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ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical changes in fenugreek due to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) and its management(2022) B.R, Rachanashree; Kumawat,G.L.Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is one of the important and oldest spice and medicinal crops and is cultivated throughout India. It is attacked by many diseases, however, powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe polygoni DC. is a major constraint in cultivation of fenugreek. Powdery mildew disease appeared during the end of January and persisted till the maturity of the crop. Symptoms were observed as white floury patches on leaves, tendrils, stem and pods whereas cleistothecia appeared late in the season seen as black specks immersed in mycelial mat. Microscopic observation revealed that conidia were barrel in shape and formed singly and in chains. Conidiophores were septate that were straight to sub-straight with 4 to 5 cells. Thirty six genotypes and varieties were screened under natural condition to find out the source of resistance against the disease. It was found that HM 444 and UM 411 showed resistant reaction with percent disease intensity (PDI) of 9.66 and 10.27 respectively. The remaining nine were rated as moderately resistant, thirteen as moderately susceptible and twelve as susceptible.Biochemical studies on thirty six genotypes and varieties were undertaken twice, once before the disease occurrence and then after the disease occurrence. It was found that total phenol, peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) content in plants increased in all the genotypes after the disease appearance and the amount of these components were higher in resistant ones and comparatively lower in susceptible ones. Chlorophyll content of all the lines decreased after the disease appearance and was greater in resistant lines than susceptible lines. Correlation between biochemical components and percent disease intensity was worked out. Phenol showed negative significant correlation (- 0.958) (-0.864) in both healthy and infected leaves with PDI, the enzyme peroxidase showed negative significant correlation (-0.929) (-0.847) in both healthy and infected leaves with PDI, the enzyme PPO showed negative significant correlation (-0.892) (-0.837) in both healthy and infected leaves with PDI and chlorophyll also showed negative significant correlation (-0.758) (-0.892) with PDI. Six treatments were evaluated along with one untreated control in three replications. Among them, two sprays of panchgavya 5% recorded minimum percent disease intensity of 30.66 with yield 13.47 q/ha. Field evaluation of six systemic acquired resistance elicitors with one unsprayed control in three replications were undertaken. The crop was sprayed at 45 days after sowing and it was found that salicylic acid 200 ppm resulted in minimum percent disease intensity of 21.18 and yield of 16.07 q/ha. Six fungicides with one treatment of water spray and untreated control in three replications were carried out twice where hexaconazole 5% SC at 0.1% recorded minimum percent disease intensity of 11.63 and with higher yield of 20.65 q/ha. ICBR for fungicides were calculated and hexaconazole showed maximum ratio of 1: 37.91ThesisItem Open Access Opinion of Students of SKNAU, Jobner Regarding Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)(2022) Yadav, Reshma; Sharma, R.N.The students READY (Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana) programme aims to provide rural entrepreneurship awareness, practical experience in real-life situation in rural agriculture and creating awareness to undergraduate students about practical agriculture and allied sciences. The programme helps in building confidence, skill and acquire Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) of the locality and thereby preparing the pass-outs for self employment. It also aims to provide opportunities to acquire hands-on experience and entrepreneurial skills. To reorient graduates of agriculture and allied subjects for ensuring and assuring employability and to develop entrepreneurs for emerging prerequisite for the award of degree and to ensure hands on experience and practical training. The SKNAU, Jobner started this programme from the year 2020-21. Rural Agricultural Work Experience is basically a well-organized system with an objective to impart practical training to final year B.Sc. Agriculture students by providing them an opportunity to live and work with the farmers in the villages.It is introduced with a motive to provide the students an opportunity to have a feel of real life situation of the profession. This is a sort of training and practical exposure to agriculture students in field situation. Rural Agricultural work Experience