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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of planting date, weight of rhizome and spacing on the growth, yield and quality constituents on turmeric (Curcuma longa L)(Department of Horticulture (Plantation Crops & Spices), College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1983) Chatterjee, R K; KAU; Mohanakumaran, NThesisItem Open Access Influence of leaders in the development of rural areas(Department Of Agricultural Extension, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1981) Shilaja, S; KAU; Tampi, A MThesisItem Open Access Cytogenetic studies on intervarietal hybrids of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture Vellayani, Trivandrum., 1984) Chandramony, D; KAU; Krishnan Nair, NThesisItem Open Access Investigations on intervarietal F2 hybrids in cowpea(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Horticulture Vellanikkara, Trichur, 1981) Sumathikutty Amma, B; KAU; Narayanan Namboodiri, K MCcwpea (Vlgna ungiculata) Is the major pulse crop cultivated in Kerala where the average yield of pulses in general and Cowpea in particular is very low even under modern agronomic practices* This low productivity is mainly due to the absence of high yielding varieties suited for the different agro-climatic conditions. The varietal requirements in Cowpea, in the state vary because of the highly contrasting system of cultivation and this compels Cowpea breeders to evolve varieties of different combinations of plant, pod and seed characters, This is possible by producing different varieties combining the desirable attributes required for the diverse situations by suitable means. One of the ways by which, this can be achieved is through combination breeding in which desirable genes are pooled frcra different sources* In a previous study conducted in the Department of Agricultural Botany, the 202 genotypes v/ere grouped into 17 distinct clusters. Representing 15 clusters, 15 varieties were chosen for intervarietal hybridisation and their F^'s evaluated during 1979-80, Seeds collected from the plants of the 16 Intervariota] crosses along with their parents were used for the study. Two families In each of the 16 crosses were studied along with their respective parents for the pattern of inheritance of 15 economic characters. Most of the characters were found to be inherited as quantitative characters controlled by either polygenes or by a few major genes with their action being suitably modified by minor genes. The crosses 5 x 15 (g p .p l s . 139 x p .118) and 6 X 8 (Red Seeded Selection X Kolingipayar) were identified as suitable ones for grain - production and also for using as dual purpose Cowpea culture since they might throw segregants best suited to those purposes. For the specialised system of Cot/pea culture practised in summer rice fallows exclusively for vegetable purpose, the crosses 14 X 16 (Pannithodan-early X Kolingipayarwhite), 17 X 16 (Mancheri-black X Kolingipayar^hite) and 10 X 6 (IC. 20729 X Red Seeded Selection) appeared to be the Ideal ones*ThesisItem Open Access Studies on certain gastro-intestinal nematodes with special reference to those found in goats(Department of parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1980) Sathianesan, V; KAU; Kalyanasundaram, RLife history of Triohuris globuloss has been elucidated for the fist time using kids !q as experimental animals. Both free living and parasitic stages have been described in detail with illustrations. The prepatent period of Triohuric globuloss was found to be 85-89 days. T.globulosa failed to develop in guniea pig on experimental transmission. Haematology and histopathology of trichuriacis in kids experimentally infected with T.globulosa have been studied for the first time and heavy infection with the worm was found to cause anaemia and pathology changes in cacum of the host. Prepatent period of Strongyloides napillosus in kids infected orally with 7000 larva has been determined for the first time to be 6-7 days. Neoasoais vitulorum of calves has been found to be not transferable to oat either transplacentally or orally. In gunia pigs M.Vitulorum failed to attain sexual maturity. Calves could not be infected with infected with M.vitulorum post-nataly. Oesphagostomum colubianum of goats has been found to be not transferable to calves. Prepatent period of O.colusbionum in kids infected experimentally was found to be 40 days. Comparative efficacy of 4 anthelminties viz., Oxibendazole, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole was increased by conducting treatment trials. Against monospecific infection of Trichuris globulosa in experimentally infected kids the efficacies of Oxibendazile, thiophanate, Albendazole and Parbendazole at the recommended doses of 10mg.50mg, 10mg and 30 mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 48.6%, 41%,47.3% and 49.3% respectively. Even at double the recommended doses the anthelminations were found to be well tolerated by the kids. Oxibendazole and Albendazole at the rate of 10mg and 10mg/kg body weight respectively were found to be 100% found to be 100 % effective against colubriformise, effective against respectively were Haemonohus contortue, trichostrongylus .Thiopanate at the recommended dosage (59mg/kg body weight) was also 100% effective against all he nematodes mentioned above except Haemonous contortus against which it was only 97% effective at that dosage. Parbendazole at the recommended dosage shedule (30mg/kg body weight) was 100% effective against the nematodes with the exception of .against which only 86.6% efficacy was noticed. Against in nature nematodes in the gastro-intestinal tract Oxibendazole and Albendazole were 100% effective whereas the efficacies of P`arbendazole and thiophanate were 85% and 74% respectively at their recommended doses. In in vitro studies the anthelmintic efficacy of Oxibendasole against Haemonchus contortus was found to be superior to that of the remaining anthelminties. In ovicidal property also, Oxibendazole was better than all the others, since it was ovicidal in 6 hours after administration whereas albendazole, thiophanate and Parbendazole were ovicidal in 8 hours, 9 hour and 11 hours respectively. Albendazole was found to be superior to al the other 3 anthelmintion in their influences on the body weight gain of treated animals closely followed by Oxibendazole. Perbendazole and thiophanate were inferior to others Judging on the basis of over all efficacies Oxibendazole and Albendazole were found to be superior to thiophanate and Parbendasole. Treatment trials with Oxibendazole, Albendazole and thiophanate against gastro-intestinal nematodes of goats have not been attempted earlier than the present study.ThesisItem Open Access Chloral hydrate for general annaesthesia in goats(Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Viswanathan, R; KAU; George, P OThirtysix apparently healthy alpins – malabari cross- bred bucks aged from 17 to 30 months and weighing from 22 to 39.5 kg were used for the present study. They were divided into two groups viz., Group I and II, consisting of 18 animals in each. Each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups viz. A, B and C, consisting of six animals in each. Freshly prepared chloral hydrate six per cent solution was administered intravenously at the rate of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml per kg bodyweight, while triflupromazine hydrochloride (Siquil) at the rate of 0.2 mg per kg bodyweight was also administered intravenously as the premedicant , in group II. Following were the salient results obtained during the present study: When the dose of chloral hydrate was increased, 1) Disappearance of palpebral reflex was quicker and duration was longer, 2) Setting in of incoordination of movements was quicker and the time for assuming the normal gait was longer and 3) Recumbency was seen only in higher doses. Administration of triflupromazine hydrochloride (siquil) as premedicant , increased the efficiency of anaesthetic effect in these animals. Temperature variation consequent on the administration of chloral hydrate, with and without premedication , was not significant the variation being less than 10 P. There was an increase in the rate of respiration and pulse within five minutes of administration of the drug (s), which showed a gradual downward trend. There was reduction in the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume, while there was slight increase in the leucocyte count. On the basis of the present study, intravenous administration of chloral hydrate, six per cent solution, at the rate of two ml per kg bodyweight, may be recommended in goats, for surgical procedures of about half an hour durations. Premedication with triflupromazine hydrochloride at the rate of 0.2 mg per kg bodyweight would give better results.,ThesisItem Open Access Postnatal development of testis and epididymis, semen characteristics and fertility of brown- swiss crossbred bulls(Department of Animal Reproduction and Gyneacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Surendran Varma Raja, C K; KAU; Ramachandran Rao, AA systematic investigation involving the use of 24 Brown Swiss crossbred bull calves and 7 adult bulls with 62.5% exotic inheritance varying in age from 0- 360 days and 22-40 months respectively, resred and maintained at Indo-Swiss Project, Mattupatty, Kerala, was carried out in order to (a) trace the postnatal growth and development of the testis and epididymis and (b) assess the semen characteristics such as volume, initial motility, sperm concentration, live sperm count and incidence of abnormal