Gramin Gramin Bank & Gurugram Gramin Bank profit, credit and deposit of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank increasedwithapproximately twice the earlier growth rate.Farmers utilized credit either for productive purposes or for non-productive purposes. The results of utilization pattern of marginal farmers showed that under productive use, it was mainly spent for fertilizers (17.02%), labour (7.31%), and irrigation (7.29%). Whereas, small farmers used credit for productive purposes such as instruments purchase (9.31%), fertilizers (18.51%), POL (7.37%). Moreover, large farmers also mainly used loan for fertilizer purchase, instruments purchase and POL. Altogether, all farmers be it marginal, small or large, used credit primarily for purchasing fertilizers.The analysis showed that marginal and small farmers had to mainly divert credit a major portion of their credit for repayment of old debts. Share of credit used in productive purposes of loan increased with the increase land holding.Also, per hectare amount of credit diverted for other productive purposes was also noted to be negatively associated with increase in the size of holdings. Investigation of credit gap for marginal, small and large farmers was done on the basis of loan demanded by the respondent and loan advanced by the bank. It was fund that credit gap had decreased with the increase of land holding. Farmers face number of constraints in getting and repayment of loan such as more paper work, loan not available at time and repayment of old debts etc. Based these problemsit is suggested that SHGB should provide credit with minimum formalities, SHGB credit limit should be increased to fulfill the credit gapThe amount of installments repayment should be matched with the expected farm income of farmers from the agricultural operations.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under protected structures in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, Ranvir Singh
The present study aims at dealing with present status of protected structures, costs and returns of vegetables in these structures, marketing pattern of vegetables and constraints related to yield and marketing of vegetables. For the present study, three districts from Haryana state were selected i.e. Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat. From each district, 60 farmers were purposively selected which constituted a total sample of 180 farmers. In Haryana, mainly three types of protected structures are found. In every structure cucumber, capsicum and tomato vegetable were grown by the farmers. The total area under different types of protected structures in Haryana during the year 2017-18 was 757.80 ha. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹732732.07/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar (1041.37q/ha). The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹1106290.79/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.56. In net house highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Karnal ₹570140.49/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was also found in Karnal 988.42 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹995040.42/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Sonepat 1.74. In walk-in-tunnel structures highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹673334.71. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar 967.84 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber under walk-in-tunnel was highest from Sonepat ₹1047062.1/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.58. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse, highest total cost was incurred on capsicum in Sonepat (₹849261.06/ha). Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal (957.53 q/ha). The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Karnal ₹1436300.03/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 2.00. In net house the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Karnal ₹642475.50/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal 766.02 q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Hisar ₹1186105.83/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.92. In walk-intunnel the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Hisar was ₹768638.83/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Sonepat 879.69q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Sonepat ₹879.69/ha. Benefitcost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.54. The finding of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹814093.89/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Karnal 864.87q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Karnal ₹1210816.37/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 1.63. In net house the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹603706.049/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Hisar 710.43q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Hisar ₹959077.76/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.59. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) in all markets Marketing efficiency also showed that the channel III is the most efficient marketing channel. Major yield constraints in Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat were high attack of insect pest & diseases and nematode problem while irrigation and low and imbalance fertilizer was least faced problems. Major marketing constraints in all districts was lack of minimum support price and too much fluctuations in prices.

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