Programme is a unique comprehensive work experience and good platform that brings students and rural people together under close supervision of teachers. It provides an opportunity to the graduating students to learn and serve in real life situations vis-à-vis their future professional career for agricultural development in rural areas. It is not only an essential requirement for the completion of B.Sc. Agri. Degree but also is a golden opportunity for the students to develop skills and confidence to discharge their responsibilities as extension workers (Anonymous, 1999). Keeping all these views in mind, the present study entitled “Opinion of Students of SKNAU, Jobner Regarding Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)” has been under taken with following objectives: 1. To study the opinion of students regarding RAWE 2. To determine the satisfaction level of the RAWE students 3. To study the problems faced by the students during RAWE programme 4. To seek suggestions from the students to make RAWE more effective The study was conducted in 4 constituent colleges of SKNAU, Jobner namely SKNCOA, Jobner (Jaipur); COA, Lalsot (Dausa); COA, Fatehpur Shekhawati (Sikar); COA, Kumher, (Bharatpur) and a sample of 60 students of constituent colleges was selected using simple random sampling through proportional allocation method. Similarly, 60 students of affiliated colleges from 4 affiliated colleges namely B.B.D. Govt. P.G. College, Chimanpura-Shahpura (Jaipur); Government College, Uniara (Tonk); Dayanand College, Ajmer; M.B. Agriculture College, Tonk were also selected using simple random sampling through proportional allocation to the sized sample. The data on a well prepared interview schedule were collected through personal interview method by the investigator herself. The data so collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed statistically, which led to the following findings: 1. Majority of the students of constituent (71.67%) and affiliated (73.33%) colleges belonged to medium opinion category. 2. According to practice wise opinion, it was also found that maximum opinion of students of constituent colleges was possessed regarding “Village Attatchment Programme has helped me to know about the Agronomical Interventions”, “You are benefitted by gaining the experience about farming during Unit Attatchment”, “Practical training in plant clinic for 2 weeks was sufficient” and “Interaction with extension agents motivated you for better performance on RAWE” (98.33 MPS) whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges it was “Agro-Industrial Attatchment (AIA) must be compulsory” (91.67 MPS) regarding RAWE. Similarly the least opinion of students of constituent colleges was possessed regarding “Conversation in local language is difficult” (21.67 MPS) whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges it was “Adequate stipend at proper time” and “Stipend are available easily and on time” (0.00 MPS) regarding RAWE. 3. There was significant difference in the opinion of students of constituent and affiliated colleges regarding RAWE programme. 4. Different trends of opinion was found between students of constituent and affiliated colleges. 5. Majority of the students of constituent (81.67%) and affiliated (70.00%) colleges belonged to medium satisfaction category. 6. According to practice wise level of satisfaction, it was also found that maximum satisfaction level of students of constituent colleges was possessed regarding “RAWE placement to be decided in consultation with the students” (99.17 MPS) whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges it was “Discussion with farmers on conservation tillage practices” (64.17 MPS) of RAWE. Similarly the least satisfaction level of students of constituent colleges was possessed regarding “Placement of students every year in same village to be avoided” (45.83 MPS) whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges it was “Adequate stipend at proper time” and “Stipend are available easily and on time” (0.00 MPS). 7. There was significant difference in satisfaction level of students of constituent and affiliated colleges regarding RAWE programme. 8. Different trends of satisfaction level was found between students of constituent and affiliated colleges. 9. Majority of the students of constituent (65.00%) and affiliated (60.00%) colleges belonged to medium problem category. 10.According to practice wise problems, it was found that major problems faced by the students of constituent colleges during RAWE programme were “Less amount of stipend” and “Oral examination on each component of RAWE” (75.00 MPS) Whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges “Less amount of stipend” (100.00 MPS). Similarly the least problems faced by the students of constituent colleges during RAWE programme were “Stay facilities in the village attachment” (11.67 MPS) Whereas, in case of students of affiliated colleges “It was difficult to understand the local language of villagers during RAWE Programme” (20.00 MPS) during RAWE. 11.There was significant difference in problem faced by the students of constituent and affiliated colleges regarding RAWE programme. 