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ThesisItem Open Access Management of brown spot disease of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan) in Allahabad agro-climatic conditions(Department of plant pathology Naini Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Prayagraj-11007 (U.P), India, 2020) KAMEI, DAVID; Simon, Prof. (Dr.) SobitaFive indigenous plants of Manipur viz., Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Alliumhookerii and Solanum incanum were screened in-vitro at different concentration i.e., 10%, 15% and 20% against the radial growth of Helminthosporium oryzae, and found maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production in broth media was at 20% concentration in S. incanum (58.58) followed by A. hookerii (44.72). In solid media maximum per cent reduction on radial growth was recorded in S. incanum (53.29) and A. hookerii (44.29) in compared with the control.The in-vivo test of consecutive two cropping seasons (2014-15) and (2015-16), found that maximum reduction in per cent disease incidence (PDI) of H. oryzae was in S. incanum (39.68) followed by A. hookerii (31.36) in compared o other treatments including control. Among the botanicals maximum grain yield were recorded in S. incanum3.37 (t/ha.), followed by A. hookerii (3.27 t/ha.). It was found that all treatments significantly increased yield in compared with the untreated control. Investigation were also carried out to evaluate the efficacy of selected fungicides viz., Thiophanate, Myclobutanil, Carbendazim, Propineb, Propiconazole and bio-agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens) against Helminthosporium oryzae. The in-vitro test results revealed that among the selected fungicides best per cent inhibition on fungal biomass production was recorded in Propiconazole (85.71) followed by Propineb (80) in broth media, in solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth was recorded in Propiconazole (74.26) followed by Propineb (73.04) over the control. The antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on dual culture test revealed maximum reduction on linear growth of H. oryzae was recorded in cell concentrations (1.37x10⁸)/ml, with (52.23%) reduction over control. The in-vivo trial revealed that maximum reduction of per cent disease incidence (PDI) was in Propiconazole (72.39) followed by Propineb (69.40), Myclobutanil (63.52) and bio-agent Pseudomonas fluorescens (59.58) and least per cent reduction among selected chemical fungicide was recorded in Thiophanate (39.41), however all treatments were found significantly different in compared with the untreated control. It is also observed that selected fungicides and Pseudomonas fluorescens treatment were found to have a significant effect on plant growth parameters being investigated i.e., plant height, flag leaf length and breadth, number of filled grain and the yield parameter in compare with the untreated control. Among the treatments maximum grain yield perunit area was recorded in Propiconazole (5.6 t/ha.), followed by Propineb (5.46 t/ha.), Myclobutanil (4.68 t/ha.), Pseudomonas fluorescens (4.63 t/ha.) and minimum yield among the treatments was recorded in Thiophanate (4.21 t/ha.), however, all treatments were found significantly higher in yield in comparison with the untreated control (3.46 t/ha.). Analysis on the weather data and correlation studies of disease incidence revealed temperature (Tmax), Win speed (WS) and relative humidity (Rhmax) are the key weather factors that influenced the disease incidence of brown spot of rice in the years of studies.ThesisItem Open Access CONSUMER PREFERENCE TOWARDS LOW SEGMENT CARS(Department of Business Studies Joseph School of Business Studies& Commerce Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (UP)-2019, 2019) Singh, Mrs. Laxmi; Mani, Dr. Ronald V.India has one of the largest automobile industries in Asia .The automobile industry in India is the 4th largest in the world with the sales increasing 9.5 per cent year-on year to 4.02 million units (excluding two wheelers) in 2017. It was 7th largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in 2017 India is expected to overtake China as the world's fastest growing car market in terms of the number of units sold and the automotive industry is one of the fastest growing manufacturing sectors in India. Companies today are becoming customer centric & highly focusing on satisfying their customers as they realized that in present cut throat competition, satisfying & delighting the customers is very crucial. Because of the constant change in needs, expectations and lifestyle of customers, most of the companies are in dilemma that how to satisfy the customers and which strategy should be adopted. The same problems have witnessed by Indian automobile industry. The present study throws light on various factors related to consumer behaviour & satisfaction. The objective of this research paper is to know the preferences and opinions of customers regarding after sales service, resale value, fuel efficiency, safety comfort, design and brand name along with customer preferences while buying low