sperms; As a corrolary to and as an integral part of this comprehensive study, 6679 semen collection particulars from the records maintained at the Indo-Swiss Project, Mattupatty and 7586 insemination data at the Crossbreeding Research Centre, Muvathuphza werecritically scrutinised to deduce freezability/discard rate of the ejaculates and the fertility potenoy of the bulls, respectively. The materials used, the salient observations made and the valid inferences drawn aare given below: Twenty four pairs of testis and epididymis collected from the bull calves were processed to study the postnatal growth and development. The pattern of growth of testis and of the epididymis was found to be curvilinear. The testicularand epididymal weights were observed to be significantly (p<0.01) correlated with the age, and body weight of the animals. A highly significant (p<0.01) correlation between epididymal weight and testicular weight was also observed. The growth rate of the seminiferous tubules appeared to be of sigmoid type. Formation of lumen in the seminiferous cords was initiated at 150 days and completed, at 180 days of age. The transformation of gonocytes to spermatogonia occurred at 150 days of age. The formation of primary spermatocytes, spermatid and spermatozoa cocurred at the age of 150 days, 300 days and 300-360 days, respectively. The process of transformation of supporting cells was initiated at 120 days and completed at 180 days of age. The transformation of immature Leydig cells to mature cells was initiated at 150 days and completed, by 180 days of age. There were distinct regional differences between the caput, the corpus and the cauda epididymis in respect of the diameter of the tubules, height of the epithelium and the degree of transformation of Epithelial lining from simple columnar to pseudostratified type. The distal part of the ductus epididymis seemed to have attained the adult size at an earlier age than the proximal. Sperms were seen in all the three regions at about 300 days. The mean values of ejaculate volume, initial motility, sperm concentration, live sperm count, sperm head abnormalities, tail abnormalities and proximal protoplasmic droplets were found to be 2.65 ± 0.84 ml, 66.24 ± 0.87%, 1599.64 ± 55.371 milions per ml of semen, 72.55 ± 1.310%, 4.91 ± 0.439%, 0.65 ± 0.045%, 6.47 ± 0.775% and 1.20 ± 0.143%, respectively. Significant (p<0.01) variations between bulls were observed in respect of sperm head abnormalities, tail abnormalities and proximal protoplasmic droplets and between months, in respect of ejaculate volume, sperm head abnormalities, free loose head, tail abnormalities and proximal protoplasmic droplets. Seasonal variation (p<0.05), however, was evident only in the incidence of tail abnormalities. Variations due to age of bulls were found to be significant (p<0.01) in the casse of ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, free loose head, middle piece abnormalities and tail abnormalities. The freezability of sperms expressed in terms of per cent of post-thawing motility was found to be 36.86. There was no seasonal effect on the freezability of sperms. The freezability rate increased significantly (p<0.01) with advancement of age of bulls. The overall rejection rate of the ejaculates was noted to be 39.80%. Most of the rejection (71.75%) was done before freezing. The pre-freezing rejection was found to be 28.55% of the total ejaculate. The post-freezing discard to be 15.74% of the frozen samples. The rejection rates of the ejaculates differed significantly (p<0.01) between months/seasons/age of the bulls. The rate of rejection was found to decrease with advancing age. The overall fertility rate of the bulls was found to be 56.06%. There were significant (p<0.01) differences in the fertility rate between months/seasons of insemination and between age of the bulls. As between bulls also, there was a significant variation (p<0.01) in the fertility rate. The significance of the observations inferences indicated above and their relevance to the implementation of cross breeding programme in Kerala were discussed briefly.ThesisItem Open Access Role of parrots in the epizootiology of newcastle disease(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Vijayan, V; Sulochana, SThe incidence, susceptibility, mode of infection and duration of excretion of the new cattle disease virus in the common Indian parrots (psittacula Krameri) were studied in detail. The blood, cloacal and throat swabs of parrots, collected from different parts of the State were screened for the presence of ND antibodies and virus. Seventeen out of 103 blood samples were found to possess HI antibodies. The serum samples which gave positive HI titres belonged to parrots kept as pets in households and allowed to mingle freely with domestic poultry and those