12.Different trends of problem faced by the students between the students of constituent and affiliated colleges. 13.Both the categories of students of constituent and affiliated colleges gave different suggestions regarding RAWE. 14.There was the highest suggestions of the students of constituent colleges regarding “Stationary facilities should be provided to the students during RAWE” (65.00%) and “Proper lunch should be provided during orientation programme” (63.33%) and the students of affiliated colleges gave highest suggestions regarding “Stipend should be provided” (100%) and “Proper laboratory should be established for practical experiments” (88.33%) while the least suggestions of the students of constituent colleges regarding “Stipend should be provided” (0.00%) and in case of the students of affiliated colleges was regarding “RAWE should be for full crop season (Kharif/Rabi)” (26.67%). 15.There was a significant difference observed between suggestions of the students of constituent and affiliated colleges about all the aspects regarding RAWEThesisItem Open Access Varietal Resistance and Efficacy of Novel Insecticides against Sucking Insect Pests of Clusterbean, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.(2022) Choudhary, Anita; Kumawat, K.C.Investigation on „Varietal resistance and efficacy of novel insecticides against sucking insect pests of clusterbean, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. were carried out at Agronomy Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Kharif, 2021. Out of ten varieties of clusterbean crop screened for their comparative resistance against leafhopper, whitefly and aphid, none of them was found completely free from infestation. The varieties RGC-197 and RGC-986 were categorized as highly resistant; RGC-1055, RGC-12-1, RGC-1017, RGC 1066 and RGC-1038 as moderately resistant and RGC-1002, RGC-1003 and RGC-1033 as least resistant against leafhopper. The varieties RGC-1017 and RGC-986 were categorized as highly resistant; RGC-197, RGR-12-1, RGC 1066, RGC-1055 and RGC-1038 as moderately resistant and RGC-1002, RGC-1003 and RGC-1033 as least resistant against whitefly. The varieties RGC-197 and RGC-1017 were categorized as highly resistant; RGC-1038, RGR-12-1, RGC-1055 and RGC-1033as moderately resistant and RGC-1003 and RGC-1002 and RGC-1066 as least resistant to aphid. The days to flower initation, plant height, pod length and fibre had non significant correlation. The trichome density, pod width, number of pods per plant, seed yield and total phenol had negative significant correlation, whereas the free amino acid, chlorophyll and mositure content had positive significant correlation with leafhopper, whitefly and aphid populations. The bioefficacy of newer insecticides tested against leafhopper, whitefly and aphid on clusterbean revealed that diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.05 per cent (88.14%), chlorfenapyr 0.01 per cent (84.62%) and flubendiamide 39.35 EC 0.01 per cent (82.12%) were found most effective against leafhopper. In case of whitefly, pyriproxyfen 0.005 per cent, diafenthiuron 0.05 per cent and dimethoate 0.03 per cent (90.56 – 93.65% reduction) were found most effective. In case of aphid, the most effective treatments were diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.05 per cent (95.62% reduction), buprofezin 25 SC 0.04 per cent (93.62%) and dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 per cent (91.82% reduction). The buprofezin 0.04 per cent and pyridalyl 0.015 per cent (5.66 – 5.67 Coccinella septempunctata/ 10 plants) were observed to inflict least adverse effect on ladybird beetle, vis-à-vis in dimethoate 0.03 per cent, bifenthrin 0.016 per cent, pyriproxyfen 0.005 per cent and pymetrozine 0.025 per cent were observed highly toxic (2.31-3.01 C. septempunctata/ 10 plants)proved highly toxic group. In case of C. zastrowi,arabica pyridayl 10 EC 0.015, pymetrozine 50 WG 0.025 per cent and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.01 per cent (3.0 – 3.19 /10 plants) were observed to inflict least adverse effect, vis-à vis in dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 per cent, followed by diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.05 per cent, pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC 0.005 per and pymetrozine 50 WG 0.025 per cent (1.92 - 2.45/10 plants) proved highly toxic group. Maximum yield of 10.31 q/ hectare was registered in the plots treated with