segment cars The basic objective of the study is to evaluate customer satisfaction ,customer perception and the ranking with respect to maximum satisfaction of consumer preference towards low segment cars .For the understanding of Indian Auto Industry, Indian companies viz Maruti Alto, Chevrolet Spark, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica, Ford Figo, Toyota Liva, Honda brio, Nissan Micra, Volkswagen Polo have been studiedThe present study is descriptive in nature & convenient sampling technique has been adopted for selecting the consumers. The primary data has been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. This study reveals that Hyundai Santro is the most preferred car in this segment followed by Maruti Alto and Ford Figo jointly second followed by Volkswagen Polo, Tata Indica, Toyota Liva, Honda Brio and Nissan Micra. Whereas Chevrolet Spark is the least preferred car among the consumers. It is also reveals that purchasing of car is strongly influenced by the advertisements and secondly by family and friend’s recommendations. Mileage, safety and comfort are the most important criteria in the selection of car. Space/Interior design and Brand name are least preferred criteria. At the same time companies must pay attention to fuel efficiency, warrant, after sales services and availability of accessories too. The study concluded that customer satifaction plays a very important role in determining preference towards buying car.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotics, garlic and neem leaf powder on growth performance and haematobiochemical Parameters in caged broiler(DEPARTMEN OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRYING SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ - 211007, 2020) ABUJRADAH, MOHAMED KHALEFAH ABUBAKERThesisItem Open Access Study on plant geometry, cultivar and fertilizer doses on growth, yield and quality of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected condition(DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences PRAYAGRAJ (ALLAHABAD) 211007 (U.P.), 2020) SINGH, BHOOPENDRA; Singh, Dr. DeviThe present investigation entitled “study on plant geometry, cultivar and fertilizer doses on growth, yield and quality of cucumber (cucumis sativus L.) under protected condition” conducted during winter season 2017-18 and 2018-19 was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm SHUATS, Prayagraj (Allahabad) U.P. Factorial RBD with three replications. In this way, the experiments were comprising of total twenty seven treatment combinations of three cultivars namely, Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 2 (V1), Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 3 (V2) and Hilton (V3). Three plant geometry i.e. 60 x 30 cm (P1), 60 x 40 cm (P2) and 60 x 50 cm (P3) and three NPK, fertilizers doses like, 20:10:22 kg/1000m2 (D1), 25:15:27 kg/1000m2 (D2) and 30:20:32 kg/1000m2 (D3). The fertilizers dose applies at twice a week. Similar treatments were applied during both the year. The results revealed that all the treatments and their combinations had significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality of fruits during both the year of experimentation.Among the different cultivars used in the study, Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 3(V2). were found statistically superior to enhance vine length (2.73 m) stem girth (0.80 cm ) leaf area (412.34 cm2 ) Internodal distance (8.38 cm) minimum days required to first flower bud initiation (42.14 DAS), days to first fruit harvest (55.42 DAS), number of fruits per vine (21.89 ), number of unmarketable fruits per plants (1.46) average weight of fruit (116.41 g), fruit length (18.35 cm) and fruit width (3.45 cm) which ultimately gave maximum yield per vine (2.82 kg per plant) during pooled , respectively. Further, among the various spacing treatments, spacing (P3) 60 x 50 cm was found to be significantly superior with respect to vegetative growth, yield per plant and quality of fruits except yield per sq. meter in both the year .Significantly higher yield per sq. meter was recorded in spacing P1 (60 x 30 cm) and least in P3 (60 x 50 cm) during both the year. In case of dose of fertilizer application, the application of fertilizers through manually apply the root zone of plant was found superior to maximum fertilizers apply compared to minimum fertilizers apply during both the year. Maximum number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight (g), yield per vine (kg) and yield per sq. meter (kg) were recorded in both the year maximum fertilizers apply in Page 17 D3 maximum nutrient content in the leaf as total nitrogen (3.66 %), total phosphorus (0.83 %) and total potassium (2.44 %) along with minimum nutrient residues in the soil after harvest were recorded in maximum NPK combination apply to minimum fertilizer apply both the year, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that cucumber should be grown at a spacing of 60 x 50 cm along with D3 NPK dose using cultivars (Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 3) during the winter season for sustaining higher fruit yield and quality cucumber under polyhouse condition. Whereas, on the basis of benefit cost ratio it could be recommended that cucumber cultivar 'Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber 3' should be grown at a spacing of 60 x 50 cm along with the maximum NPK dose of fertilizers apply during both the year for attaining the maximum production of cucumber polyhouse condition.