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ThesisItem Open Access AVENUES OF EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE FROM PIG FARMING IN AIZAWL, MIZORAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2017-07) Fanai, Vanlalhmangaihi; Saharia, K. K.ThesisItem Open Access ETHNICITY IN LIVESTOCK REARING AMONG THE NYISHI TRIBES OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2017-07) Yadik, Nich; Borgohain, A.An investigation was undertaken to study the ethnicity in livestock rearing among the Nyishi Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh .Two predominantly Nyishi dominated districts namely Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri district were purposively selected. Four villages were selected and 15 respondents from each village were selected, making the sample size 120.Only the farmers having at least one animal were selected for the study in consultation with the officials of Department of Animal Husbandry, Veterinary and Dairy, Government of Arunachal Pradesh for the study purpose. Two sets of variables viz., independent and dependent variables were chosen for the study in consultation with available literature, faculties in college of veterinary science AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Data were collected by personally by interviewing the respondents. Study revealed that majority of the respondents, 65.84 per cent belonged to middle age group, and about 62.50 per cent of them were male and 100.00 per cent were married. Majority 75.83 per cent had nuclear family type with 70.80 per cent medium family size. Almost 54.20 per cent were illiterate educational level and majority 73.30 per cent of the respondents were involved in agriculture as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents 70.00 per cent had medium herd size of livestock other than mithun,75.83 per cent had medium mithun herd size .Most of them had medium family income (rupees 90000-190000) of which majority of the respondents 79.17 per cent belonged to medium category. Majority 85.00 per cent of the respondents had medium income from livestock (rupees 60000-90000).About 55.83 per cent of the respondents had medium extension contact and 62.50 per cent of the respondents had social participation. As regards to socio-cultural practices associated with livestock rearing, 100 per cent of the respondents used mithun and poultry during festivals, 100.00 per cent the respondents used mithun, pig and poultry during marriage, 100.00 per cent of respondents used poultry in rituals, 100.00 per cent in birth ceremony, 95.00 per cent of the respondents used mithun in barter system and 95.00 per cent of the respondents used mithun in legal laws. The study revealed that larger herd size enhances livelihood (89.17 per cent), more numbers of livestock increase social status (74.17 per cent), availability of transportation facilities enhances livestock rearing (77.50 per cent), animal husbandry provides supplementary income (76.66 per cent) and livestock provides social status (70.83) were the different type of assets which played major role in livelihood support of the farmers. As per the preferred means of identification of livestock in order to avoid disputes 60.00 per cent of the respondents responds practiced ear notching, followed by 50.08 per cent of the respondents by different colour pattern and 50.08 per cent by horn. Majority of the respondents 95.83 per cent preferred means of processing of livestock meat and followed 63 per cent by drying. In respect of ethno-veterinary practices leaves, roots and stems of different plants like garlic, guava, ginger, taro, mugorut, white seed, fern, banana etc were used by Nyishi tribe for treatment of different ailments of livestock. Constraints such as non availability of labourers, lack of fodder and good quality seed and lack of proper marketing channel has been identified as sever constraints perceived by the Nyishis’ in performing their livestock rearing practices.ThesisItem Open Access TRANSITION IN ETHNO-CULTURAL LIVESTOCK PREFERENCES AMONG FARMERS IN KAMRUP (R) DISTRICT OF ASSAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2017-07) Das, Gayatri; Saharia, K. K.ndia is predominantly an agrarian society where animal husbandry is an integral part of the agricultural system and as such helps forming the backbone of national economy. The scale of production in animal husbandry has been subsistent in nature and method of rearing, traditional in nature. Commercial or market oriented production systems have not developed much. The composition of livestock population of Assam consists of 63.3 percent cattle followed by goat (21 percent). Buffalo accounts for 5.8 percent while the share of pig is 8.62 percent and sheep is the lowest, i.e. 0.66 percent. Assam does not have any economically important breeds of livestock except the indigenous bullock (2.06 million) on which most of the agricultural operations depend. Because of constantly changing atmosphere in