dimethoate 30 EC which was at par with diafenthiuron 50 WP (10.20 q/ha) and pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC (10.07 q/ha). These treatments were followed by chlorfenapyr 39.35 EC and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC which revealed seed yield of 9.80 and 9.25 q/ ha. The minimum seed yield was recorded in pyridalyl 10 EC and pymetrozine 50 WPviz., 8.33 and 8.49 q/ha., respectively. The other treatments revealed seed yield which ranked in the middle order. The maximum increase in yield over untreated check was record in dimethoate 30 EC (0.03%) treated plots (5.31q ha-1 ). The maximum net return was recorded in the treatment of dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 per cent (` 24,150.00 ha-1 ) followed pyriproxyfen 0.005 per cent (` 23,072.00 ha-1 ) and diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.05 per cent (` 22,460.00 ha-1 ). The maximum benefit cost ratio was recorded in the treatment of pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC 0.005 per cent(10.13) followed by dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 per cent (10.06) and diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.05 per cent (6.34).ThesisItem Open Access Survey and Management of Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica) in Field Pea (Pisum sativum Var. arvens L.)(2022) Rajveer; Gurjar, HemrajPresent study was carried out in Rabi season 2021-22 in Division of Nematology at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur on survey and management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in field pea (Pisum sativum Var. arvens L.). The distribution and occurrence of root-knot nematode in Zone IIIA of Rajasthan and the response of resistant promising cultivars against root-knot nematode, loss estimation caused by root-knot nematode and management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica through newer nematicide in field pea. A survey was carried out during the months of January to February, 2022. During survey total 482 soil and root samples were collected from from 27 localities of Zone IIIA of Rajasthan included Jaipur, Ajmer, Dausa and Tonk districts. Out of 482 Meloidogyne spp. was found maximum in 453 samples with 93.98% absolute frequency, 22.31% absolute density and 2.16% prominence value. Out of 27 localities the 100 % incidence of root knot nematode was recorded in 16 locilities i.e., Sanjhariya, Fathehpura, Bobas, Begus, Baseri, Keshyawala, Dhankya, Nimeda, Mukundpura, Lalsot, Chak Toonga, Madhogarh, Beechha, Kanota, Harsuliya and Bassi.The other plant parasitic nematodes like Helicotylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Hoplolaimus spp. and free-living Saprophytes also look into collected soil and root samples. In other pathological disease the maximum disease incidence of root-rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Pisi) disease of field pea was recorded in Diggi (ARSS) Institute (30.00%) of Tonk district and maximum disease incidence of wilt (Rhizoctonia solani) disease of field pea was recorded in Bassi village (25.00%) of jaipur district. In the varietal screening of forty two cultivars i.e., Adarsh, Aman, Ambika, HFP 1426, HFP 1428, HFP 529, HFP 715, HFP 9426, HFP 9907B, HFP-4, HUDP 15, IPF 16-13, IPF 20-17, IPF 20-21, IPFD 10-12, IPFD 1-10 (Prakash), IPFD 11-5, IPFD 12-2, IPFD 14-2, IPFD 19-1, IPFD 19-3, IPFD 20-2, IPFD 20-3, IPFD 20-8, IPFD 20-9, Pant P 243, Pant P 250, Pant P 42, Pant P 455, Pant P 462, Pant P 479, Pant P 480, Pant P 484, Pant P 497, Pant P 498, Pant P 501, Pant P 74, RFP 2010-4, RFPG 181, SKNP 04-09, TRCP 8 and TRCP 9 screened to detect the source of resistance against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Out of 42 sixteen cultivars sixteen i.e., Adarsh, Aman, HFP 1426, HFP 1428, HFP 715, HFP 9426, HUDP 15, IPF 16-13, IPFD 10-12, IPFD 11-5, IPFD 12-2, IPFD 19-1, Pant P 480, Pant P 484, Pant P 497 and Pant P 498 were found highly susceptible. Remaining twenty six cultivars i.e., Ambika, HFP 529, HFP 9907B, HFP-4, IPF 20-17, IPF 20-21, IPFD 1-10 (Prakash), IPFD 14-2, IPFD 19-3, IPFD 20-2, IPFD 20-3, IPFD 20-8, IPFD 20-9, Pant P 243, Pant P 250, Pant P 42, Pant P 455, Pant P 462, Pant P 479, Pant P 501, Pant P 74, RFP 2010-4, RFPG 181, SKNP 04-09, TRCP 8 and TRCP 9 were showed susceptible reaction against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. No anyone was found highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanicaThesisItem Open Access Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Growing Media on Growth of Root and Shoot in Dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus L.](2022) Dengri, Dollshree; L.N. BairwaAn experiment entitled “Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Growing Media on Growth of Root and Shoot in Dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus L.]” conducted during August – November 2021 in shade net house of Horticulture farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner- Jaipur (Rajasthan). The experiment was laid out in Factorial CRD and replicated three times with 16 treatment combinations including four plant growth regulator (IBA) concentrations (control, 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm) and four growing media (control, sand : cocopeat, sand : vermicompost and sand : vermicompost : cocopeat). The result revealed that the dragon fruit cuttings treated with IBA at 6000 ppm performed superior in all the parameters viz., least number of days taken for root initiation (15.06 days), maximum percentage of rooted cuttings (85.88%), length of longest root (20.60 cm), average length of roots per cutting (13.52 cm), average number of roots per cutting (22.15), diameter of root (1.38 mm), least days taken for sprouting (25.03 days), percentage sprouting (59.98%), sprouts per cutting (2.35), shoot length per cutting (14.80 cm) and diameter of shoot (36.99 mm) at 75 days of planting, where IBA at 4000 ppm was reported at par with 6000 ppm of IBA. Similarly, sand : vermicompost: cocopeat (1 : 1: 1) growing media showed significantly higher results for all parameters viz., least number of days taken for root initiation (15.04 days), maximum percentage of rooted cuttings (85.81%), length of longest root (20.05 cm), average length of roots per cutting (13.28 cm), average number of roots per cutting (22.16), diameter of root (1.35 mm), least days taken for sprouting (25.01 days), percentage sprouting (59.53%), sprouts per cutting (2.35), shoot length per cutting (14.80 cm), diameter of shoot (36.47 mm) at 75 days of planting. Dragon fruit stem cuttings treated with 6000 ppm of IBA and grown in sand: vermicompost: cocopeat (1 : 1 : 1) media proved significantly superior combined treatment in maximum average root (17.14 cm) and shoot (18.64 cm) length. The maximum net return (₹ 854.94 per bed) and B:C ratio (2.21) was recorded under treatment combination G2M2 (IBA at 4000 ppm + sand : vermicompost) which was found to be significantly superior over the rest of the treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Hydrogel and Foliar Spray of Agro-chemicals on Productivity of Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss](2022) Choudhary,Jitendra; Priyanka KumawatA field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2021-22 at the Agronomy farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, to study the “Effect of Hydrogel and Foliar Spray of Agro-chemicals on Productivity of Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss]”. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications, assigning sixteen treatment combinations consisting of four hydrogel levels (control, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) and four treatments of foliar spray of agro-chemicals (water spray, thiourea 500 ppm, salicylic acid 100 ppm and NPK (19:19:19) 0.5 %) were applied to the Indian mustard var. Giriraj (DRMRIJ-31). The experimental results showed that application of hydrogel at 5.0 kg/ha, being at par with application of hydrogel at 7.5 kg/ha, recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content, number of primary and secondary branches, CGR, number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, seed yield (1797 kg/ha), stover yield (3863 kg/ha), biological yield (5660 kg/ha), net returns ( 93379/ha) and B:C ratio (3.82) of Indian mustard as compared to hydrogel at 2.5 kg/ha and control. Further, the same trend was also observed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and stover and their uptake by seed, stover and total uptake, protein content in seed, oil yield, water use efficiency and soil moisture content in soil. While, the plant stand, RGR, number of primary and secondary branches at 40 DAS, test weight and harvest index of Indian mustard was not improved significantly due to different levels of hydrogel. Results further showed that foliar spray of thiourea (500 ppm) being at par with salicylic acid (100 ppm) recorded significantly higher dry matter accumulation, number of primary and secondary branches, CGR, number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, seed yield (1820 kg/ha), stover yield (3897 kg/ha), biological yield (5717 kg/ha), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by seed, stover, oil content, oil yield, along with higher water use efficiency, net returns ( 95733/ha) and B:C ratio (3.95) of Indian mustard. However, maximum plant height chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seeds were recorded under foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) 0.5% which was statistically at par with thiourea (500 ppm).