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Open Access
Economic analysis of production and export of basmati rice in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Kamboj, Pardeep; Sanjay Kumar
Rice is an important food crop of India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. Basmati rice is a unique aromatic variety grown in our country. India exports basmati rice more than fifty countries in the world. The study was based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a survey of 120 farmers growing basmati rice in the selected two districts of Haryana. The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal district of Haryana in 2018-19 to study the comparative economics of production of basmati rice in the state. It was revealed that farmers in Karnal and Kaithal were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under basmati rice. Even though, the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in PB-1121 (Rs. 121911/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 119320/ha.) in overall basis. Gross return was found to be higher in PB-1121 (Rs. 150836/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 136820/ha.) and net returns was observed in case of PB-1121 (Rs. 28925/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 17500/ha.) in overall basis respectively. The area, production and productivity of basmati rice during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 were calculated based on secondary data collected from Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), Horizon Research and Directorate of Rice Development. The results indicated that area and production of basmati rice in Haryana during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 declined with a CAGR of negative 1.09 per cent and negative 0.59 per cent and productivity increased with positive 0.50 per cent. Similarly, in India, the area, production and productivity of basmati rice during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 declined with a CAGR of negative 0.09 per cent, negative 2.18 per cent and negative 2.09 per cent respectively. The study attempts to analyze the basmati rice export for the period 1998-99 to 2017-18. The quantity of basmati rice exported from India was 597.76 thousand tonnes during the period 1998-99 and the same has gone up to 4056.77 thousand tonnes during the period 2017-18. The CAGR for quantity and value realization increased at 12.60 per cent and 19.45 per cent. Among the eight major basmati rice importing countries from India. Iran emerged as the largest importer of basmati rice from India, the export quantity was 877.42 thousand tonnes during the year 2017-18, constitute 21.62 per cent, followed by Saudi Arabia (19.53%), Iran (10.69%), U.A.E (10.66%), U.K (4.43%), Yemen Republic (4.13%), Kuwait (4.11%), U.S.A (3.13%) and other countries (21.83%) respectively.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of Establishment Techniques of Wheat in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Ajay Singh; Rathee, Anil Kumar
The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2017-18 to study the comparative economics of establishment techniques of wheat in the state. It was revealed that major farmers in Karnal and Kaithal districts were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under different types of resource conservation establishment techniques. Even though, the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in CT due to higher cost in preparatory tillage still farmers doing CT. The share of variable cost in total cost of conventional technique of wheat was higher than the conservation techniques (ZTT and THST), while the share of fixed cost in total cost of THST was found to be higher as compare to CT and ZTT. On the other hand the cost of fertilizer and plant protection were higher in conventional technique rather than zero tillage and turbo happy seeder techniques. Profitability was found to be higher in THST method. Per hectare main product was more in THST method than the other one. The result of the study displayed that in case of input output relationship of wheat cultivation in Haryana, elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale indicating resources in conventional and zero tillage techniques was over utilized but in turbo happy seeder technique elasticity of production was increasing return to scale implying that the resources were efficiently used. Maximum input energy was consumed by post irrigation, FYM application and wheat straw making operations. Though, THST of wheat was produced higher output energy as compared to ZTT and CT. Whereas, on the other side, output-input ratio were observed higher in turbo happy seeder technique as compared to zero tillage and conventional techniques indicated energy efficient technology. The constraint for production of CT were weed infestation and non adoption of seed treatment. In ZTT weed infestation, limited availability of zero tillage machine at the time of sowing and problem of germination and in THST were less effective weedicides and shortage of turbo happy seeders during sowing.
Open Access
An economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Nisha; Malik, D.P.
