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2020 - 20233
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Histological, ultrastructural and molecular studies on guard hair for species difference of Hoolock Gibbons (Hoolockhoolock) found In Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2023) Ahmed, Jahan; Sharma, Munmun
    Hoolock gibbons are the only ape species found in India and its population is confined to the north eastern states of India. The Hoolock gibbons are tailless and have distinctive call pattern.The gibbons have strong hook shaped hands for grasping branches, brachiating arms and long and strong legs to help them in jumping and propelling across branches of trees. Gibbons found in India has been identified based on their phenotypic characters as Western Hoolock gibbons found in Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram while the ones found in Arunachal Pradesh were classified as Eastern hoolock gibbon. These classification is purely based on the external observation and phenotypic characters. There has been a debate regarding the species found in India, initially it was believed to be one single species but later on it was found that there are two species namely the Western Hoolock gibbon and Eastern Hoolock gibbon. Recently, a new sub species has been added from Mishmi hills in Arunachal Pradesh called as Mishmi gibbons (Holoockhoolockmishmiensis) . All the classifications are based on morphological characteristics. In Western Hoolock gibbons, the newborns are milky white and turn to black in both sexes by the age of 2 years. Males remain black and the scrotum appears distinct by seven months. In females when they reach adult stage, the hairs turn into golden blond colour with white brows and a white frame in the face. The white brows are found in males as well. These are distinctive characteristics of Western Hoolock gibbons. Eastern Hoolock gibbons are similar to the Western Hoolock gibbons except that the adult female is pale colour with more distinct paler arms. The male has a white genital tufts and spaced out white eyebrows. The length of the hairs varied in different body regions being shortest hairs in the forehead region of male hoolock gibbons from Assam and longest in the shoulder region in both sexes of gibbons from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya. The hairs were curly and twisted. The hairs were observed to have a fine lustrous texture. In male eastern hoolock gibbon it was observed that the hair diameter in the forehead region was 43.43 ± 0.19 μm and in female it was 46.55 ± 0.21 μm. In western hoolock gibbon from Assam the hair shaft diameter was 43.22 ± 0.59 μm in male and in female it was recorded as 44.55 ± 0.23 μm. In western hoolock gibbon from Meghalaya it was observed that the hair shaft diameter in male was 41.88 ± 0.26 μm while in female it was 39.74 ± 0.61 μm. Hair medulla was present only in the male gibbons from Arunachal Pradesh. The medulla pattern was continuous and elongated in shape. Hair medulla was observed in gibbons of all the three states. The hair medulla was elliptical and fragmented in structure. The cortico medullary index was maximum in female hoolock gibbons from Arunachal Pradesh i.e. 34.66 ± 0.04 μmand minimum was recorded from hoolock gibbons in Meghalaya gibbons i.e. 30.06 ± 0.2 μm. 2D electrophoresis revealed two protein bands in the range of 61.98 KDal and 44.3 KDal. Highest value was recorded from male Eastern hoolock gibbon at 172.7 ± 0.28 Kdal while lowest was recorded from Western hoolock gibbon from Assam at 5.04±0.14. Molecular analysis indicates that hoolock gibbon from NE are Hoolockhoolock or western hoolock gibbon.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT OF MALE GENITAL SYSTEM OF PATI DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos) OF ASSAM
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2020-11) HMANGAIHZUALI, ELIZABETH VL; Sarma, Kabita
    The present study was undertaken to elaborate certain gross anatomical, histomorphological, histochemical, ultrastructural, haematological and serum biochemical aspect of male genital organs of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos) of Assam during the postnatal development. Total 30 (thirty) numbers of apparently healthy Pati ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were utilized for present study. The testis of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos) was located within the abdominal cavity. The organ was elongated rice-grain like in 1 month which changed to oval shaped in 20 weeks and bean shaped in 30 and 40 weeks. The epididymis was found on the dorso-medial aspect of testis. The epididymal duct of the testis continued as Vas deferens. The convoluted vas deferens tightly coiled in a zingzag pattern till 20 weeks and the convolutions loosened in 30 and 40 weeks. The vas deferens was translucent in 1 month and 6-8 weeks whereas in 30 and 40 weeks they were opaque white with presence of spermatozoa in the lumen. The phallus coiled in anti-clockwise direction from the base to the apex. The ejaculatory groove and sulcus divide the shaft into two lateral bodies. The length increased with age. The testis of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos) had a capsule which had three parts viz., tunica serosa, tunica albugenia and tunica vasculosa. The thickness of the capsule of the testis gradually increased along the advancement of the age i.e. from 1 month to 40 week age group. The collagen, reticular, elastic and nerve fibers were observed within the capsule and as well the peritubular area of the seminiferous tubules. The thickness