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Different Levels of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Powder on Performance of Kuroiler Chicks(2022) JOGI, JAGPAL; Mahesh DattThe present study was conducted to observe the effect of different levels of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder on the performance of Kuroiler chicks. One hundred twenty unsexed Kuroiler chicks (day old) were used on a completely randomized design in 4 treatments with 3 replicates, each consisting of 10 chicks. The treatments included the control group (T1) fed with chick starter feed and other groups were kept on basal diet mixed with Ashwagandha root powder @ 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% in T2, T3 and T4, respectively. All other management practices were followed as per recommendation during the experimental period of 56 days. The feed intake and body weight of chicks was recorded at weekly intervals for further analysis. The average body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency and energy efficiency ratio were significantly higher in T3 group (ARP @ 1.0%) than all other treatments. The feeding of Ashwagandha as a feed additive has not shown any significant effect on mortality rate of Kuroiler chicks. The mortality during the experimental period of 56 days was 5.83%. The highest Benefit cost ratio (1.81) was observed in T3 group followed by T2 (1.78), T1 (1.71) and T4 (1.58). Thus, it can be concluded that, the supplementation of Ashwagandha at 1.0% level was found beneficial in improving body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency and energy efficiency ratio. It can also be concluded that Ashwagandha can be used as efficient, effective and economical alternative to chemical growth promoters in poultry industry. * A post graduate agriculture student, Department of Livestock ProductiThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and Adoption of Recommended Okra Cultivation Practices by the Farmers in Jaipur District of Rajasthan(2022) JALTHARIA,RAJKUMAR; I.M. KhanOkra is cultivated mainly in Jaipur, Sirohi, Bundi, Alwar, Chittorgarh and Hanumangarh districts of Rajasthan. In Rajasthan, Jaipur district ranked first in area of okra cultivation. The climatic conditions of the Jaipur district are most suitable for cultivation of okra and till today no systematic efforts have been made by researchers in the field of study on knowledge and adoption of recommended okra cultivation practices by the farmers in proposed area. Keeping this view in mind, the present investigation entitled “Knowledge and Adoption of Recommended Okra Cultivation Practices by the Farmers in Jaipur District of Rajasthan” was undertaken in the study area with the following specific objectives: 1. To measure the knowledge of farmers about recommended cultivation practices of okra. 2. To find out the extent of adoption of recommended cultivation practices of okra by the farmers. 3. To study the relationship of independent variables of farmers with their knowledge and extent of adoption of recommended cultivation practices of okra. 4. To identify the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended cultivation practices of okra.The present study was conducted purposely in selected Jaipur district of Rajasthan. Out of total 21 tehsils in Jaipur district of Rajasthan, two tehsils namely Jamwaramgarh and Kotputli have been selected purposely on the basis of maximum area of okra. Five gram panchayats from each selected tehsil having maximum area under okra cultivation i.e. a total of 10 gram panchayats were selected purposely. Two villages from each selected gram panchayats were selected on the basis of maximum area under okra cultivation. Thus, a total of 20 villages were selected for the present investigation. From each villages, 6 okra growers growing okra in at least 0.1 ha area were selected on the basis of simple random sampling technique. Thus, total 120 farmers were selected for present study. The data were collected by personal interview method by using a schedule specially developed for the study after getting expert‟s opinion. The data so collected were classified, tabulated and statistically analysed, which led to the following findings 1. Majority of respondents i.e. 74.17 per cent fell in medium knowledge level group whereas 13.33 per cent okra growers were observed in the high knowledge level group and remaining 12.50 per cent respondents possessed low level of knowledge about recommended cultivation practices of okra. The findings of the study also indicated that majority of okra growers had adequate knowledge regarding “Time of sowing” followed by “Soil and field preparation”, “Harvesting”, “Seed rate and recommended spacing”, whereas they had medium knowledge regarding “Use of high yielding varieties”, “Seed treatment”, “Weed management”, “Fertilizer application”, “Irrigation management” and “Plant protection measures”. 