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyze the trend in area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India vis-a-vis Haryana, to work out costs and returns, to study resource use efficiency and to identify various factors influencing sugarcane acreage in Haryana. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The time-series data related to area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India as well as Haryana for the period 1971-2018 was gathered and the growth rate and trends by using linear trend equation were computed. Yamunanagar and Rohtak districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under sugarcane from eastern and western zones, respectively. One block having maximum area under sugarcane namely Radaur from Yamunanagar and Rohtak from Rohtak was selected purposively. Further three villages of each selected block were selected randomly. From each village, 20 farmers were selected randomly and finally, 120 farmers of six villages was interviewed to excerpt all desired information. Cobb-douglas production function was fitted work out the extent of efficacy of resource use. The outcomes of study revealed an increasing trend in the area, production and productivity of sugarcane at the national level with CAGRs values of 1.52, 0.84 and 2.37 per cent , respectively. Whereas, in Haryana, the trend in area indicated decreasing trend ( -0.79%) over the study period while production and productivity illustrated increasing trend with CAGRs values of 0.74 and 1.55 per cent, respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation in planted and ratoon sugarcane in Yamunanagar was found to be Rs. 244517 and Rs. 187217, respectively. While in Rohtak district, it was computed as Rs. 210832 and Rs. 146995, respectively. In Yamunanagar, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were 986 quintals, Rs. 337120 and Rs. 92604, respectively. The corresponding figures for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 950 quintals, Rs. 322730 and Rs. 135513 respectively. Whereas, in Rohtak, the per hectare yield gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were worked out to be 798 quintals, Rs. 274554 and Rs. 63727, respectively. The corresponding values for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 702 quintals, Rs. 241410 and Rs. 94415, respectively. The B:C ratio for planted and ratoon conditions was worked out to be 1.38 and 1.72, respectively for Yamunanagar & 1.30 and 1.64 respectively for Rohtak. In planted conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on machine labour and seed, whereas, in planted conditions of Rohtak, expenditure on human labour, seed, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were found positive and statistically significant specifying inefficiency of these inputs. In ratoon conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on human labour, plant protection chemicals and irrigation were found to be positive and statistically significant indicating that inputs were not used efficiently whereas, in ratoon conditions of Rohtak, the inputs under-utilized were human labour, plant protection chemicals and fertilizers. Requirement of number of irrigations, labour scarcity for manual hoeing/ inter-cultural operations, non-availability of machines for harvesting of sugarcane, payment by sugar mills in installments, small size of operational land holding, the returns from sugarcane once a year etc. are some of the major constraints impelling sugarcane acreage.
Open Access
Impact Study of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in Haryana vis-à-vis Odisha
(CCSHAU, 2019) Mousumi Priyadarshini; Kundu, K.K.
The present investigation was aimed to study the trends in area, production and productivity of horticultural crops, to analyse the economics of various fruit crops, to study the pattern of allocation of funds for various interventions of MIDH and to identify constraints in effective implementation of MIDH. Sirsa and Hisar districts from Haryana and Balasore and Kalahandi districts from Odisha were purposively selected having highest area under cultivation of selected fruit crops. From each district 30 farmers were randomly selected thus making a total sample size of 120 farmers. The compound growth rates in area, production and productivity of kinnow in Haryana were found to be 11.69, 17.67 and 5.36 per cent respectively. Similarly in case of guava in Haryana the CGR in area, production and productivity was found to be 8.09, 15.08 and 6.46 per cent respectively. The CGR in area, production and productivity of guava in Odisha was found to be 0.20, 1.29 and1.09 per cent respectively. The CGR in area, production and productivity of banana in Odisha was found to be 0.92, 5.11 and 4.15 per cent respectively. The CGR in area under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 5.22, 0.87 and 2.32 per cent respectively. The CGR in production under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 7.97,1.65 and 4.69 per cent respectively. The CGR in productivity under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 2.60, 0.78 and 2.33 per cent respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for kinnow in Haryana were found as `122460, `56662, `747703.64, 26.24 per cent and 7 years respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for guava in Haryana were found as `95784, `56463, `751368.52, 26.41 per cent and 7 years respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for guava in Odisha were found as `97804,`57093, `488638.60, 26.42 per cent and 8 years respectively. The average total cost, net return and B:C ratio of banana in Odisha were found to be `136351, `462817 and 1:3.46 respectively. Major constraints faced by fruits growers were indentified as lack of infrastructure for processing and storage, inadequate infrastructure for post harvest management, poor marketing facility, lack of good quality planting materials etc.
Open Access
Dynamics of export and import of major agricultural commodities in India
(CCSHAU, 2019) Abdul Qasim; Mehta, V.P.
