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Open Access
Production and export scenario of major fruits in India vis-à-vis Afghanistan
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Mohammad Hussain; Kavita
Fruits play a significant role in creating jobs, boosting the economy and emerging as the highest foreign exchange revenue products among agricultural products in recent years for both India and Afghanistan. Hence, the present study "Production and export scenario of major fruits in India vis-à-vis Afghanistan" was carried out with the objectives: i) to analyse the trends of area, production, productivity and export of major fruits in both countries; ii) to study the export potential of major fruits in both countries; and iii) to determine instability in export of major fruits in both countries during the study period (1985-86 to 2019-20). Exponential growth function, Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), coefficient of variation (CV) and Cuddy-Della Valle instability index were employed for analysing the data. The growth rates of area, production, export quantity and export value of all selected fruits from both India and Afghanistan were positive and favourable during the study period, with the exception of non-significant growth for the export quantity of Indian mango and non-significant growth for the export of both quantity and value of Afghanistan’s peaches and pears. While the growth of productivity for all selected fruits from both countries was non-significant and almost stagnant, with the exception of favourable growth for productivity of pomegranates and bananas in India and grapes in Afghanistan. High comparative advantage and market position in exporting mangos and moderately comparative advantage was observed for both pomegranates and grapes of India, while in Afghanistan high comparative advantage reported for export of apricots, grapes and apples to international markets. Instability in exports of both quantity and value of all selected fruits from both counties were high. As compared between export quantity and value, fluctuation in export value was higher than export quantity; similarly, Afghanistan’s selected fruits experienced higher variation than Indian selected fruits during the period of study.
Open Access
Production and export performance of spices in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Sayed Sanaullah Habibi; Sumit
Present study was conducted to examine the growth rate of area, production and productivity and instability and trade direction in export of major spices viz., coriander, cumin, chilli, garlic, ginger and turmeric during the years 1985-86 to 2019-20. The data was collected from India stat, Spices Board of India and some other reliable addresses. The CAGR, CV, CDVI and Markov Chain models were applied to analyze the results. The growth rate of coriander, cumin, garlic and turmeric recorded positive and significant trend during the study period while, there was found negative values during some periods as such the negative growth rate of coriander in Andhra Pradesh was rooted from changing crop pattern and varied climatic conditions and the negative growth rate of cumin was due to excessive use of nitrogen and unseasonal rainfall. The negative growth rate of chilli in Karnataka, Maharashtra and India as a whole was due to traditionally growing method of chilli and high labour cost. Export quantity and export value of coriander, cumin, chilli and turmeric had recorded positive and increasing trend during all sub periods as well as whole period of study, while the decline in growth rate was experienced during post-WTO period due to inverse effects of agriculture trade globalization on spices export. The growth rate in export quantity and export value of ginger was negative during the second period viz., post-WTO, which was originated from intense competition of other ginger exporting countries such as China, Nepal, Nigeria and Thailand. Export quantity and value of coriander, cumin, chilli and turmeric had recorded high to low instability from first to fourth period, respectively indicating good performance of spices during the study period with some volatile exceptions which was due to domestic & exchange rate and competitive prices. The high instability in export of ginger was due to high instability in production and productivity. The most stable market for coriander was Malaysia and Singapore; for cumin Malaysia, Vietnam and Nepal; for chilli Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and others; for ginger Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia and others; and for turmeric Japan, UAE, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Iran and others. The negative and lower growth rate of spices in some states and India as a whole were remarkable points that require providing and implementing of suitable policies.