addition to many other factors, animal husbandry in the traditional society in the state has been in transition necessitating the preferences in the farmers’ priorities. therefore a study entitled as “Transition in ethno-cultural livestock preferences among farmers in Kamrup (Rural) district, Assam “was taken up to study with the objectives- (i) Personal profile and the traditional livestock reared by the farmers. (ii)The ethno-cultural values the farmers endow to livestock (iii) The change in number and pattern of animals reared and the transition, if any since the time of his/her father (iv) The reasons of perceived transition among the farmers in livestock rearing (v) The relationship among the ethno-cultural values, transitions of livestock rearing and the reasons behind such a situation. The study was conducted in four selected developmental blocks of Kamrup (Rural) District of Assam situated to the East, West, North and South directions from the headquarters. These four blocks were Bejera, Hajo, Rangia and Boko. Twenty five farmers having at least one milch cow were selected randomly as respondents from each of the blocks thus making the sample size 100. A pre-tested, reliable and valid interview schedule was used for data collection by the researcher personally and the responses were collected on the interview schedule comprising of independent and dependent variables. Based on the data collected and the results obtained the conclusions were drawn and findings were expressed. The salient findings were- Majority of the farmers belonged to middle age group (38-50 year), Majority of respondents were male (72.00 percent), Quite a high majority of the respondents were married (94.00 percent),Quite a good number of the respondents had low educational status (46.00 percent), Majority (79.00 percent) of the respondents had medium sized families (4-7 number) Majority of the respondents belonged to nuclear family type (84.00 per cent), Majority (51.00 percent) of the respondents were medium land holders (3-5 bighas), Quite a good number had agriculture as their primary occupation (43.00 percent), Majority (81.00 percent) of the respondents belonged to middle income group (Rs.48,000-217000) of family income from all source, Majority (83.00 percent) of the respondents belonged to middle income group of (Rs. 4000 to 10,000) of family income from animal husbandry or livestock sector, A good number of the respondents (49.00 per cent) had medium (Rs. 3000- to Rs. 5000/-) respondent’s own monthly income, Majority of farmers (75.00 per cent) had maintained medium herd size (3-6 numbers) presently. Majority of farmers (77.00 percent) had maintained medium herd size (2-3 numbers of equivalent cattle units) 5 yrs. back. Quite a good number (47.00 percent) respondents had medium level of social participation. Majority of farmer (54.00 per cent) were categorized ABSTRACT in medium extension contact, Among the farmers, 34.00 per cent respondents had high level of exposure to various information sources. Highest respondents (6.08 percent) reared livestock for agricultural purposes mainly for draft and manure. Cattle were highly preferred (40.83 percent) among the various farm animals, Majority (87.00 percent) of farmers had kutcha type of house, Majority of farmers (61.00 per cent) were categorized in medium risk orientation group towards animal husbandry practices. Quite a good number (49.00 percent) had medium level of attitude towards animal husbandry. Highest respondents (4.73 percent) kept animals let loose throughout the day &gave shelter at night, Highest respondents (8.90 percent) fed colostrum to the new born calves followed by regular vaccination against infectious diseases. In ‘t ‘test mean number of livestock between the two phases of study i.e. five years back and at the time of conducting the study, significantly differed and showed increase from earlier,(6.84 p=<.01),In relational analysis age of the respondents was positively and high significantly related (r=0.29, p=<.01)to mass media exposure. Whereas it was positively and significantly correlated (r=0.20,p=<.05) with earlier (5 years back) herd size , Educational qualification had positive and high significantly related (r=0.31,p=<.01) to annual family income from all sources and mass media exposure ,Whereas it had positive and significant correlation (r=0.20,p=<.05) with earlier (5 years back) herd size. Family size was found to be positively and high significantly related(r=0.27, p=<.01) to land holding, whereas it was found to be negatively and high significantly related to mass media exposure, Land holding was positively and high significantly related to occupation and risk orientation, Annual family income from all sources was found to be positively and high significantly related to educational qualification , Annual family income from livestock was positively and high significantly related to with annual family income from all sources, Social participation was positively and high significantly (r=0.31, p=<.01) related to annual family income from all sources, herd size, preference of livestock ,Mass media exposure was positively and high significantly related to age, educational qualification and social participation, whereas it had significant correlation with respondent own income per month ,Risk orientation was positively and high significantly related (r=0.25, p=<.01)to land holding ,Purpose of livestock rearing was positively and high significantly related to respondent own income per month, Preferences of livestock was positively and highly significantly(r=0.18, p=<.01) related to annual family income from all sources and annual family income from livestock, Herd size (5 yrs. earlier) was positively and high significantly(r=0.79, p=<.01) related to herd size (at the time of data collection). Whereas it had significant correlation with Age, Educational qualification, annual family income from all sources and Social participation, In multiple regression out of 12 independent variables, family size, occupation, Extension contact, and risk orientation had positive and significant influence on purpose of livestock rearing. The coefficient of determination R square =0.98, indicating that 98.00 percent variation in the purpose of livestock rearing was explained by 12 independent variables taken together. ‘F’ value for R= 4.41** which is highly significant.ThesisItem Open Access ISSUES AROUND NIANG MEGHA BREED OF PIG REARING IN MEGHALAYA(College of Veterinary Science Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2016-07) Suchiang, Rimiki; Ray, M. N.A research study was undertaken to study the issues regarding Niang megha breed of pig in two purposively selected districts of Meghalaya namely, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills district. From each district four villages were purposively selected and from each village 15 Niang megha farmers were randomly selected making the total sample size to 120. Two sets of variables viz., independent and dependent were chosen for the study in consultation with available literature and experts of the field. Data were collected by personally interviewing the selected respondents with the reliable and valid interview schedule. The respondents were interviewed personally at their residence/ farm during the month of November 2015 to April 2016. The study revealed that the average age of the respondents was around 43 years. Majority of the respondents read up to primary school (30.84%), had nuclear families (60.83%) with mean family size of about 7 and were married (90.00%). Agriculture was their primary occupation with their mean annual income from pig farming being Rs. 11336 and mean annual income from all sources being Rs. 76,847. Most of them had medium experience of rearing Niang megha, with an average of about 34 years with about 4 numbers of pigs and mostly rearing for both breeding and fattening purpose (63.33%). Most of them had medium level of social participation (71.66%) and extension contact (68.33%). Majority of the respondents’ attitude towards piggery enterprise was neutral with medium level of liking towards information source. A total of 8 green forages and 10 medicinal herbs were identified which were used for feeding and treatment of Niang megha respectively. Most of them reared their pigs in semi-intensive system (55.84%), mostly hiring a boar for breeding purpose (44.17%). Most of them feed their pigs with garbage feeds (84.17%) and most of them had weaned (45.83%) and castrated their pigs (59.17%) and sometimes treated and dewormed them (48.33%). The common marketing channel of pigs was through local trader and the piglets were normally bought through the co-farmers and the common mode of marketing pork was through local trader. A total of fourteen constraints were identified through Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) technique, where high cost of feed was found to occupy the Rank 1 among the constraints in both the districts with a rank correlation coefficient of 0.70** and 0.95** in East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills district respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PROGRESSIVE POULTRY REARING VENTURES IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF MEGHALAYA(College of Veterinary Science Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2016-07) Pyrtuh, Riwanki; RAY, M. N.The poultry rearing is the most dynamic venture in animal husbandry playing a vital role for socio-economic development of the country. It also plays a significant role in supplementing family income, employment generation, enhances nutrition and alleviates poverty. Thus the study had been conceptualized with the overall objective to study on “Progressive Poultry Rearing Ventures in Selected Districts of Meghalaya”. The study was carried out in two purposively selected districts of Meghalaya viz. East Khasi Hills district and South West Khasi Hills district. Mawphlang block from East Khasi Hills district and