India is predominantly an agricultural economy which contributes at about 14.8 percent to national GDP and Contributing 58 percent of countries employment. A study was conducted to “Dynamics of export and import of major agricultural commodities in India” with the objectives to study the trends in export and import of major agriculture commodities in India, to study analyze the growth pattern and stability in export and import of major agriculture commodities in India and to study the balance of trade of selected agricultural commodities. Secondary data was collected on quantity, value and unit value for major agricultural commodities for a period of 1990-2016. The trends analysis shows increasing trends for export of agricultural commodities except for pulses because of prohibition of pulse export, on the other hand the import of agricultural commodities also showing increasing trend except for rice and wheat has there is huge demand for these crops to meet domestic consumption requirements. In recent past export of sugar cane shown increased trend this was attributed to increase in production as there is a support prices for it. Although oilseeds export shown increase in trend in recent past country is still very much dependent on imports to meet domestic demand after following bilateral agreements. The percentage share of agricultural export is decreasing (16.88 percent to 10.94 percent) and there is moderate increase in import otherwise its fluctuating between 3 to 7 percent. India is having absolute advantage in coffee. Although, fruits and vegetable export value consistently increases during study period, but after 2000 the import value accounts more than export value meaning even though India is second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, imports are more than exports, there is a need to increase productivity, reduce harvest losses by creating infrastructure developments like cold storages, processing units, refrigeration vans, etc.
Open Access
Planting Methods of Paddy Cultivation in Haryana – A Comparative Economic Analysis
(CCSHAU, 2019) Rezaei, Ali; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar
The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal district of Haryana in 2017-18 to study the comparative economic of paddy cultivation methods in the state. It was revealed that major farmers in Karnal and Kaithal were practicing the puddled transplanted rice because of less complexity and more familiarity with method rather than direct seeded rice. Even though, the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in PTR due to higher cost in transplanting still farmers practicing PTR method. The share of variable cost in total cost of puddled transplanted rice was higher than the direct seeded rice, while the share of fixed cost in total cost of DSR was found to be higher compare to PTR. On the other hand the cost fertilizer and plant protection were higher in direct seeded rice rather than puddled transplanted rice. Profitability was found to be higher in DSR method. Per hectare main product was more in PTR method than the other one. The result of the study displayed that in case of input output relationship of paddy cultivation in Haryana, elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale indicating resources in puddled transplanted was over utilized but in direct seeded rice elasticity of production was constant return to scale implying that the resources were efficiently used. Maximum input energy was consumed by post irrigation, fertilizer application and preparatory tillage/ pudlling operations. Though, puddled transplanted rice was produced higher output energy as compared to direct seeded. Whereas, on the other side, output-input ratio were observed higher in direct seeded rice compared to puddled transplanted rice indicated energy efficient technology. The constraint for production of PTR were shortage of labour during transplanting, erratic supply of electricity and the declining of water table and in DSR weed infestation, first month critical and Rodents were the major problem.
Open Access
Impact of Agricultural Price Policy of Major Food Crops in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Ritu; Mehta, V.P.
The present study aimed to analyze the Impact of Agricultural Price Policy on major food crops in Haryana i.e. growth, trend, gap between FHP (Farm Harvest Prices) and MSP (Minimum Support Prices) , impact of MSP on area, production and productivity of major food crops in Haryana. The data on prices and arrivals of major food crops were collected for the period 2007-08 to 2017-18 and analyzed the growth by using CGR ( Compound Growth Rate), trends by using linear trend equation, effectiveness of the price policy during the harvest periods was examined by the deviations of FHP from MSP and classified into positive and negative deviations ( to examine whether market prices ruled higher or lower than the minimum support prices). These deviations calculated by using MAPD, MAND, AMPD, AMND formulas. To study the impact of lagged Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) on the acreage allocation, production and productivity, linear Regression equations have been fitted. The results shows that the growth rate and trends of food crops prices are positive and significant in Haryana, that means food crops prices increasing over the study period, whereas wheat (4.14%), rice (5.09%) and gram (14.96%) arrivals shows positive and significant growth rate and trend. Bajra (-14.58), Barley (-9.29) show negative significant growth due to decrease in area under these crops. Maize shows positive non-significant growth i.e. 8.79 per cent whereas rapeseed/ mustard shows negative and non-significant i.e. -0.08 per cent. The value of R2 in food crops prices varies from 0.69 to 0.99 and in arrivals from 0.33 to 0.84. Gap between FHP and MSP resulted that in mostly cases FHP is higher than MSP because higher demand due to more procurement for central part than supplies does not allow the market prices to fall below MSP. In recent years, market prices ruled higher than MSP. The impact of MSP on area is higher but there is non- significant impact of MSP on productivity of food crops. The study revealed that there is significant variation in areas of food crops due to previous year‘s minimum support prices of the food crops but there is non significant variation in productivity of food crops.