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF ADJUSTMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OF ADOLESCENTS IN RELATION TO THEIR HOME ENVIRONMENT OF BAREILLY DISTRICT(Allahabad School of Education Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Allahabad India, 2020) Singh, Vandana Sharon; Chintamani, Dr. (Mrs.) AvisAdolescence is the most important period of life. Adolescence is considered as crucial and significant period of an individual‘s life.Adolescence is an age of emotional upheavals. Emotional development during adolescence, the individual faces a wide range and variety of emotions. These include both positive as well as negative emotions. Their emotions are very intensive. In the present circumstances the children and youth are facing difficulties in life. These difficulties are giving rise to many psychosomatic problems. To attain the high level of performance a regular guidance is required by the teachersand parents therefore at a certain step of life a proper motivation and training is required which can only be given by matured parents. In this way home environment, adjustment and educational achievement are also very important in our lives. They dominate our lives. They add colour and variety to our lives, which otherwise would be dull.The first important requisite condition is affection and love of parents and other member of the family. The adolescentsshould feel secure and loved in his home. Parents should meet the legitimate needs of their child proper and conductive environment should be providing in childhood and during adolescents stage. Pleasant and satisfaction giving experiences should be provided for the harmonious development of the personality of the adolescents. An attempt has been made by the investigators to study the adjustment and educational achievement of adolescents in relation to their home environment of Bareilly District. The researcher has also studied adjustment, educational achievement and home environment of adolescents with respect to area, types of scools and gender. The main objectives were to study the adjustment,educational achievementand home environment of adolescents,to study the adjustmentof adolescents with respect to area, to study the adjustmentof adolescents with respect to types of schools, to study the adjustmentof adolescents with respect to gender,to study the educational achievement of adolescents with respect to area,to study the educational achievement of adolescents with respect to types of school, to study the educational achievement of adolescents with respect to gender, to study the home environment of adolescents with respect to area,to study the home environment of adolescents with respect to types of school, to study the home environment of adolescents with respect to gender,to find out the relation between adjustment and home environment of adolescents,to find out the relation between educational achievement and home environment of adolescents.The sample consisted of 299 adolescents of rural areas and 299 adolescents of urban areas studying in class XIth. The multi stage sampling technique was used to collect the data. The data was drawn from 8 government schools and 16 private UP Board Schools of Bareilly. To measure adjustment the adjustment scale was used, constructed by the A.K.P.Sinha and R.P.Singh. To measure home environment the home environment inventory was used, constructed by the Karuna Shanker Mishra. To measure the educational achievement percentage obtained in the Board examinations were taken. The statistical measures mean, SD, t-test and One-way Anova were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that (i)there was significant difference in adjustment of adolescents of rural and urban higher secondary schools,(ii) there was significant difference in adjustment of adolescents of government and private higher secondary schools, (iii) there was significant difference in adjustment of boys and girls of higher secondary schools, (iv) there was significant difference in educational achievement of adolescents of rural and urban higher secondary schools, (v) there was significant difference in educational achievement of adolescents of government and private higher secondary schools, (vi) there was significant difference in educational achievement of boys and girls of higher secondary schools, (vii) there was significant difference in home environment of adolescents of rural and urban higher secondary schools, (viii) there was significant difference in home environment of adolescents of government and private higher secondary schools, (ix) there was significant difference in home environment of boys and girls of higher secondary schools, (x) there is significant relation between the home environment and adjustment of adolescents