of the capsule and distribution of all the fibers increased along with the advancement of the age i.e. from 1 month to 40 week age group. The parenchyma of the testis of the Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos) consisted of complex and convoluted seminiferous tubules separated by interstitial connective tissue. No lobulation and mediastinum testis. The diameter as wells as layers of cell of the ST increased with age. One month and 6-8 weeks birds semiferous tubules were mainly composed of Sertoli cells, spermatogonium cells and vacuolated cells. In 20 weeks the cells were 3 to 5 layers consisting of spermatocyte along with other cells. The ST of 30 and 40 weeks age groups had 8 to 17 layers of cells formed by different stages of spermatogenesis. The interstitial connective tissue decreased with increased in age. The epididymal region consisted of rete testis which was intracapsular and extracapsular, efferent duct with smooth and folded epithelium, collecting duct and epididymal duct having the same epithelial lining. The vas deferens diameter increased with age. Smooth epithelium at the cranial part and folded epithelium at caudal part. The phallus has a narrow lumen which was surrounded by a very large lymphatic space and vascular body. In the present histochemical study of male genital organ of Pati duck, the reaction of Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme decreased with age in the testis, moderate in the vas deferens and intesnse in the phallus. The reaction of the Acid Phosphatase moderate in the testis and vas deferens of all age group, while phallus had intense and moderate activity area. The Adenosine Tri Phosphatase (ATPase) activity increased with increased in age in the testis, weak activity in the vas deferens and phallus with intense and weak activity area. Under TEM two types of leydig cells viz., elongated and polygonal shaped was found, they contain numerous lipid droplets along with mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Sertoli cell had large and irregularly shaped nucleus which had intranuclear cleft. The prominent nucleoli of sertoli cell nucleus had a very dense and moderately dense area. In the peritubular space layers of overlapping myoid cells was found. Within seminiferous tubules cellular detailed of spermatogenic cells were observed. Age related change observed with Testosterone hormone which increased with increased in age. T3 and T4 hormones were higher in younger age while Cortisol was higher in older groups. Among the haematological parameters significant changes was found in PCV, WBC, monocyte and neutrophils. ALP was the only serum enzyme which showed significant changes between age groups. Serum metabolites viz., total protein, albumin and creatinine showed significant changes among the differentage group.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL, CYTOCHEMICAL, CYTOENZYMIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD CELLS OF ADULT RHODE ISLAND RED, ASEEL AND NON DESCRIPT INDIGENOUS CHICKEN OF MIZORAM
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2021-12) DOLEY, PROBAL JYOTI; Sarma, Kabita
    Matured erythrocytes were elliptical in shape and their mean length was measured to be 12.65±0.12 μ, 12.62±0.19 μ and 12.52±0.10 μ and their mean width was measured to be 6.83±0.09 μ, 6.81±0.11 μ and 6.07±0.07 μ in Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar respectively. The hetrophils were the largest granulocyte and had a mean diameter of 10.01±0.16 μ, 10.23±0.12 μ and 9.98±0.23 μ while the basophils were the smallest granulocyte and had a mean diameter of 8.41±0.17 μ, 8.37±0.14 μ and 8.24±0.18 μ in Rhode Island Red, Assel and Zoar respectively. The eosinophils were almost equal to the heterophils and measured 9.53±0.10 μ in Rhode Island Red, 9.61±0.10 μ in Aseel and 9.82±0.24 μ Zoar. The monocytes were the largest leukocyte and had a mean diameter of 11.35±0.15 μ in Rhode Island Red, 11.97±0.27 μ in Assel and 11.43±0.10 μ in Zoar. The lymphocytes were of variable sizes and their mean diameter ranged from 5.96±0.13 μ, 6.09±0.11 μ and 5.67±0.13 μ to 9.35±0.48 μ, 9.88±0.20 μ and 9.13±0.04 μ in Rhode Island Red, Assel and Zoar respectively. The thrombocytes were the smallest blood cell and had a mean diameter of 4.85±0.10 μ, 4.93±0.15 μ and 4.47±0.08 μ in Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar respectively. Reticulocytes and siderocytes were rare in the blood of Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar. The heterophils of Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar were positive for SBB, PAS, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulphatase while the eosinophils were positive for SBB, PAS, alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase. The basophils of Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar were positive for toluidine blue while the thrombocytes were positive for PAS. Under Scanning Electron Microscopy the erythrocytes appeared elliptical in shape while the leukocytes and thrombocytes appeared round in shape with variable surface modifications. Under Transmission Electron Microscopy the granules of the heterophils of Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar appeared predominantly fusiform in shape, the granules of the eosinophils appeared round in shape and that of the basophils appeared pleomorphic in shape. The cytoplasm of the monocytes, medium to large lymphocytes and thrombocytes of Rhode Island Red, Aseel and Zoar under Transmission Electron Microscopy appeared to be vacuolated and granular while that of the small lymphocytes appeared to be non vacuolated and granular.