Open Access
Production and Export potential of Tomato and its processed products in India
(CCSHAU, 2015) Punia, Meenu; Mehta, V.P.
India ranks second in the area as well as in production of tomato next to China. In total world production, the share of China and India was 23.61 and 8.49 per cent, respectively. The surplus production of tomato causes glut in the market, causing distress sale and low profit to the growers and the probable solutions to the problem is to export the surplus tomato production in fresh or processed form. The present study has made an attempt to have Production and Export Potential of Tomato and its processed products in India with these objectives, (1) to study the trends in area, production and productivity of tomato in India, (2) to analyze the performance and trends in export of tomato and its processed products, (3) to analyze the contribution of Haryana in production and export of tomato. The present study is based on secondary data which were collected from various issues of the Statistical Abstract of Haryana, agricultural statistics at a glance and economic survey of India and other published and unpublished sources. Linear growth rates were computed by fitting linear function and least square technique was used to compute the compound growth rates by fitting exponential function. The regression analysis was carried out for a time span, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. In overall period (1991-2014), area, production and productivity of India increased at a compound annual growth rate of 4.9, 6.4 and 1.1 per cent per annum. RCA in both tomatoes and tomato products was far less than unity and the RSCA were negative, almost -1. Fresh tomatoes contributed maximum in the export basket of India. In overall period (1991-2013), area and production of Haryana increased at a compound annual growth rate of 9.1 and 6.7 per cent and productivity declined by 2.1 per cent per annuum. Haryana’s rank was12th in tomato production with 2.2 per cent share. The values of CV in export of tomato and its products, except fresh tomatoes, came down during the second period than first period, which indicated that export of tomato and tomato products from India became more stable during the second period than first period. The study reveals that the existence of high instability in export of tomato and its products require the attention of policymakers to retain hold on the international market. Tomato is an important vegetable-cum-processing crop of India. Its productivity is very low. So, there is need to popularize the improved production technology and processing varieties. Market survey of importing countries should have to be done to strengthen the export in the upcoming years. Government should declare support price for tomato crop prior to its sowing season and implement, “Crop Insurance Scheme” as the crop is highly perishable.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.
Vegetables are the main source of vitamins and minerals. The vegetables also offer better crop diversification and crop intensification. During winter season under north Indian conditions, it is extremely difficult to grow capsicum, cucumber in open field conditions; however various types of protected structures have been developed for growing some high value crops continuously by providing favorable environment condition and giving protection from the excessive cold and this is called polyhouse technology. The present study has made an attempt to have Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana with these objectives. 1. To study the present status of polyhouse cultivation in Haryana. 2. To compare the economics of vegetable cultivation under polyhouse & open field conditions. 3. To identify the constraints and to assess the prospects of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses. The present study was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana selected purposely on the basis of maximum number of polyhouses in the state. Two blocks were selected randomly, i.e. Gharaundha and Indri. Again, two villages from each block were selected on the basis of predominance of vegetable cultivation both under polyhouses & open field conditions. Ten respondent farmers each under polyhouses & open field conditions were randomly selected from each village, thus making a total sample of 80 respondents. On the basis of the nature of the data, simple statistical tools like averages and percentage were used to compare, contrast and interpret results properly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by survey method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedule. The overall findings reveal that in polyhouses, farmers adopted three cropping pattern R1, R2 and R3 i.e. tomato-cucumber (R1), capsicum-cucumber (R2) and cucumber-cucumber-cucumber (R3) respectively. The cost of cultivation for R1, R2 and R3 were ₹607720.36, ₹581816.43 and ₹849876.2 per acre respectively. In comparative economics analysis the cost of cultivation of selected vegetables tomato, capsicum and cucumber under polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹206816.90, ₹246564.40 and ₹185651 per acre respectively. The net retunes from polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹51097.54, ₹124870.01 and ₹97138.68 per acre respectively. The results of the study revealed that the vegetables cultivation under polyhouses have contributed to the yield significantly. The major constraint reported by the respondent farmers were short life of polyethylene sheet, infestation of insect, nematodes & diseases, high cost of fertilizers and seeds. The constraints in the marketing of vegetable were lack of minimum support price, high price fluctuations, lack of market information and high cost of transportation.

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