Open Access
An economic analysis of production and processing of groundnut in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Nisha; Pawar, Neeraj
The present study was carried out with the objectives of working out costs and returns of groundnut cultivation, to study processing costs and returns of groundnut and to identify the constraints in production and processing of groundnut. The study was based on collection of primary data. The primary data from selected farmers for the year 2021-22 were collected by survey method through personal interview with the help of a well-structured interview schedule. For collection of data multistage purposive sampling technique was used. The selection of districts formed the first stage of sampling. Out of major groundnut growing districts of Haryana, Fatehabad, Hisar, Sirsa and Rewari districts were selected purposively based on the area under groundnut for the present study. Selection of farmers and processing units formed the ultimate unit in the sample. From seven selected villages from four selected districts, total 84 farmers were selected, comprising 21 farmers from each district. A total of 7 processing units were selected from the study area as per availability. The outcomes of the study revealed that the average total cost of cultivation of groundnut in four districts came out to be Rs. 98275. The total cost incurred by the farmers of Rewari district was higher (Rs. 106886/ha) compared to that of Sirsa (Rs. 100271/ha), Fatehabad (Rs. 93789/ha) and Hisar (Rs. 92155/ha). The average yield of the groundnut was 24.61 q/ha which was highest in Rewari district being 29.15 q/ha as compared to Sirsa (25.17 q/ha), Fatehabad (22.30 q/ha) and Hisar (21.83 q/ha).The gross return obtained after inclusion of value of by product, per hectare was again highest in Rewari district (Rs. 169376) as compared to Sirsa (Rs. 145692), Fatehabad (Rs. 129242) and Hisar (Rs. 127695). The average net return of the groundnut for selected respondents as a whole was Rs. 44997 per hectare. As B: C ratios are greater than one, this indicates that groundnut cultivation is economically viable in all the districts, with Rewari district having the highest profitability. Total cost per quintal of groundnut processing was higher in oil processing units (Rs.17289.33/q) when compared to decorticating units (Rs.8273.57/q). In respect of net returns, it was also higher in case of oil processing units (Rs. 161.55/q) compared to decorticating units (Rs. 130.59/q). On an average a minimum quantity of 342 quintals of groundnut kernel and 813 quintals of groundnut oil should be processed so as to continue the production process without sustaining losses at average level in decorticating units and oil processing units respectively. The identified constraints, such as less availability of improved varieties/ seeds and high cost of seeds, high incidence of pest and disease infection and problem of uncertain weather/ climate, pose significant challenges for groundnut farmers, impacting their productivity and profitability. The scarcity and high wages of skilled labour during peak seasons, high machinery costs, erratic power supply, repair and spare parts problems, complex bank finance procedures, expensive raw materials, and high transportation costs were all identified as significant challenges.
Open Access
An economic analysis of sprinkler irrigation in Southern Haryana
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Indu; Sanjay Kumar
The present study was undertaken to know the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system. The study also focused on the economic analysis of crops grown under sprinkler irrigation system in the study area and constraints faced by farmers in adoption of sprinkler irrigation system. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. For collection of primary data, a multistage sampling method was used which includes a sample of 120 farmers from Bhiwani and Rewari districts of Haryana. The secondary data regarding total number of sprinkler sets installed was taken from Department of Agriculture and Farmer‟s Welfare. In order to determine the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system, standard project worth measures were used. Overall average cost of installation of sprinklers was found to be ₹ 151384.59. Working cost was observed to be ₹ 15886.17. The benefit cost ratio was found to be 3.30 with a payback period of 3 years. Net present worth worked out to be ₹ 384795.22 while internal rate of return was found to be 57.99 per cent. Net returns to the tune of ₹ 325393.00, 126162.47, 18665.70, 22902.23 were obtained for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively in Rewari district. Whereas, it was ₹ 295486.90, 84799.84, 18547.61 and 19364.07 for the respective crops in Bhiwani district. Farmers received a B:C ratio of 2.49 and 2.24, 1.59 and 1.40, 1.21 and 1.21, 1.34 and 1.27 in Rewari and Bhiwani districts for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively. As far as adoption of sprinkler irrigation system was concerned, 82 per cent farmers gave rank one to heavy initial investment for installation as the major problem perceived. Other constraints faced by the farmers in its adoption was irregular supply of electricity in the area, low efficiency of sprinklers due to high wind velocity, high rate of interest for loans, clogging of nozzles due to impurities.