housed in Trivandrum Zoo along with pigeons. None of the 70 cloacal and 42 throat swabs were positive for the virus. Experimental infection of parrots with undiluted virulent virus by the intranasal and intraocular routes and by the subcutaneous and intranasal routes with 1:100 dilution of the same virus gave almost the same results. All of them died within a weeks’ time, after showing symptoms of inappettance, leg and wing paralysis and diarrhoea, from day two of infection. Virus could be isolated from the throat and cloacal swabs and also from the tissue of dead birds. Chicks kept along with these infected parrots did not develop symptoms of ND, eventhough they excreted the virus, for a few days, and had a low titre of HI antibodies in their sera. All the contact chicks died of ND with typical symptoms and lesions on challenge with the virulent virus. The parrots that received a mesogenic strain (Komorov) of the virus, also succumbed to the disease, but with less pronounced symptoms and with an extended incubation period. The parrots that were infected with lentogenic strain of the virus (F1) did not develop symptoms of the disease. However multiplication of the virus occurred in these birds as isolations could be made from cloacal and throat swab and a slight increase in H1 titre was noticed sera. However on challenge with a virulent strain of NDV, they showed symptoms of ND. All of them died within eight days and the virus could be isolated from them. Contact infection of parrots from infected chicks were quite effective, as the parrots died with the same symptoms described above, almost within the same time as direct infection. Virus was also isolated from the tissues of the dead parrots. The common Indian parrots were found to be highly susceptible to both velogenic and mesogenic strains of NDV, but they were resistant to the lentogenic strain. Uninfected chicks kept along with the parrots infected with virulent virus picked up the infection, and virus could be isolated from the cloacal and throat swabs of these chicks. They also showed an increase in the antibody titre. The failure to produce clinical disease in chicken might be attributed to a decrease in virulence of the virus on passage in parrots. The carrier state with the lentogenis strain of the virus could not be assessed as they were challenged after 2 weeks. Though a carrier role had been attributed to the parakeets imported from India, the parrots in this study were found to succumb to the disease within a week. This might be due to the variation in the susceptibility of various species of parrots to NDV. The chances of dissemination of the virus could be prevented by quarantining them for a period, not less than ten days.ThesisItem Open Access Pattern of growth in domestic fowl(Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary,Mannuthy, 1981) Jacob Thomas, M; KAU; Surendran, P UUnder uniform feed formula and identical management practices, 30 Australorp (ALP) males, 26 (ALP) females, 25 white Leghorn(WL) males and 31 (WL) females, were reared for 24 weeks in Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy to study their growth patterns. The initial mean body weights of chicks were 35g. for ALPmales, 34.4615g. for ALP females, 33.04g for WL males, 32.0645g. for WL females. Throughout the experiment males in each genetic group had a higher mean weight than females. A plateau on the body weight was reached by the end of 23 weeks in almost all birds, indicating that 24 weeks completely covered the growth period. By the end of the experiment the mean body weight was 1858g for ALP males, 1488.4615g. for ALP females, 1556.8g. for WL males, 1306.1290g for WL females. Though there was no significant difference between the groups at the end of the fourth week, significant differences between pairs were observed after 16 weeks. Exponential (y =aebx), Gompertz (y = abcx) and Logestic (105/y = a + bcx) curves were found to be suitable for fitting body weights for 24 weeks. The first two gave extremely good fit. Modified exponential was good only for data of twelve weeks. When growth rates for twenty four weeks were compared on the basis of the fitted curves for all birds the conclusion arrived at was the same for exponential and Gompertz curves. The rates of growth for ALP males, WL males, ALP females WL females and were in the descending order of magnitude; they were significantly different. Same was the inference obtained when Rao’s method of comparing rates of growth was adopted. The result obtained for comparing the rates of growth by fitting Exponential and Modified exponential for the body weights of birds for 12 weeks were similar. Both the curves gave very satisfactory fit to the data. The coefficient of correlation between the observed and expected body weights was nearly unity in almost all cases.
