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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of biosafety of oral oxolinic acid administration to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) juveniles(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) PATEL, JAYKUMAR BHAGUBHA; Abraham, T.J.; Hoque, F.; Dash, G.; Nagesh, T.S.; Sau, S.K.Oxolinic acid (OA) is one of the broad-spectrum quinolones that is a critically important medicine for humans and is used as a second-line treatment in aquaculture at 12 mg/kg biomass/day for 7 consecutive days. The present study was executed to evaluate the biosafety of OA and to determine its efficacy against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles. The study also evaluated the biochemical, histopathological and haematological alterations in O. niloticus when fed the OA feed. The biosafety experiments were carried out at 0-10 times the therapeutic dose (12 mg) for 21 days. A significant dose-dependent reduction in feed intake and biomass and an increase in mortalities was recorded. Dietary OA administration caused a dose-dependent effect on fish erythrocyte morphology and haematological parameters. A significant increase in plasma glucose, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase was documented during the dosing period. On the other hand, the plasma calcium and chloride levels decreased significantly. The gills, kidneys, liver, spleen, and intestine showed mild to marked histopathological changes, indicating the possible toxic effects of OA on different organs of fish. The majority of the alterations, however, recovered upon cessation of OA-dosing. The edible tissue residues, as analyzed by LC-MS/MS, peaked on day 21 of OA-dosing and decreased upon cessation of OA-dosing in all the dosing groups. The residue levels of OA in the muscle tissue of the therapeutic dose group were well within the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Further, the efficacy of OA was evaluated by challenging O. niloticus juveniles with A. hydrophila intramuscularly and subsequently treated with medicated OA feed for 7 consecutive days at 12 mg/kg biomass/day. The OA treatment gave better results in terms of reducing the clinical biochemical parameters and recovery against A. hydrophila infection compared to the untreated group. The rate of wound healing was also faster in the OA-treated group compared to the untreated group, wherein the wounds healed completely within 12 days of post-injection. Therefore, the efficacy of OA against A. hydrophila infections in fish was established. Although the current study hinted at the safety and tolerability of OA in O. niloticus juveniles in tropical Indian conditions, care must be exercised for its aquacultural application because of its listing as a critically important medicine for humans.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of growth and physio-metabolic responses of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) in freshwater v/s saline water(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) BHUNIA, SAYAN; Ghosh, T.K.; Biswas, Gouranga; Das, S.K.; Sau, S.K.; Chowdhury, S.; Saha, B.Salinity is one of the stressful environmental factors which affects life, metabolism, and distribution of aquatic animals. The present study on ՙՙComparative evaluation of growth and physio-metabolic responses of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) in freshwater v/s saline water ՚՚ was carried out to find the suitable salinity for growth performance and survival of pengba (Osteobrama belangeri) in inland saline water and to find the effects of different salinity concentrations on haematological, serum biochemical, and proximal parameters of this fish. In first phase of the experiment, 60 fingerlings of O.belangeri (11.78 ±0.057 g)were stocked in control and treatments (each having triplicate containing 10 sp each per replicate ) for 60 days to run a growth study by feeding with formulated (32 % protein ) feed @4% BW . Then in second phase, 18 days experimental study was run considering freshwater as control ( C ) and saline water as treatment (T) with gradually increasing salinities (2,4,6,8,10 and 12 ppt) at 72 hours interval in each salinity concentration. The result indicated that O. belangeri can tolerate the salinities up to 12 ppt. in inland saline water where as 100% mortality was observed in 12 ppt . MLS96h was calculated and LC 50 was determined using mortality data. Almost similar rate of growth and survival was found up to 8 ppt compared to control. Salinity more than 8 ppt appeared to be unsuitable for O. belangeri due to increased mortality and impaired growth. A few important physiological parameters i.e proximal value, behavioral changes were observed during 18 days of experimental phase . To determine haematological alterations, RBCs, haematocrit (HCT%), haemoglobin (Hb) , platelets count , WBC, MCH , MCHC , MCV values are determined and significant alterations ( p<0.05) found at different salinity concentration . To determine biochemical alterations, ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) or SGPT (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) or SGOT (serum glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and Catalase (CAT) are examined collecting the blood serum. The increasing value of liver enzyme ALT and AST in blood indicated hepatic damages in higher salinities. However, all the biochemical parameters were found as almost normal up to 8 ppt compared with control. This evidence suggests that pengba can sustain and grow well below 8 ppt and can be a potential candidate for culture in coastal areas after heavy downpour when the salinities level falls to 8 ppt or lower.