Open Access
An economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Raveena Bishnoi; Vijay Kumar
The research was carried out in the Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2021–2022 to examine the economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana. In the analysis comparative economics of wheat super seeder technology against conventional tillage technique was done in the study area. For the same purpose Karnal and Kaithal districts were chosen purposively on the basis of land used in paddy-wheat cropping pattern. Despite the fact that preparatory tillage was proven to be more expensive in CT, after that the farmers are bound to follow CT. While the proportion of fixed costs in the overall cost of the super seeder technology was found to be higher than that of the conventional tillage for growing wheat, whereas the proportion of variable costs was higher in conventional tillage. However, compared to super seeder technology, the cost of fertilizer and plant protection was more in conventional tillage. The total cost of cultivation was found to be higher in conventional tillage technology of wheat as compared to the total cost incurred in super seeder technology of wheat cultivation. It was found Rs.108490.45 & Rs. 101604.11 in Haryana state as a whole, respectively. Net Returns per hectare was found higher in the case of super seeder technology than conventional tillage technology in both of the districts it was found Rs.18724.44 and Rs.7688.95 per hectare from super seeder and conventional techniques, respectively. The SST approach was proven to be more profitable because the SST approach produced more main product per hectare than the CT method. Economic viability of the super seeder Machine in production of wheat crop, the benefit-cost ratio was found 1.52, breakeven hectares was computed 50.01 ha, breakeven hours was estimated 81.50 hours, net present value of Rs. 18718.03 and a payback period of 2.08 years. The study's findings showed that the input-output relationship of wheat cultivation in Haryana, the elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale, indicating that resources were overutilized in conventional tillage technology, whereas the elasticity of production was increasing return to scale in the case of the super seeder technology, indicating that the resources were under-utilized. Weed infestation and the non-effectiveness of weedicide were the major constraints on CT, whereas in SST problems of the less germination was the major constraints. However, the high cost of super seeder was the main constraint in super seeder machine.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana.
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-08) Aarti; Aarti; Gulab Singh; Gulab Singh
The present study was carried out with the objectives to work out costs and returns in cultivation of cluster bean, to study the economics of cluster bean processing units and to identify various constraints faced by farmers and processers in production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. The study was based on primary data. Bhiwani and Mahendargarh districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under cluster bean from Southern Haryana. From both districts, four blocks (two blocks from each district) were selected purposively i.e., Bahal and Kairu block from Bhiwani district and Kanina and Satnali block from Mahendargarh district. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. Finally, 10 farmers were selected randomly from each village and finally 80 farmers from all the selected eight villages were interviewed to gather all the desired information. The per hectare cost of cluster bean cultivation was found to be Rs. 40241 and Rs.44553 in Bhiwani and Mahendargarh district, respectively. On an average, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns obtained from the cultivation of cluster bean in Bhiwani district were 10.82 quintals, Rs.49002 and Rs.8758, respectively. The corresponding figures for Mahendargarh district were worked out to be 11.02 quintals, Rs.52732 and Rs.8178, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost cluster bean cultivation was worked out to be 1.21 and 2.34, respectively for Bhiwani & 1.18 and 2.32 for Mahendargarh district. On an average total cost of processing guar into guar gum was worked out to be Rs. 6408.78 per quintal of output. Cluster bean processing plants incurred a profit of Rs.204 per quintal on average basis during the year 2020-21 with gross and net returns of Rs.6484.42 lakh and Rs.200.35 lakh, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost was worked out to be 1.03 and 1.04 for processing units of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. Results of survey undertaken to know the problem faced by the farmers in production and by processors in processing of cluster bean revealed that the problem of weed (Amaranthus sp. and Digera muricata), high cost of labour, high cost of plant protection chemicals, problem of bacterial leaf blight disease, problem of infestation of aphids in the crop, scarcity of labour and non-availability of quality seeds and improved varieties were the serious constraints faced by farmers in the production cluster bean in the study area and inconsistent and insufficient supply of raw material, High cost of fuel, high losses during transport from farm to factory, Shortage of power, Under-utilization of installed capacity and high sales tax and lack of government price polices were the serious constraints faced by the processers in the processing of cluster bean seeds in the study area.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana.