Mawkyrwat block from South West Khasi Hills district were purposively selected considering their poultry population. Six villages from each of the two selected blocks were randomly selected and ten poultry farmers were again randomly selected to make the sample size 120. Data on socio-personal and psychological profile of poultry farmers, the factors and areas influencing poultry rearing in the districts, the changes occurred in poultry rearing in recent years, the progressive economic and social contribution of poultry rearing to the family and society respectively and the poultry farmers’ contribution to the local markets were gathered by the researcher through personal interview method. The study revealed that majority of the respondents were of middle age (64 per cent), married (95 per cent), males (52 per cent) and having a nuclear type (95 per cent) of family. Majority of the respondents had medium sized family with a highly significant difference between the two blocks (‘t’ value= 2.019*, p<0.05). A large number of the respondents could read and write (40 per cent), were daily wage earners (56 per cent) in occupation with an average annual income of Rs 80, 483.33 from all sources (82 per cent) and an average of Rs 6883.33 as annual income from poultry (92 per cent). Majority (95 per cent) of the respondents had medium flock size with a highly significant difference between the two blocks (t= 2.18*, p<0.05). Majority of the respondents had medium length of experience (69 per cent) in poultry rearing with medium level of training (93 per cent). All the respondents utilized their income from poultry for day-to-day household upkeep. They had also utilized their income from poultry in the fields of education (54.78 per cent), health care (49.80 per cent), sustaining of poultry production (34.03 per cent) and in agricultural activities (2.49 per cent) in a mutually exclusive manner. Majority of the respondents had medium level of social participation (92 per cent), extension contact (84 per cent) and mass media exposure (58 per cent). Majority of the respondents had neutral attitude (78 per cent) towards poultry rearing with medium level of economic motivation (68 per cent). In respect of changes in poultry rearing, there was a reduction in the number of respondents who were found to practice free range system whereas there was an increase in the number of respondents who practiced backyard and intensive system of rearing. In case of floor material, there was an increase in the number of respondents who used concrete. There was an increase in the number of respondents who used GI sheet as roofing material as well as a combination of concrete and wire net as side wall construction. Similarly the number of respondents using plastic-make as feeding trough and commercial feed also increased. The number of respondents who adopted improved variety of chicken also increased. In respect of source of chicks, there was an increase in the number of respondents who procured chicks through private dealers and Government schemes. The number of respondents who vaccinated, de-wormed, provided treatment, buried the dead birds and kept records also showed a markedly upward trend. Majority of the respondents (64 per cent) fell under the medium category of perception in respect of factors and areas that influenced poultry rearing and agreed that ‘finance’ (86.00%), ‘diseases’ (81.00%), ‘Government policies of helping farmers’ (42.00%), ‘knowledge on scientific practices’ (38.00%) and ‘training on poultry rearing’ (59.00%) had ‘very much’ influenced on poultry rearing. Majority of the respondents (76 per cent) had medium level of perception with respect to the economic and social contribution of poultry rearing to their family and society respectively. There was highly significant difference between the two blocks in economic and social contribution of poultry rearing to their family and society respectively. (‘t’ value= 3.12**, p<0.01). Further majority of the respondents felt that poultry rearing had ‘very much’ contributed to their family in terms of ‘Increase in family income’. Similarly, majority of the respondents (74 per cent) fell in medium category with respect to their perceived contribution of poultry rearing to the local markets and perceived that the item ‘Enhances employment opportunities’ (86.00%) had ‘very much’ contribution to the local markets. In relational analysis, educational status (‘r’=0.20*) and extension contact (‘r’= 0.23*) had positive and significant (p<0.05) correlation with the factors and areas affecting poultry rearing. Further, annual income from all sources (‘r’=0.35**), mass media exposure (‘r’=0.36**) and economic motivation (‘r’=0.38**) had positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlation with the factors and areas affecting poultry rearing. In regression analysis, experience in poultry rearing and economic motivation had a positive and significant (p<0.05) influence on the factors and areas affecting poultry rearing.