2. Majority of respondents i.e. 70.83 per cent were in medium level of adoption group, whereas 15.83 per cent respondents were in high adoption group and remaining 13.34 per cent okra growers were observed in the category of low level of adoption. The findings of the study also indicated that farmers had adequate adoption regarding “Time of sowing” followed by “Soil and field preparation”, “Harvesting”, “Seed rate and recommended spacing”, whereas they had medium adoption regarding “Use of high yielding varieties”, “Seed treatment”, “Weed management”, “Fertilizer application”, “Irrigation management” and “Plant protection measures”. 3. The education, annual income, extension contact, social participation, farming experience and cropping pattern of okra growers had positive and significant relationship with their knowledge about okra cultivation practices. Whereas their age and land holding were found to be positively and non-significantly related with their knowledge level of okra cultivation practices. It was also found that their education, annual income, extension contact, social participation, farming experience and cropping pattern were found to have positive and significant relationship with their extent of adoption of okra cultivation practices, whereas their age and land holding were found to have a positive and non-significant relationship with their extent of adoption of okra cultivation practices. 4. Majority of respondents i.e. 70.00 per cent fell in medium constraint perceptors group, whereas 16.67 per cent in high and remaining 13.33 per cent respondents were observed in the group of low constraint perceptors. The study also indicated that in input constraints, “Unavailability of recommended chemical for plant protection measures” and “High cost of insecticides and pesticides” in technical constraints, “Lack of knowledge about plant protection” and “Poor knowledge about doses of chemical fertilizers” in financial constraints, “High cost of inputs” and “High cost of seeds of high yielding varieties” and in marketing constraints, “Lack of storage facilities” and “High cost of transportation” were perceived as the most severe constraints by the okra growersThesisItem Open Access Effect of Organic Manures and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)(2022) Rathore, Pooja; S.P. SinghA field experiment entitled „„Effect of Organic Manures and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)” was conducted during Rabi season 2021-22 at Horticulture Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan). The experiment comprised of sixteen treatment combinations including four treatments of organic manures (Control, FYM @ 9 t/ha, vermicompost @ 3 t/ha and poultry manure @ 3.6 t/ha) and four treatments of mulching (Control, saw dust @ 10 t/ha, plastic mulch and wheat straw @ 5 t/ha) were taken in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results of the study clearly indicated that application of O2 (Vermicompost @ 3 t/ha) significantly increased the plant height (17.28 and 31.19 cm), number of leaves per plant (6.41 and 12.46) at 30 and 45 DAS respectively, leaf area (272.00 cm2 ), chlorophyll content (1.76 mg/g) in leaves, root diameter (6.13 cm), length of root (25.03 cm), shoot weight (48.00 g), root weight (128.48 g), shoot : root ratio (2.63), root yield (9.52 kg/plot and 264.54 q/ha), ascorbic acid content (12.95 mg/100g), net returns (Rs 282606/ha) and B:C ratio supervision of Dr. S.P. Singh, Assoc. Professor, Department of Horticulture, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. (2.47) except treatment O3 (Poultry manure @ 3.6 t/ha), which was statistically at par with O2 in terms of net returns. Similarly, application of M2 (Plastic mulch) significantly increased the plant height (17.66 and 31.66 cm), number of leaves per plant (6.42 and 12.43) at 30 and 45 DAS respectively, leaf area (270.44 cm2 ), chlorophyll content (1.78 mg/g) in leaves, root diameter (6.21 cm), length of root (24.89 cm), shoot weight (48.34 g), root weight (128.51 g), shoot : root ratio (2.65), root yield (9.69 kg/plot and 269.31q/ha), ascorbic acid content (12.60 mg/100g). However, application of M3 (Wheat straw @ 5 t/ha) gives higher net returns (Rs 280068/ha) and B:C ratio (2.62) except treatment M2 (Plastic mulch), which was statistically at par with M3 in terms of net returns. Further, the combined application of O2M3 (Vermicompost @ 3 t/ha with Wheat straw @ 5 t/ha) were proved to be significantly superior in terms of net returns (Rs 333640/ha) and B:C ratio (3.06). Thus, on the basis of net returns and B:C ratio combined application of O2M3 (Vermicompost @ 3 t/ha with Wheat straw @ 5 t/ha) is worth recommended to fetch maximum net returns per hectare from radish.