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-08) Aarti; Gulab Singh
The present study was carried out with the objectives to work out costs and returns in cultivation of cluster bean, to study the economics of cluster bean processing units and to identify various constraints faced by farmers and processers in production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. The study was based on primary data. Bhiwani and Mahendargarh districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under cluster bean from Southern Haryana. From both districts, four blocks (two blocks from each district) were selected purposively i.e., Bahal and Kairu block from Bhiwani district and Kanina and Satnali block from Mahendargarh district. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. Finally, 10 farmers were selected randomly from each village and finally 80 farmers from all the selected eight villages were interviewed to gather all the desired information. The per hectare cost of cluster bean cultivation was found to be Rs. 40241 and Rs.44553 in Bhiwani and Mahendargarh district, respectively. On an average, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns obtained from the cultivation of cluster bean in Bhiwani district were 10.82 quintals, Rs.49002 and Rs.8758, respectively. The corresponding figures for Mahendargarh district were worked out to be 11.02 quintals, Rs.52732 and Rs.8178, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost cluster bean cultivation was worked out to be 1.21 and 2.34, respectively for Bhiwani & 1.18 and 2.32 for Mahendargarh district. On an average total cost of processing guar into guar gum was worked out to be Rs. 6408.78 per quintal of output. Cluster bean processing plants incurred a profit of Rs.204 per quintal on average basis during the year 2020-21 with gross and net returns of Rs.6484.42 lakh and Rs.200.35 lakh, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost was worked out to be 1.03 and 1.04 for processing units of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. Results of survey undertaken to know the problem faced by the farmers in production and by processors in processing of cluster bean revealed that the problem of weed (Amaranthus sp. and Digera muricata), high cost of labour, high cost of plant protection chemicals, problem of bacterial leaf blight disease, problem of infestation of aphids in the crop, scarcity of labour and non-availability of quality seeds and improved varieties were the serious constraints faced by farmers in the production cluster bean in the study area and inconsistent and insufficient supply of raw material, High cost of fuel, high losses during transport from farm to factory, Shortage of power, Under-utilization of installed capacity and high sales tax and lack of government price polices were the serious constraints faced by the processers in the processing of cluster bean seeds in the study area.
Open Access
Export and Import Performance of Major Fruits and Dry Fruits in India vis – a – vis Afghanistan
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-11) Sediqullah Zahid; Sediqullah Zahid; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar
The Study was carried out in India and Afghanistan during the year 2019-2022. The study was based on the secondary data collected from various published and unpublished sources. Secondary data related to export and import of major fruits and dry fruits were collected from the year 2010 to 2019. Grape and Cashewnut had the highest export among all major fresh and dry fruits exported from India, respectively. Whereas, Apple and Cashewnut had the highest import among all major fresh fruits imported to India. Similarly, Grape and Raisin had the highest export among all major fresh as well as dry fruits exported from Afghanistan. While, Banana and Dates had the highest import among all imported fresh and dry fruits to Afghanistan. Grapes and Mango had the absolute highest relative comparative advantage of export among all other major fruits for India. In the case of dry fruits, India had the absolute comparative advantage in the export of cashew nuts and dried figs during the period 2010 to 2019. Similarly, Afghanistan had highest relative comparative advantage in export of Apricot and Dried fig among all the fresh and dry fruits, respectively. Insufficient storages and transportation facilities, excess uses of pesticides and insufficient institutional support, inadequate infra-structure facilities, lack of standards for post-harvest processing, inefficient size of operation, variability in supply and quality, insufficient or inappropriate distribution and storage facilities, poor market access, lack of appropriate management of water resources, shortage of farms and research centres, lack of credit facilities, non-stability in political situation, lack of technical knowhow, lack of professional staff especially in agricultural sector, geographical location (land lock country), lack of incentives for investors, civil conflicts and security crisis, lack of training and communication facilities, grading and sorting facilities, security issues and misunderstanding of the free market economy were observed some major constraints in both the nations .
Open Access
A study on the effect of custom hiring centres on paddy and wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Rawal, Sagar; Ashok Kumar
The study was done in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana which was selected on the basis of highest per cent change in farm power availability since the inception of Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM). For the study, data were collected from 80 farmers for wheat during agricultural year 2019-20 and paddy during agricultural year 2020-21. It was found that farmers hiring machines from Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) found a reduction in operational costs by 10.52 per cent in paddy and 10.26 per cent in wheat compared to farmers hiring machinery from private machine providers. Further, study revealed that increase in net returns of farmers hiring from CHCs was about 27.06 per cent in paddy and 26.19 per cent in wheat compared to hiring machinery from private sources. In case of resource use efficiency analysis machine labour was found to be most efficiently utilised resource under CHCs. Non-availability of all the machines especially the combine harvesters was found to be most severe constraint faced by farmers hiring machinery from CHCs. While, farmers hiring machineries from private sources, most important constraint was of difficult availability of machines at peak season. For CHC’s owners, most severe one was problem of idle machinery especially turbo happy seeder. In case of private farm machinery owners, the most severe constraint was of high initial cost of investment. Hence, the study suggested the need to increase the CHC number, subsidies for heavy machinery like combine harvester and awareness among farmers regarding CHCs and benefits of using machines like turbo happy seeder in the study area.

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