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OtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandOtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandOtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandInvestigations on various media for establishing their suitability for favourable growth and efficacy of agrochemicals and bio-pesticides including phytoextracts for their inhibitory action against Cercospora nicotianae, the cause of frogeye spot disease of bidi tobacco under in vitro conditions were carried out at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 2003-04. In subsequent study, effective fungicides, insecticides, readymade bio-pesticides and acqueous leaf extracts of plant species were tested against the disease under nursery conditions. Reaction of bidi tobacco varieties/genotypes against the disease under nursery conditions was also studied Out of 7 media evaluated, carrot leaf decoction agar, fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were found to be highly favourable for good growth of C. nicotianae (52.40 to 60.80 mm colony diameter). Among these, fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established for the first time as suitable media for the growth of the fungus (52.40 to 54.80 mm colony diameter) under laboratory condition. Carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, benomyl, mancozeb and Cosco (Carboxin 37.5 % + Thirum 37.5 %) 75 WP were most effective and completely suppressed the growth of the fungus on carrot leaf decoction agar under in vitro condition. Out of 16 insecticides, carbaryl and dichlorovos were effective and inhibitated the growth to the extent of 85.9 and 82.6 %, respectively. Among 29 plant species evaluated, acqueous leaf extract of Tecoma stans @ 25 % was most effective (76.0 % inhibition); this was followed by E. citriodora (49.0 % inhibition). Six readymade bio-pesticides viz., Econeem, Biosoft, Halt, Vanguard, Monitor-WP and Biolep were found highly effective in inhibiting the growth of C. nicotianae in vitro; the per cent inhibition ranged between 75.3 and 92.4. Results of evaluation of effective fungicides, viz., carbendazim @ 0.025 %, thiophanate methyl @ 0.07 %, mancozeb @ 0.2 %, Cosco @ 0.3 % and benomyl @ 0.025 %, leaf extracts of plant species viz., Tecoma stans and Eucalyptus citriodora, both at 25 %, insecticides carbaryl @ 0.2 % and dichlorovos @ 0.05 % and readymade biopesticides viz., Econeem @ 0.075 % and Biosoft @ 0.4 % under nursery conditions revealed that among fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl were most effective in the management of the disease giving better yield of transplants; these fungicides gave 100 and 96.6 % control, respectively. Between two plant species, acqueous leaf extract of T. stans gave 85.0 % control of the disease and significantly more number of transplants than control. Taking into account two most important attributes in the nursery viz., per cent disease intensity and transplants, two insecticides and two readymade bio-pesticides tested were not considered as effective against the disease. Among 10 different varieties/genotypes screened none was found free from the disease under nursery conditions. The variety GTH1, however, had minimum per cent disease intensity (45.60) and the variety Anand 119 had maximum per cent disease intensity (73.67). The results of the present investigations, thus, indicated that in addition to carrot leaf decoction agar, three more media viz., fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established as favourable for the growth of C. nicotianae under laboratory condition. Two fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl, were most effective in the management of the disease in nursery. Efficacy of acqueous leaf extract of T. stans against frog-eye spot disease in nursery was established for the first time; it was found to yield significantly more number of transplants when compared with control. Leaf extract of T. stans could be used individually as botanical pesticide in minimizing losses due to the disease in question or it could be integrated with chemical fungicide/s. If integrated, it could help in minimizing frequency of applications of chemical fungicide/s, thus reducing the cost of seedlings production. Under these circumstances, it would also minimize the danger of resistance development in C. nicotianae under nursery conditions. However, detailed integrated schedule would need to be worked out before it can be advocated to the growers. Since none of the ten varieties/genotypes of bidi tobacco was resistant, it ultimately suggested that more extensive work involving very large number of genotypes is needed in order to locate resistance or tolerance to frog-eye spot disease.OtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005-08) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandBanana is the major fruit crop of Anand district. In Gujarat nearly 30 percent of banana cultivation falls in Anand district. Hence, it is prime importance to achieve maximum banana production and to get maximum benefit. Higher per unit production from the banana farm coupled with higher profit is the primary goal of banana growers. For this it is essential to acquire new information and adopt improved cultivation practices of banana as recommended by the scientists. Besides this, for better realization of net profit, marketing aspect should be given due consideration and particularly for banana crop, it is very much important as the banana fruit is highly perishable in nature. Hence, it is essential to identify the information needs of banana growers. Considering this, an investigation entitled,“ Information Needs and Marketing Constraints of banana growers ” was carried out with the following objectives: Abstract 1. To study the personal, social-communicational, economical and psychological characteristics of the banana growers. 2. To ascertain the information needs of the banana growers. 3. To know the marketing constraints of the banana growers. 4. To study the relationship between personal, social-communicational, economical and psychological characteristics of banana growers and their information needs. 5. To study the relationship between personal, social-communicational, economical and psychological characteristics of banana growers and their marketing constraints. 6. To know the suggestions from the banana growers to overcome the marketing constraints faced by them. Research Methodology The present investigation was undertaken to study the information needs and marketing constraints of banana crop in Anand district of Middle Gujarat. Anand district was purposively selected for the present study where banana is grown extensively. Further Anand, Borsad and Anklav talukas of Anand district were considered for the present investigation on the basis of their share to banana area in the district. Then 15 banana growing villages ( five from each taluka) on the basis of area under banana cultivation were selected. Ten banana growers from each of selected villages were chosen. In all, 150 banana growers were selected for detailed study. The study covered the agricultural year 2001-02; 2002-03 and 2003-04 and data were collected with the help of developed interview schedule by survey method. ii Abstract Major findings 1. More than half of the respondents were from the middle age group. 2. More than three-fourth the respondents (78.01 percent) had education from primary to higher secondary level. 3. The occupation of farming and A. H. was the most followed occupation by the respondents. 4. Less than half of the respondents were from small family, while two-fifth of them were from medium size of family. 5. Majority of the respondents were either members in one organization or more than one organizations. 6. More than two-third of the respondents had medium level of exposure to overall utilization of information sources. 7. More than two-third of the respondents had medium level of extension participation. 8. More than two-fifth of the respondents were with medium size of land holding. 9. Nearly three-fourth of the respondents had land under banana cultivation maximum up to 2.00 hectares. 10. More than one-half of the respondents had at least one irrigation source. 11. More than two-third of the respondents had medium level of annual income. 12. Three-fifth of the respondents were found with medium level of economic motivation. 13. More than three-fifth of the respondents were found with medium level of scientific orientation. 14. Nearly three-fourth of the respondents had medium level of market orientation. 15. Less than three-fourth of the respondents were found with medium level of cosmopoliteness. iii Abstract 16. Majority of the farmers expressed their needs for information about market management, tissue culture, plant protection, variety and other supportive facts. 17. The major constraints faced by respondents were lack of risk bearing capacity, low price of banana, lack of reliable updated information on marketing and lack of storage facilities. 18. Among selected independent variables, education, use of information sources, extension participation, size of land holding, land under banana cultivation, annual income, economic motivation, scientific orientation and market orientation had significant correlation with information needs of banana growers. 19. Among selected independent variables, age, education, occupation and market orientation had significant correlation with marketing constraints of banana growers. 20. The important suggestions endorsed by the banana growers to overcome their marketing constraints were: “to determine support price for banana" “setting up banana base agro-processing industries”, “agril. extension system should cover marketing of various crop.” iv