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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIAZEPAM, PENTAZOCINE AND PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE WITH THIOPENTONE SODIUM AS A GENERAL ANAESTHETIC IN DOGS (Canis domestica)(AAU, Anand, 1985) SOLANKI, H. J.; Mannari, M. N.The effect of Diazepam, Pentazocine and Procaine hydrochloride as maintenance agents in Thiopentone sodium anaesthesia were evaluated in three different groups of mongrel dogs. Each group contained six animals. Each group was sub-divided into two divisions, one where surgery was performed and the other where surgery was not performed. All the dogs were preanasthetized with Atropine sulphate.ThesisItem Open Access EXPERIMENTAL OESOPHAGEAL ANASTOMOSIS BY EVERSION TECHNIQUE IN BUFFALO CALVES (BUBALUS BUBALIS) A HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY(AAU, Anand, 1980) Patel, Govind R.; Mannari, M. N.Experimentally end-to-end cervical oesophageal anastomosis was performed by everting suture pattern in 12 healthy buffalo oalves, under local ioifiltration anesthesia. A 3 cm of the oesophagus was resected and anastomosed with horizontal mattress sutures using 4/0 chromic cat-gut,. Clinical, radiographic, histomorphological and histoehemieal evaluation of the healing process was done in six animals (group-I) on l4th post-operative day and in the remaining six animals (group-II) on 21st post-operative day. The recovery in all the animals was uneventful. Postnecroptic radiographic study revealed narrowing of the lumen on the 14th day which returned to that of near normal by 21st day, but showing a slight constriction at the site of anastomosis. On 14th post-operative day routine Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of the oesophageal tissue revealed completion of epithelization but without papillation. However, the gap of the anastomosed tissue was filled by granulation tissue. The cat-gut was still unabsorbed. Verhoeff's staining indicated less of collagen fibres than normal and very few elastic fibres. A similar increase in alkaline phosphatase activity could be demonstrated through modified Gomori's staining. Further, the submucous layer was moderately positive for PAS reaction. By 21st day the papillation of the mucous layer was almost re-established, fhe anastomosed site was bridged by mature fibrous tissue. The cat-gut was seemed to be absorbed. There was evidence of maturity of the collagen fibres. However, the elastic fibre had reappeared and could be compared to that of normal. The alkaline phosphatase activity had returned to the of normal. Similarly, PAS reaction also had almost returned to normal.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF LAMENESS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1979) SAMIN, A. BHOJANI; Mannari, M. N.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ANAESTHESIA WITH PREMEDICAITON BY PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DOG(AAU, Anand, 1975) PARSANIA, R. R.; Mannari, M. N.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY USING 14 AND 16 GAUGE TRU-CUT BIOPSY NEEDLES IN ADULT DOGS.(AAU, Anand, 2005) PATEL, SUDHAKAR SUBHASH; PARIKH, P. V.An experiment was conducted on ultrasound guided renal biopsy using 16 gauge (Group I, n=12) and 14 gauge (Group IL n =5) needles in 17 clinically healthy dogs of either sex. The biopsy procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia using combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg bodyweight, i.v.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) and premedication with acepromazine @ 0.05 mg/kg body weight, i.m. The renal biopsy was performed by routine ultrasound guided technique. The biopsy sample in group I was obtained by 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle and in group II by 14 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle with spring loaded gun. Pre-biopsy, immediate post-biopsy and 48 hrs. post-biopsy arterial blood and urine samples were obtained from animals of either groups for biochemical study and urinanalysis. Clinical observations and biopsy samples quality was recorded following biopsy in both the groups. Under post-biopsy clinical observation, general health, appetite, water intake and urination were found normal in all 17 animals. The anaesthetic protocol was found safe with smooth induction and uncomplicative recovery. The ultrasound images in either group were observed with use of 5.0 MHz Mechanical Sector Transducer with B-Mode. Renal cortex was having intermediate echogenicity, medulla was seen hypoechoic and renal pelvis was highly echognic. The cortex was hyperechoic relative to the medulla and a distinct demarcation between them was present and echogenic rim separated cortical from the rnedullary tissue. The needle were seen parallel to the dotted line in hyperechoic image. The biochemical study with arterial blood sample revealed a nonsignificant alteration in the determinants of glomerular filtration rate such as blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine and also in arterial blood gases like blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and haemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage in either groups after biopsy. The plasma electrolytes such as sodium and chloride in group II and potassium in group I revealed a significant decrease and increase at 48 hrs. post-biopsy, respectively. The urinanalysis in both the groups recorded non-significant variations in urine pH and specific gravity, urine creatinine, urinary sodium and protein as well as in urine protein/urine creatinine ratio and urinary fractional excretion of sodium after biopsy. A significant increase in enzymuria like urinary N-acetyl-beta-DGlucosaminidase in either groups and urinary alanine aminopeptidase in group II was observed at immediate and 48 hrs. post-biopsy. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase non-significantly increased at immediate post-biopsy in either groups followed by a non-significant decrease observed in group I at 48 hrs. post-biopsy. The histopathological findings revealed that the samples obtained using 16 gauge needle (Group I) yielded an average of 10.77 number of glomeruli per sample while the samples using 14 gauge needle (Group II) yielded an average of 7.75 number of glomeruli per sample. The cell morphology of the samples in both the groups was found to be normal. The average size of the biopsy sample obtained by using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 1 X 0.1 cm. and biopsy sample obtained by using 14 gauge needle (Group 11) was 0.75 X 0.1 cm. The medulla content obtained in samples using 16 gauge needle (Group I) was 5 to70 per cent and samples obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found have 70, 50, 30, 20 per cent of medulla. Samples analyzed histopathologically for crushing and fragmentation of tissue obtained. One sample crushing using 16 gauge needle (Group I), while four sample obtained using 14 gauge needle (Group II) were found to reveal either crushing (1), fragmentation (1) or both (2) samples. The present study concludes that using ultrasound guided renal biopsy technique, 16 gauge Tru-cut biopsy needle still gives adequate quality biopsy sample, cell morphology and glomeruli number with less renal injury as compared to 14 gauge needle, hence useful, especially in dogs with high risk for renal failure.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HEALING PROCESS OF SEVERED SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL AND DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDONS IN CALVES REPAIRED BY CARBON FIBRE FILAMENTS ( Grafil-AS ) AND 24 G MONOFILAMENT STAINLESS STEEL WIRE(AAU, Anand, 1987) Rao, N. Madhu; PATEL, M. R.The main purpose of the investigations on the healing process of severed superficial and deep digital flexor tendons repaired by carbon fibre and stainless steel wire in crossbred male calves was to evaluate the efficacy of suture implants in the repair and collagen fibre formation. In all 126 animals were divided into two groups and each group, further divided into three sub-groups having 21 animals in each for observation of healing process at 20, 40 and 80 days, respectively. Trifluropromazine (Siquil) was given intravenously as pre-anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and chloral hydrate solution (10%) intravenously to effect and operation performed. The evaluation of the healing process in the sectioned tendons was done clinically, and by using radiography, angiography, biomestry, biomechanics, biochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The fasciography on 20th P.O.D. did not reveal any difference between the groups. On 40th day, except for the thickness of the tendon in the first group, no changes were observed. On 80th P.O.D., nearly completion of healing process could be observed. The arteriographic studies revealed extensive proliferation of blood vessels on 20th P.O.D. in both the groups. Vascularization existed on 40th and 80th P.O.D. in both the groups. This indicated on-going repairing process. Tendon biometry revealed that the stump measurement values were more in CF group in all the three periods than in SS group. A definite increase was observed in the width of SDF and DDF tendons in both the groups. However, the width was more in CF group than in SS group. Analysis of variance showed that effects of type of suture and normal versus repaired tendon were found statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P < 0.05). Thus indicated that use of CF filaments enhanced collagen fibre formation and thus the repair. Considerable increase in the cross measurement of repaired SDF and DDF tendons was observed in both the groups at 20, 40 and 80 days P.O.D. Increase in the tendon measurement was observed as the post-operative interval increased. This indicated that transected tendon had healed clinically. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of type of suture was nonsignificant and effects normal versus repaired tendon was statistically significant (P < 0 . 