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20224
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Start date: 2022 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feeding protected proteins on milk yield and nutrient utilization in crossbred cows
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Haloi, Sikhamoni; Bhuyan, Robin
    An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of feeding protected proteins on milk yield, milk quality, nutrient utilization and cost of production in crossbred cows. Eighteen lactating crossbred cows of almost similar milk yield and parity were randomly divided into three groups of six animals each. Randomized block design (RBD) technique was followed for the study. Experimental cows were allotted to three dietary treatments (T0, T1 and T2). T0 was considered as control group and T1 and T2 as treatment groups. Feeding of roughage and concentrate mixture having soybean meal (untreated) was offered in T0 group; while concentrate mixture with heat treated and formaldehyde treated soybean meal was offered to T1 and T2 group, respectively. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 120 days followed by digestibility trial of 5 days. The average dry matter (DM) intake (kg/Day) was 10.98±0.04, 11.05±0.05 and 11.02±0.05 for T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively and did not differ significantly among groups. The DM intake (kg) per 100 kg body weight was 3.34 ±0.07, 3.40 ±0.07 and 3.35 ±0.05 for T0, T1 and T2 group, respectively. The DM intakes (g) per kg W0.75 body size was 141.92 ± 2.21, 144.44 ± 2.22 and 142.32 ± 1.31 for the corresponding groups. The DM intake per 100 kg body weight and per kg W0.75 body size did not differ significantly among groups. The percent digestibility of DM, CP were significantly higher in T1 and T2 group over T0 group, however digestibility of EE, CF, NFE, NDF and ADF did not differ significantly among groups . The average daily milk yield (kg/Day) was 7.70 ± 0.98, 9.01 ± 0.14 and 8.93 ± 0.14 for the T0, T1 and T2 group, respectively which was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 group compared to T0 group. The average FCM yield (kg/Day) was 8.12 ± 0.16, 9.42 ± 0.17 and 9.30 ± 0.18 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively which was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 group in comparison to T0 group. The milk parameters like fat, protein, lactose, total solid, solid not fat did not differ significantly among groups. The total serum protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and albumin globulin ratio was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 group compare to T0 group. The creatinine (mg/dl) and globulin (g/dl) concentration of blood were significantly lower in (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 group compared to T0 group. The gamma glutamyl transferase (U/L) concentration of blood was comparable among the groups. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) percentages were 26.47 ± 0.02, 22.52 ± 0.01 and 22.53 ± 0.02 for untreated, heat treated and formaldehyde treated soybean meal, respectively. Undegradable dietary protein (UDP) percentages were 18.55± 0.01, 22.51 ± 0.01 and 22.52 ±0.01 for the corresponding feeds. RDP percentages were lower in (P<0.01) in heat treated and formaldehyde treated soybean meal than untreated soybean meal whereas UDP percentages were significantly higher (P<0.01) in heat treated and formaldehyde treated soybean meal compared to untreated soybean meal. The feed cost per kg of milk was lower in T1 and T2 groups (Rs.28.77 and Rs.29.60) compared to T0 (Rs.32.83) group. It was observed that feeding of heat treated soybean meal (T1) and formaldehyde treated soybean meal (T2) showed better results in terms of milk yield, FCM yield and digestibility of nutrients like dry matter and crude protein over untreated soybean meal (T0). Hence, it can be concluded that treatment of soybean meal has a significant effect on milk yield due to enhancement of nutrient bioavailability caused by lowering of rumen degradable protein (RDP). Comparing the heat treatment and formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal, heat treatment could be recommended from practical and economic point of view as there is no risk of chemicals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feeding pineapple waste with probiotic supplementation on the performance of growing pigs
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-03) Das, Nirmali; Bhuyan, Robin