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROLINE ON SALINITY TOLERANCE AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844)(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) Barman, Susmita; Ghosh, T.K.; Biswas, Gouranga; Das, S.K.; Sau, S.K.; Saha, Biswarup; Chatterjee, P.N.The study on "The effect of dietary supplement of proline on salinity tolerance and growth performances of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes,1844)" had the goals of estimation the growth performance of pengba using proline as a feed supplement and assessing the salinity tolerance of Osteobrama belangeri. In the first part of the study, four types of proline fortified formulated diets were fed to fish for 12 weeks in FRP tanks with a capacity of 500 litres. Proline inclusion levels in feeds were 0% (control), 0.15% (T1), 0.20% (T2), and 0.25% (T3) with 32–33% crude protein content. Feed was offered twice daily @ 4% of the fish biomass throughout the experimental period. In first phase of experiment better growth rate, SGR, FCR, FCE, PER were recorded in T2 group having 0.20% proline with 0.05% level of significance. To assess salinity tolerance of Osteobrama belangeri the fishes were directly exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22 and 24 ppt salinity consecutively in second phase of experiment. LC50 and mortality rate were calculated from the experimental data. In addition, normal physiological balance under osmotic pressure was maintained in every treatment group during abrupt salinity test. All fishes were subjected to a tolerance test with progressive increase in salinity. Daily 2.0 ppt salinity was increased until it became 24 ppt. Proline fortified fishes exhibited much higher tolerance of salinity and 100% mortality was recorded at 18 ppt in T1, 22 ppt in T3 and 24 ppt in T2. However, 100% mortality at 12 ppt was observed in control.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ZINC SOURCES ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF CIRRHINUS MRIGALA(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) KISKU, KHERWAL RAJ; Sau, S.K.; Das, S.K.; Ghosh, T.K.; Dash, G.; Saha, B.; Mandal, R.N.Zinc as an essential trace element in fish diets that is required for growth, immunity and antioxidant defence mechanisms. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the efficiency of different sources of zinc as a fish feed additive in feeding Cirrhinus mrigala. Present study was conducted to compare the effect of different dietary inorganic sources of zinc i.e., Zinc oxide and zinc oxide nano particles on growth performance, some haematological indices and enzymatic activity of mrigal. This experiment was executed under laboratory condition for 56 days. Two hundred and twenty five mrigal advanced fry of uniform size were distributed into five experimental groups in triplicate manner and each tank stocked with fifteen number of fish. Each tank was filled with tap water of 120 litter with fully aeration system. One third water was exchanged alternative day by siphoning to control the water quality. Fish were fed with a basal diet(control) and treatment diet supplemented with zinc oxide at concentration of 30 mg/kg(T1) and zinc oxide nano particle at concentration of 30, 15 and 7.5 mg/kg (T2, T3, T4) respectively. The fish were fed daily two times at the rate of 3% of their body weight. The growth performance was recorded weekly basis and the haematology, enzymology parameters are tested after completion of the experiment. After 56 days of feeding trial, growth performance, haematological, enzymological changes of Cirrhinus mrigala showed significant (P < 0.05) differences between control and other treatments. The treatment group T1, T2, T3, T4 showed higher body weight gain, specific growth rate and low FCR. T3(15mg/kg) achieved highest growth than control and another treatment. Growth performance was impressive than basal diet. Haematological performance also assessed through blood parameter analysis like haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC counts. Hb, RBC, PCV and platelet counts showed increasing in numbers and WBC count was decreased in treatment as compare to control. Enzymatic activity recorded highest in T3 and lowest in control. The survivability was recorded with control group having 100% and T1, T2, T3 and T4 group having 98.61%, 98.26%, 99.31% and 91.67% survivability respectively. It may be concluded that 15mg nano ZnO/kg of supplemented feed showed better and significant (p<0.005) performance in mrigal which can substitute control diet for better production performance.