0 5 ) . This meant that in the groups under reference had no difference in the healing process irrespective of the suture materials used. The measurements of tendon lengths at repaired zone were considerably increased in all the periods of observation in both the groups. The analysis of variance revealed that effects of suture material, normal versus repaired were statistically significant (Pv<0.05). In the groups under reference, the type of suture material had a effect on the healing process in the repaired tendon. Biochemical studies revealed, significantly higher effects of S-GOT in the CP group when compared to SS group. S-GOT levels gradually increased and reached a peak by 20th P.O.D. However, in the 40th day group, the values were significantly higher (P<0.01) in SS group when compared to CF group. On 80th P.O.D., the S-GOT levels were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in CF group when compared to SS group. The levels of S-GOT observed in the animals were in close association with progressive healing process to normalcy. The trend in S-GPT levels was similar to that of S-GOT levels upto 20th P.O.D. However, significantly higher levels were observed between material used and post-operative time intervals. On 40th day, the reverse trend was observed in S-GPT levels. Analysis of variance showed that material used and post-operative time intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) and interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). On 80th P.O.P., there were significantly higher (P <0.01) levels of S-GPT in the GF group than SS group. The effects of suture material used, the groups and the periods were found statistically significant {P<0.01). The levels of S-GPT demonstrated that the type of suture material used, animal groups and periods were influenced by these parameters. The S-AKP levels showed gradual increase upto 65th day and then declined in all the three groups. Statistical analysis revealed that material used was nonsignificant at 80 days. The relation with time intervals were significantly higher (P <0.01) in all the three periods of study. This meant that when final healing at 80th P.O.D. is considered, type of suture material was more important. A general decrease in the levels of S-LDH was observed at 20 and 40 days period in both the groups. The material used and post-operative intervals were statistically significant (P <0.05) in all the three periods. The interaction between the materials and time intervals was statistically nonsignificant in 20 days studies and significant (P <0.05) at 40 and 80 days P.O.P. This clearly showed that the use of type of suture material was more important. Biomechanical studies revealed increase in tendon length in both the groups as evident from the measurement taken on 20th P.O.P. Analysis of variance between animals had significant (P <0.05) effects on tendon length. Interaction effects were also significant (P<0.05). Under the study, biomechanical measurements of the tendon length helped in knowing the regaining of the healing. Measurement of cross sectional area of tendon helped in assessing the healing progress of the tendon. The analysis of variance showed between the groups, time intervals and normal versus repaired was found statistically significant (P<0.05) for their effects. Interactions with main effects viz., periods, normal versus repaired and materials was also found significant (P<0.05). A considerable decrease in UTL in both the groups, was observed at 20 and 40 days P.O.P. The UTL values were increased in both the groups by 80th P.O.P. The analysis of variance showed that experimental groups,periods, repaired versus normal and their effects were statistically significant (P <0.05). The decrease in UTL at 20th and 40th P.O.P. indicated that the repair of the sutured tendon was not complete. However, by 80th P.O.P., an increase in UTL in both the groups, indicated that clinically the tendon had healed and was able to bear the weight for normal activity. The tensile strength decreased considerably at all the periods in both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between periods, normal versus repaired and material was statistically significant (P<0.05) effects on tensile strength. Decrease in the tensile strength after repair might be due to the disarranged arrangement of the collagen fibres in the healing tissue. The decrease in the modulus of elasticity was observed in all the periods of both the groups. The analysis of variance showed main characters and interaction between period, normal versus repaired and material used was statistically significant (P<0.05). Decrease in the modulus of elasticity was indicative of weakness of the replaced tissue even by 80th P.O.P. tendon which had not regained its normal strength. Histomorphologically and histochemical studies revealed that first healing process was characterized by a proliferation of young granulation tissue characterized by plumpy fibroblast. There was intense staining reaction by PAS-AB indicating intense activity for the formation of ground substance. At 40 days CF group, the CF filaments separated from implanted CF bundles and were surrounded by fibroblast, macrophages and collagen fibres. In both the groups, there