    A 5 month feeding trial was conducted on 24 weaned cross bred piglets (Hampshire × Local) pigs (11.53±1.08 to 11.75±1.03 kg body weight) to investigate the effect of feeding pineapple waste with probiotic supplementation on the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical, faecal microbial count, carcass characteristics and cost of feeding. Basal rations (BIS, 2001) were assigned as C, T1, T2 and T3. The pineapple waste were sundried, chaffed into small pieces and then mixed with the basal diet at 10, 20 and 30% level for T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Probiotic (lactobacillus) was added at the level of 0.35g in all the ration including control. Two digestion trials were carried out – once in the growing phase (18th week) and another one in the finishing phase (22nd week). Faeces and blood samples were collected from each treatment group at three stages i.e., initial, grower and finisher stages of the feeding trial for estimation of total bacterial count and for evaluation of haemato-biochemical parameters. For carcass characteristics study, three pigs from each treatment were sacrificed at the end of the feeding trial. Study revealed improvement in feed consumption in the growing and finishing phase and also found that T2 was significantly higher (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of all the nutrients was comparatively higher in T2 followed by C, T1 and T3. Significant difference was found among the groups (P<0.05) in apparent digestibility coefficient of CP, EE and NFE in grower phase; whereas in finisher stage significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in apparent digestibility co-efficient of DM, CP, EE, NFE and OM among the groups. The average daily body weight gain (ADG) was significantly higher in T2 groups and resulted significantly higher total gain and final body weights than C, T1 and T3. Significant difference was found in both phases among treatment group on nitrogen balance where T2 was found significantly different from C, T1 and T3 (P<0.05), whereas C, T1 and T2 was found significantly similar. Significant difference was not found in ca balance for both the phases (P>0.05); whereas significant difference was found in p balance in finisher phase (P<0.05). The FCR at the end of feeding trial was calculated as 4.264±0.085, 4.211±0.041, 4.200±0.060 and 4.415±0.042 for C, T1, T2 and T3 respectively and indicating significantly better FCR in T2 groups. The feeding cost (Rs./kg body weight gain) in the growing phase was Rs.124.87, Rs. 117.12, Rs 113.28 and Rs.113.38; whereas for finisher phase the feeding cost (Rs./kg body weight gain ) was calculated as Rs. 126.77, Rs. 117.77, Rs.113.31 and Rs.114.35 for C, T1,T2 and T3 groups, respectively, which indicated significantly reduced feeding cost/kg body weight gain in T2 group compared to C, T1 and T3. All haemato-biochemical parameters were within the normal range in all the treatment groups. Significant difference (P<0.01) was observed among the groups for faecal microbial load. Also significant difference was observed for slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness and loin eye area where C, T1 and T2 was found significantly different from T3(P<0.01). Findings of the study revealed that feeding pineapple waste upto 20% level significantly improved growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, faecal microbial load and feed: gain ratio of pigs. Thus, feeding of pineapple waste upto 20% level may be recommended to crossbred pigs for remunerative and sustainable profit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Nutritional and feeding management strategies on performance, nutrient utilization and gut health in weaned crossbred pigs
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-03) Hoque, Ekramul; Bhuyan, R
    An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of prebiotic, probiotic, lysine and methionine supplementation in diets with two level of protein on growth performance, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency, biochemical parameters and gut health in weaned growing pig in a 90 days trail. A total of 30 piglets of crossed bred pig of average 18.38 ± 0.93 kg body weight of about three months of age irrespective of sex were selected from KVK, Darrang, AAU, Mangaldai-784125 which were bred, born and raised at the farm maintained under KVK, Darrang. The piglets were randomly allotted to five treatments of six piglets in each group on the basis of body weight. Hence, five experimental treatment groups were the T0 (Basal Diets), T1 (Basal Diets, commercial MOS 0.3%, Probiotic 40 g/100kg feed, 2.5 X 109 CFU/ gm), T2 (Basal Diets, extracted MOS 0.3% and Probiotic 40 g/100kg feed, CFU/ gm 2.5 X 109), T3 (Basal Diets, commercial MOS 0.3%, Probiotic 40 g/100kg feed, CFU/ gm 2.5 X 109 , lysine 0.3% and methionine 0.1%) and T4 (Basal Diets, extracted MOS 0.3%, Probiotic 40 g/100kg feed, CFU/ gm 2.5 X 109 , lysine 0.3% and methionine 0.1%) in a randomized complete block design. The basal diet was prepared as per the recommendation of ICAR-2013. The average DM intake (kg/100 kg BW) was 4.57±0.02, 4.14±0.01, 4.31±0.02, 4.02±0.01 and 4.38±0.01 for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The difference of average DM intake (kg/100kg BW) was statistically significant P˂ 0.001 among the control and treatment groups. Average daily body weight gain (gm/day) were 217.67 ± 5.10, 249.11 ± 4.52, 244.26 ± 3.52, 258.59 ± 3.21 and 255.78 ± 5.55 for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Average daily body weight gain (gm/day) showed significant differences (P˂ 0.05) amongst the groups. The average feed conversion ratio were 5.53 ± 0.28, 4.65 ± 0.35, 4.79 ± 0.26, 4.40 ± 0.28 and 4.81 ± 0.29 for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively where significant difference (P<0.05) existed among the groups. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, EE, Total carbohydrate, NDF and ADF did not differ (P˃0.05) significantly among the treatment groups but digestibility coefficient of CP differed (P˂ 0.05) significantly among groups. N-retention (%) of different groups were 76.33 ± 0.78, 80.93 ± 0.05, 82.39 ± 0.54, 79.38 ± 0.63 and 80.51 ± 0.48 for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively; there was significant difference (P˂0.01) among groups. There was no significant difference (P˂ 0.05) in Ca and P retention (%) in different groups but there was significant difference (P˂0.01) in fecal ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) concentration. In respect of fecal microbial count, E. coli count (log10cfu/g) was significantly different (P˂ 0.05) among groups and minimum was recorded in T4 and T3 group. The fecal TVC (log10cfu/g) count was highest in T4 group followed by T3 and T2 group. The concentrations of total serum protein and blood cholesterol were found within normal physiological range in all experimental groups. There was significant difference (P˂ 0.05) in respect of blood glucose, blood albumin, blood globulin and blood Albumin: Globulin ratio. Feed cost (Rs.) per kg gain was 102.85, 97.30, 101.91, 91.90 and 96.35 for control group (T0) and treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4), respectively. Highest profit (in terms of feed cost/kg gain) was observed in T3 group followed by T2 group of crossbred pig in comparison to other groups. Thus it can be concluded that supplementation of prebiotic, probioctic, lysine and methionine in diet in growing pig @ 0.3%, 40 g/100kg feed (2.5 X 109 CFU/ gm), 0.3% and 0.1% may be recommended in terms of growth and economic of production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of large white yorkshire on feeding banana stem and mixed (banana stem and taro) silage fermented with probiotics
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-03) Das, Biren Kumar; Saikia, B N
    A study was conducted on Large White Yorkshire (LWY) pigs to assess the effect of feeding banana pseudo-stem silage and mixed silage of banana pseudo-stem and Taro (Colocasia esculenta) fermented, anaerobically, with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecium. Eighteen LWY piglets, average body weight 15.097 ± 0.71 kg, were randomly divided into three groups (T1, T2 and T3) in a completely randomised block design with 6 piglets in each group. Three experimental iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were prepared and fed in two phase feeding programme i.e. growing phase (up to 35 kg body weight) and finishing phase (above 35 kg body weight) as per BIS, 2001 where T1 (control) group was fed basal diet without silage while T2 and T3 group received diet with 25 % replacement of cereal (maize) grain of the basal diet with banana pseudo-stem silage and mixed silage of banana pseudo-stem and Taro. During 180 days of feeding trial, the body weight changes of the LWY pigs in growing phase as well as finishing phase varied significantly (P<0.01) among the treatment groups. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in fortnightly dry matter intake of the experimental pigs in the growing phase. ADG (g/h/d) and FCE of the growing-finishing pigs in the growing phase were also found to be significant (P<0.05) among the experimental pigs. Digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients were studied by conducting digestibility trial in growing and finishing phase of the experimental pigs. In the growing phase digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, CF & EE differed significantly (P<0.05 & P<0.01) among the treatment groups, but digestibility coefficient of OM and NFE did not differ (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. In the finishing phase digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE did not differ (P>0.05) among the experimental groups. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in biochemical parameters of SGPT, SGOT, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, HDL and LDL among the groups. The carcass traits like dressing percentage, back fat thickness, loin eye area, per cent weight of whole sale cuts of pork, edible and inedible offal were not affected (P>0.05) by the partial replacement of cereal (maize) grain in the basal diet with silages. Drip loss (%), water holding capacity and pH of Longissimus dorsi muscle did not differ (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. Per cent moisture, protein, fat and ash of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were also not affected (P>0.05) by the partial replacement of cereal (maize) grain in the basal diet with silages. Analysis of variance of histomorphological measures of villus height, crypt depth, villus height:crypt depth and average villus surface area of duodenum and jejunum showed that 25% replacement of cereal (maize) grain of the basal diet with silages did not have adverse effect (P>0.05) in the experimental pigs. In economic analysis, the cost of feed per kg weight gain was found to be reduced (P<0.05) in T3 group pigs compared to T1 (control) and T2 group pigs. It was concluded that 25 % substitution of cereal (maize) grain from the basal diet by mixed silage of banana pseudo-stem and Taro in growing-finishing LWY pigs had no adverse effect on growth performance, serum biochemical profile and carcass characteristics, and had reduced the cost of pig production.