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTING NANO ZINC AND BLACK CUMIN ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF CIRRHINUS MRIGALA(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) JOSHI, RITA; Sau, S.K.; Mandal, R.N.; Das, S.K.; Ghosh, T.K.; Chatterjee, P.N.; Saha, B.Zinc is the necessary trace elements for aquatic animals that affects the biological processes and physiological functions. Thus, the supplement of ZnO-NPs can be used as an alternative method to overcome zinc deficiency. Nanoparticles have the potential to enhance the growth and health of the fish. The main aim of the present work is to find out influence of supplementing nanozinc with black cumin on growth performances and hematology of the Cirrhinus mrigala. Different zinc forms were administered in basal diet for the formation of different treatments for this present study. The control without any zinc supplementation and treatment feeds with an inorganic Zinc (ZnO T1), nanozinc oxide (ZnO, T2) and zinc oxide with black cumin (T3) and last was nanozinc with black cumin (T4) with the same concentration @ of 15 mg/kg of feed. Growth performances, hematological parameters and enzymatic performances of Mrigal were estimated after 56 days of feeding trial. Mrigal fed with T4 treatment feed showed higher Growth rate, DWG, SGR, showing good FCR indicated that when nanozinc combined with black cumin it enhances its performances. Hematological parameters values such as hemoglobin, RBC, Hematocrit, are also higher in T4 treatment as compare to control and other inorganic zinc (ZnO) and nano zinc having same concentration in all treatments (15 mg /kg of feed). MCV, MCH, and MCHC do not showed significant change (p>0.05) among treatments and WBC and platelets decreased with increase in zinc supplementation in feed. As it showed high values in control and lowest in T4. This study provides that 15mg of Zinc oxide nanoparticles with black cumin incorporated feed was suitable for the growth and hematological parameters of Mrigal and it would be used in the feed of fishes as micronutrients. the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR), % per day), which was significantly different (p < .05) from the other experimental diets. Significantly (p < .05), higher activities of the digestive and metabolic enzymes were recorded in the fish fed ZnO-NP containing diets as compared to the diets containing inorganic Zn or control diet. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the growth efficacy of ZnONP-supplemented. The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles show the higher improvement of growth and metabolic functions in Labeo rohita. These results suggest that the nanotechnology could apply for feed formulation technology and pave the way for the dietary supplementation of zinc oxide nanoparticles as safe ingredients for aquatic animals to overcome the zinc deficiency.ThesisItem Open Access DOCUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF SELECTIVE INPUT BASED INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (UTK) IN INLAND AQUACULTURE OF MALDA, BANKURA AND PURBA MEDINIPUR DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) Dinda, Riya; Das, Shib Kinkar; Sarkar, U.K.; Ghosh, T.K.; Das, Bipul Kumar; Saba, BiswarupIndigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) is an integral part of the culture and history of a localcommunity that is evolved through the ages of continuous experimentation with locallyavailable resources in and around the community (Ghosh and Sahoo, 2011; Basera, 2016). Theadoption of indigenous technologies has resulted in increasing aquaculture production in manycountries (Nandeesha, 2007; Edwards, 2009; Das et al., 2012a). However, many of these ITKsare on the verge of extinction because most of the ITKs have not been scientifically documentedand their actual mechanism of action has seldom been investigated. With this perspective, thepresent study was designed with the objectives (i) To make an inventory of the ITKs prevalentat the selected area of study, (ii) To study the scientific background of selective input basedITKs, and, (iii) To suggest refining of such ITKs with scientific reasoning where applicable.The study was conducted in three purposively selected districts viz. Malda, Bankura and Purba Medinipur. Five developmental blocks from each of the three districts comprising of 15 developmental blocks were purposively selected for the data collection in the present study.These are: Kaliachak-II, Old Malda, Englishbazar, Bamongola, and Gazole in Malda; Indas,Patrasayer, Taldangra, Onda, Indpur in Bankura, and, Sutahata, Haldia, Mahishadal,Nandakumar, Mayna in Purba Medinipur district. Twenty (20) farmers(respondents) from eachof the 5 blocks in each selected district were selectedthrough simple random sampling withoutreplacement technique thereby comprising 100 farmers from each district and 300 farmers intotal from the three districts (N=300) for collection of primary data through directinterview/group discussion of the farmers with the help of a pre-tested, structured interviewschedule. Water quality and fish growth was tested at monthly intervals in the culture pondsapplying input based ITKs from five (05) farms in each block (25 farms from each of the district,N= 75). Altogether fifty-nine (59) input based ITKs (Malda:19; Bankura:15; Purba Medinipur:25) were documented of which 20%, 53% and 64% ITKs were of recent origin;evolved during the last ten years in Bankura, Malda and Purba Medinipur district, respectively. Intra- and inter district variability was distinct towards approach and adoption of ITKs in the selected areas of the present study. The selected farmers of Malda district were primarily concerned in adopting ITKs for environmental amelioration of the culture ponds; whereas, the farmers of Bankura and