Higher Secondary School students, (xi)that there is significant relation between the home environment and educational achievement of adolescents Higher Secondary School students(xii) Urban students had higher adjustment, educational achievement and home environment than students of Rural areas, (xiii) private schools students better in their adjustment, performed better in educational achievement and perceived better home environment than government schools students, (xiv) Female students scored better than their male counterparts in adjustment educational achievement and home environment and (xv) Significant relation exists between adjustment and home environment and also between educational achievement and home environment of adolescentsThesisItem Open Access Integrated approaches for the management of rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn(Department of Plant Pathology Naini Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Prayagraj-211007 (U.P.), India, 2019) YADUMAN, RAO; Lal, Abhilasha A.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s important food crop of Asian origin. Among different fungal diseases of rice, sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani has currently become one of the most important disease on all the major high yielding rice varieties. Loss due to the disease has been estimated up to 69 per cent. An attempt was therefore made and twenty four isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were collected from the disease samples from fifty nine different rice growing areas of Prayagraj. Identification was carried by studying their morphological characters. Molecular analysis based on URP-PCR showed that the genetic variability of the isolates was low and they were almost clonal. Relative correlations between geographical origins of isolates and molecular grouping were observed but there was no correlation between virulence assays and DNA patterns. A pot experiment was carried out to check virulence assay of all R. solani isolates. Maximum number of affected/dead tillers (6.33), number of lesions (9.0), mean lesion length (19.0 cm) and relative lesion height (45.37 cm) was recorded with RS_U22, RS_U49, RS_U7 and RS_U22, Efficacy of different selected bio-agents and fungicides was evaluated on different growth and yield parameters of rice crop under field condition at prayagraj. Minimum disease intensity @ 5 DAI (17.87%), 10 DAI (20.20%), and 15 DAI (30.03%), maximum shoot length @ 30 DAT (14.31 cm), 60 DAT (24.63 cm) and 120 DAT (28.88 cm), dry shoot weight (64.82 g), number of tillers @ 45 DAT (20.75), root length @ 90 DAT (16.99 cm), dry root weight (2.99 g) and grain yield (48.51 q ha-1) was recorded with the treatment combinations of Trichoderma harzianum seed treatment+ Propiconazole foliar spray and Carbendazim seed treatment + Propiconazole foliar spray as compared to control (untreated check).ThesisItem Open Access HUMAN IRIS RECOGNITION USING CIRCLE BASED SEGMENTATION AND OPTIMIZED CLASSIFIER(FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE) NAINI, PRAYAGRAJ-211007, 2020) JAURO, SULEIMAN SALIHU; Yadav, Dr. RaghavThese days, Iris Recognition (IR) is a technique of biometric verification of the individual authentication process centered upon the human iris unique pattern that is implemented to control system intended for high security. The recognition of a person centered on iris pattern is attaining more fame owing to the uniqueness of the pattern amongst the people. Iris recognition system’s performance relies upon the method of segmentation and classification of iris from the eye image. Segmentation and classification of the iris region are the most controversial issues in iris recognition system because the poor result of these stages can shatter or spoil the effectiveness of iris recognition systems.An Enhanced AMF algorithm was proposed to effectively eradicate noise while at the same time preserves the image detail. During noise detection a new variable was introduced to reflect the correlation betwixt pixel values. The filtering algorithms were applied under noise ratio (PNR) of 30%. Experimental outcomes on CASIA database reveals that with SNP of 30%, PSNR values of 14.1%, 19.58 and 23.42% were attained for CMF, AMF and proposed enhanced AMF filters respectively. The proposed ‘two-level segmentation’ methodology starts by converting the iris images picked from database from RGB to Gray scale images and then normalized using Daugman’s rubber sheet model. The interior and exterior boundaries are then detected from the denoisedimage.In interior boundary segmentation (IBS) section, the image was segmented utilizing some methods like Gaussian pyramid, anisotropic diffusion,thresholding, centroid computing, polar transform, and radius computing.Exterior boundary segmentation (EBS) section performs zigzag collarette process.Finally, the IBS was subtracted from EBS; to give the segmented iris. Three databases namely CASIA, UBRIS and MMU1.0 were utilized for testing the proposed approach. The proposed method reveals an accuracy of 97.33%, 97.97% and 97% in CASIA, UBIRIS and MMU databases respectively .ExperimentalresultswhencomparedwithACWOEandK-meansdemonstrated the superiority of the proposed technique. The proposed iris recognition framework takes the circle based iris segmented images as the input. Then, the Log Gabor, GLAC, Contour-let transform, LGXP, and Canny Edge Detection features are extracted. Thirdly, the extorted features are specified to the ANFIS for achieving the training process. Amid the training process, the ANFIS parameters are simultaneously optimized by the ACFO. The optimized parameters in ANFIS by ACFO efficiently perform the IR process. At last, the recognized iris images are found. The experiment outcomes for the proposed IR technique demonstrates its superiority over latest methodologies pertaining to precision (96% for CASIA, 99% for UBRIS and 96.19% for MMU database), Recall (100% for all databases), F-Measure (97.9% for CASIA, 98% for UBRIS and 99% for MMU database) together with Accuracy (98.6% for CASIA, 97.9% for UBRIS and 98% for MMU database).ThesisItem Open Access Antioxidant and Polyphenolic Changes in Tomato during storage under different conditions(Department of Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, U.P. (India), 2020) MISHRA, SAUMYA; Prakash, Pfro. VeeruTomato, Lycopersicum esculentum, corresponds to the Solanaceae family of vegetables. L. esculentum belongs to a class of climacteric fruit which has a very short shelf life of usually 1-2 weeks. The present study was carried out to determine the optimum storage temperature and treatments by taking a record of various kinds of biochemical changes during the post-harvest storage for ensuring better quality for consumption and its shelf-life. Treatment of Calcium Chloride (1%, 2% and 5%), Hydrogen Peroxide (1%, 2% and 4%), Controlled atmosphere storage (1% CO2 & 0.5% O2; 2%CO2 & 1% O2; and 3% CO2 & 1 % O2) and 1-MCP (0.5 μL/L, 1.0 μL/L and 1.5 μL/L) were given to the tomato fruit of the Hisar Arun and Kashi Vishesh cultivar, harvested at three stages of ripening (Mature Green, Breaker, and Mature Red) and stored under three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C and 15°C). Changes in non-enzymatic and enzymatic activity as well as nutritive substances were evaluated after every 7 days up to a total of 21 days of the storage period. When treated with CaCl2 or H2O2, the non-enzymatic antioxidants (except lycopene) in both the cultivars of tomato and for all the treating conditions provided, showed an increasing trend until 14 days of storage after which, it started declining. On the other hand, the same exhibited a gradual, yet increasing trend all the way up to 21 days of the storage when treated with 1-MCP or provided Controlled Atmospheric Storage (CAS) condition. Particularly, corresponding to the mature green stage of Kashi Vishesh, the maximum (39%; 233.184) change in antioxidant activity was seen for 5% CaCl2 treated fruits after 14 days while minimum (16%; 181.824) change was perceived by the fruits treated with 0.5 μL/L 1-MCP after 21 days stored at 15°C. Nutritionally, ascorbic acid is very important for the human diet; and tomatoes are a rich source of ascorbic acid. The trend of change in ascorbic acid on the basis of maturity stages was different as compared to the other studied parameter. Highest changes were seen in mature green, followed by mature red. However, the breaker stages displayed least changes in due course of the storage at all conditions. The quality of fruits is decided by the phenolics, thus maintenance of phenolics during storage is crucial. Changes in total phenol content during storage was found to be temperature dependent, notably at 5°C storage temperature, the increase in the total phenol content was minimum, followed by that corresponding to 10°C, and 15°C. Initially, phenolic content was the highest in mature green fruits, but the rate of change was higher in mature red stages, followed by the breaker, and then in the mature green stage. The contents of carotenoids, as well as other chemoprotective substances, are highly conditioned by the genotype and environmental conditions. Percentage change in carotenoids increased up to 14 days in CaCl2 and H2O2 treated fruits; while the same increased consistently up to 21 days in CAS and 1-MCP treatment. Lowest carotenoid content was recorded in 5% CaCl2 (51.831 mg/100gm) in the mature red Hisar Arun cultivar corresponding to the storage temperature of 15°C. Lycopene is a natural plant nutrient with antioxidative properties and great health benefits. In general, a continuous rise in lycopene content was found up to 21 days of storage. A higher amount of change was recorded corresponding to the mature green fruit when treated with CaCl2 or H2O2. Whereas for the CAS and 1-MCP treated fruits, mature red fruits showed the maximum changes. Changes in Lycopene content of tomato fruits is found to vary in the range of 1.5-58% in the mature green of Hisar Arun. The enzymatic antioxidants assessed in the present study viz. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione reductase (GR), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) and Catalase (CAT) shown an increasing trend up to 21 days of storage. Specific activity of SOD (78.633 unit/mg/protein FW); APX (212.819 unit/mg/protein FW); GR (125.506 unit/mg/protein FW) and CAT (203.486 unit/mg/protein FW) were found to be maximum in the mature green fruits of Kashi Vishesh cultivar when treated with 5% CaCl2 stored at lower temperature (5°C) after 21 days of storage among all the studied conditions. In contrast to the aforementioned biochemical activities in tomatoes, which, in general, increased during the storage, Protein showed a totally different trend i.e. decreased from day one. Fruits of Kashi Vishesh harvested at the mature red stage when treated with 5% CaCl2 displayed the highest decrement while 1.5 μL/L 1-MCP showed the lowest change after 21 days of storage when stored under 15°C temperature. Sugars constitute an important component of tomato fruit as they determine sweetness and influence the overall tomato flavor. Reducing sugar in all the treated fruits samples were increased up to 21 days and the rate of change was highly dependent on the provided treatment. Reducing sugar content of local cultivar varied in the range of 2.245-3.201 mg/100gm FW; 3.146- 4.619 mg/100gm FW and 4.733-6.088 mg/100gm FW in the mature green, breaker and mature red fruits, respectively. Summarily, we found tomato fruits, harvested at the breaker stage, retained a significantly higher amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants after 14 days of storage compared to fruit harvested at the mature green and red stage. In addition, our investigations suggest the 0.5 μL/L 1-MCP treatment to be the most effective in terms of offering a definitive control in the rate of evolution of non-enzymatic antioxidants of the tomatoes such as lycopene and carotenoids. Further, although Hisar Arun (Local) variety is found to retain more nutritional content than Kashi Vishesh (hybrid) variety, the latter showed a higher shelf life.ThesisItem Open Access ELECTRIC FORECASTING OPTIMIZATION BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, 2020) Singh, Anamika; SRIVASTAVA, DR. MANISH KUMARRecently, utilization of nonlinear gadgets like power electronics, continuous power supplies, flexible speed drives, and delicate loads like personal computers, etc has expanded. It is seen that nonlinearity in the electric load profile increases with the use of these devices. Therefore, an accurate load forecasting is required to improve quality and quantity of power services. A significant truth about the power is that it cannot be stored for quite a long time in AC form; it is conceivable to store it in DC form, but it is restricted to a less amount comparing to demand and that too at an extreme high cost. Therefore, an accurate load forecasting is required. Lower accuracy level can be accomplished by utilizing any conventional technique however for higher accuracy; improved models are to be created. Therefore, the need for accurate and robust load forecasting model is evident in the current scenario of non linear electric load profile forecasting. Electric forecasting (EF) is an important tool for power system operation, planning, and control for decisions such as load management, generation scheduling, and system security assessment, etc. Most of the research is performed for short-term electric forecasting (STEF). It shows the importance of the STEF. In the literature, several robust and accurate forecasting models were developed such as auto-regressive, autoregressive integrated moving average and moving average and found capable of forecasting stationary time–series data but real-time series is never stationary. These models were failed to provide the desired level of accuracy with the nonlinearity present in electric load profile. Therefore, time-series models are not suitable for accurate shortterm load forecasting. STEF is related to operational tasks such as economic dispatch, fuel arrangement, load scheduling, etc. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop forecasting models with enhanced accuracy. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques has been explored to solve the above problem. Additionally, various papers for electric forecasting exhibit that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has the capability of learning the nonlinear behavior and ability to generalize. Other advantages of an ANN are parallel data processing, adaptability, fault tolerant, etc. Therefore, ANN-based models can forecast electricity generation, load with higher accuracy. Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNN) is commonly used architecture of ANN. The result of FFNN has been analyzed and vii compared for accuracy. Result shows that accuracy of forecasted models is not as desired, learning rate is slow and time consuming. In order to remove above problems, ANN based forecasting models is optimized by two optimization tools, viz., Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These optimized models provide more accurate forecasting results. The experimentation shows that PSO algorithms better than GA for optimizing these models. This way this thesis fulfills its aim to develop an improved, modern STEF model with reduced complexity.