was intense activity of PAS-AB indicating collagen production. At 80 days P.O.P. in both the groups, the transected tendon almost appeared structurally like a normal tendon. SEM studies revealed at 20 days P.O.P., the gap at the transected tendon ends was filled by granulation tissue wilthout evoking tissue reaction and necrotic changes. CF filament did not evoke tissue reaction. The healing process was quicker in CF group when compared to SS group. At 40 days P.O.P. in SS group, the transected ends were completely joined by the granulation tissue and collagen fibre was present. The healing was qomplete at 40 days P.O.P. In the case of CF group, collagen fibre was more in number and wavy in pattern. At 80 days in SS group, the transected tendon end had completely joined. The collagen bundle was parallel to the long axis of the tendon. In CF group, the collagen bundles were thicker, more wavy and anastamosis between them was also more when compared to SS group. TEM studies revealed that there was no tissue reaction in both the groups. In the granulation tissue fibroblast surrounded by amorphous ground substance were seen at 40 days P.O.P. The collagen fibrils were arranged in parallel to one another and, also they were parallel to the long axis of the fibroblast. At 80 days P.O.P., axial periodicity consisted of one dark and one light segment at regular intervals in the collagen fibrils was seen. This axial periodicity was more in CF group as compared to SS group. The carbon fibre filament incited more tissue reaction in the initial stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. It assisted in the early healing of the sectioned tendons, and modulated the healed tendon to normalcy in the latter stages. The results of clinical, biometrical, biomechanical, histomorphological, SEM and TEM studies showed that the carbon fibre filament to be a better replacement to SS wire for the repair of sectioned tendons.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF VISCERAL PROCAINE BLOCKADE, LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA AND LOCAL INFILTRATION ANAESTHESIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN BUFFALO CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1986) MALEK, MOHAMMED YUSUF A.; PATEL, M. R.A comparative clinical study on the efficacy of visceral procaine blockade, lumbar epidural anaesthesia and local infiltration anaesthesia, with particular reference to the haematological and biochemical changes, was carried out in buffalo calves divided into three groups of six animals each. All of three anaesthetic procedures were adequate to perform operations like enterotomy, intestinal anastomosis and abomasotomy. Haematological changes were found to be statistically non-significant in all the three groups. Among biochemical changes, blood glucose level increased significantly in visceral procaine blockade and lumbar epidural groups. S-GOT increased significantly only in the visceral procaine blockade group.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF URINE SAMPLES OF BULLOCKS FOR INHIBITORS OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND STUDY OF EFFICACY OF CYSTONE TABLETS IN THE PREVENTION OF URINARY CALCULI(AAU, Anand, 1986) JOSHI, PRAVINCHANDRA K.; Patel, M. R.The present field trial was conducted in the animals belonging to village - Lasundra, Taluka - Kapadvanj, District - Kheda, where incidence of urolithiasis is prevelant. Urine samples collected from 100 bullocks were subjected to tests for presence or absence of inhibitors of crystallization of calcium oxalate. Out of these, crystallization on glass fibre was noticed in 11 bullocks within 3 hours which indicated that these animals were prone to stone formation. These potential stone-formers were given 20 tablets of Cystone daily orally for 15 days. Urine samples of these animals which were found positive during screening were further analysed for calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium levels and also for pH. A significant increase in calcium levels was evident in the urine samples of stone formers. The other three electrolytes Viz., Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, did not show any significant variation.ThesisItem Open Access GLYCEROL GUAIACOLATE, CHLORAL HYDRAS AND MAGNESIUM SULPHATE COMBINATION AS GENERAL ANAESTHETICS IN BUFFALO CALVES-STUDY OF IT'S EFFECT ON BLOOD CHEMISTRY(AAU, Anand, 1985) VASAVADA, RAMESH ISHWARLAL; Mannari, M. N.A general anaesthetic study with chloral-mag, chloral hyfrass and glycerol guaiacolate with and without pre-anaesthetic medication with triflupromazine was conducted in 24 healthy male buffalo calves, divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each.The induction time, duration of anaesthesia, recovery time, muscular relaxation, respiration, pulse/heart rate and temperature were observed. The biochemical estimation of blood glucose, total serum protein, serum creatinine, S-GOT, S-AKP and S-LDH were carried out from the blood, which were collected at 5 different intervals viz., 0 hour, 10 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours after induction.