Purba Medinipur were more focussed in disease control, enhancement in carp seed production, disease management, environmental amelioration, growth promotion and feeding management of both carps and shrimps. In Malda district, number of adopted ITKs and farming experience of the farmers remained highly positive (y = 0.61x+1.86; R2 = 0.72); level of education of the farmers and number of ITKs adopted remained curvilinear (y = - 0.135x2+0.85x+1.85; R2 = 0.68); whereas, size of the farm ponds fitted negatively with number of adopted ITKs (y = 0.48x2-2.48x+4.95; R2 = 0.56). Such trend was identical in Bankura district also as positive correlations were observed between number of adopted ITKs and average annual yield (y = 0.87x+1.92; R2 = 0.86); between number of adopted ITKs and average fish farming experience (y = 0.59x+1.689; R2 = 0.75); between number of ITKs adopted and level of education of the farmers (y = -0.25x2+1.40x+2.30; R2 = 0.70); between number of ITKs adopted and size of the farm ponds (y = -0.15x2+1.11x+1.24; R2 = 0.61); and between number of ITKs adopted and number of fish species cultured (y = -0.47x2+2.86x+2.19; R2 = 0.63). In Purba Medinipur, such relationship in general, remained identical as correlations between number of ITKs adopted and, average annual yield (y = -3.64x2 + 19.02x - 17.84; R² = 0.99), fish farming experience (y = 0.404x+2.029; R2 = 0.72), level of education (y = -0.08x2+0.714x+1.95; R2 = 0.53), size of the farm ponds (y = 0.14x2 - 1.37x + 4.54; R² = 0.57). Von Bertalanffy’s growth model revealed higher growth coefficient (K) values of cultured fish and shrimps parallel with the number of ITKs adopted in any of the Blocks in the three districts under the present study. Multiple R analyses manifested inter district variability with regards to impact of water quality parameters on annual production (Malda: Production = 7.0704+0.0072 total plankton; Bankura: Production = -1.90 + 0.041 total alk.- 0.02 hardness + 0.0005 total plankton; Purba Medinipur: Production = -15.65-0.0072 hardness + 0.0027 total plankton). Water retention capacity of the culture ponds during the summer and flooding during the rains emerged important problems along with cost of feed, poor finance/ availability of bank loan, irregular supply of electricity, political interference, poaching and poisoning problem in fish farming practices in Bankura. These problems except water retention remained identical in Malda and Purba Medinipur though the relative ranking varied. Regarding adoption of the available ITKs, the limiting factors as perceived by the farmers in the three districts in general, were (i) ITKs have limitations and were partially effective as solution to the problems, (ii). enormous size of waterbodies that needs huge quantity of plant derivatives and much time for application, (iii) reserved mentality in sharing of technical knowledge by the elderly, experienced farmers except their descendants (iv) lack of proper knowledge on the dosage of the inputs (v) lack of published documents, (vi) lack of sufficient input materials and (vii) uncertainty and holding of the short term leased- in ponds. Though, most of the input oriented ITKs were found to be based on sound scientific reasonings, the timing, dosage, actual requirements appeared highly variable and often arbitrary. Even, application of a particular ITK by different farmers were temporally and spatially variable because of absence of authentic scientific documents. In some cases, the application of input materials as ITKs seemed unrealistic and unscientific to some extent viz. applying fly ash and cement directly into the pond for remediation of obnoxious gases and reduce suffocation of the cultured fish. This is nothing but by-passing the real problem out of huge organic enrichment, rather, blanketing the pond bed by cementing it. By doing this, the benthic heterotrophic environment and the mineralization processes on the surface layer of the sediment is being blocked, that appeared scientifically wrong. The present study concluded that the selected Blocks in all the three districts are rich in ITKs concerned with inland aquaculture. The farmers in general, are getting benefits adopting the low-cost, input based ITKs in overcoming different kinds of problems viz. disease, water quality deterioration, low grow of the cultured species among others. However, not in all cases the hypothesis of adoption of ITKs remained scientific; even in some cases, they might be counterproductive. The scientific rationale of individual ITKs needs to be tested scientifically under closely monitored outdoor experimental conditions to have final validation in future course of worksThesisItem Open Access Stadardization of Mass Seed Production Technique of Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (DE MAN, 1879) in Brackishwater Pond(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) Maity, Tara; Ghosh, T.K.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Castor (Ricinus communis) bean cake as Protein and Manure input in Carp Culture(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) Mondal, Bithilekha; Das, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Diversification and Management Alterations in Inland Freshwater Aquaculture in Selected Districts of West Bengal(West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 2022) Bhattacharyya, Debanjan; Das, S.K.
