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Open Access
Management of brown spot disease of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan) in Allahabad agro-climatic conditions
(Department of plant pathology Naini Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Prayagraj-11007 (U.P), India, 2020) KAMEI, DAVID; Simon, Prof. (Dr.) Sobita
Five indigenous plants of Manipur viz., Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Alliumhookerii and Solanum incanum were screened in-vitro at different concentration i.e., 10%, 15% and 20% against the radial growth of Helminthosporium oryzae, and found maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production in broth media was at 20% concentration in S. incanum (58.58) followed by A. hookerii (44.72). In solid media maximum per cent reduction on radial growth was recorded in S. incanum (53.29) and A. hookerii (44.29) in compared with the control.The in-vivo test of consecutive two cropping seasons (2014-15) and (2015-16), found that maximum reduction in per cent disease incidence (PDI) of H. oryzae was in S. incanum (39.68) followed by A. hookerii (31.36) in compared o other treatments including control. Among the botanicals maximum grain yield were recorded in S. incanum3.37 (t/ha.), followed by A. hookerii (3.27 t/ha.). It was found that all treatments significantly increased yield in compared with the untreated control. Investigation were also carried out to evaluate the efficacy of selected fungicides viz., Thiophanate, Myclobutanil, Carbendazim, Propineb, Propiconazole and bio-agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens) against Helminthosporium oryzae. The in-vitro test results revealed that among the selected fungicides best per cent inhibition on fungal biomass production was recorded in Propiconazole (85.71) followed by Propineb (80) in broth media, in solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth was recorded in Propiconazole (74.26) followed by Propineb (73.04) over the control. The antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on dual culture test revealed maximum reduction on linear growth of H. oryzae was recorded in cell concentrations (1.37x10⁸)/ml, with (52.23%) reduction over control. The in-vivo trial revealed that maximum reduction of per cent disease incidence (PDI) was in Propiconazole (72.39) followed by Propineb (69.40), Myclobutanil (63.52) and bio-agent Pseudomonas fluorescens (59.58) and least per cent reduction among selected chemical fungicide was recorded in Thiophanate (39.41), however all treatments were found significantly different in compared with the untreated control. It is also observed that selected fungicides and Pseudomonas fluorescens treatment were found to have a significant effect on plant growth parameters being investigated i.e., plant height, flag leaf length and breadth, number of filled grain and the yield parameter in compare with the untreated control. Among the treatments maximum grain yield perunit area was recorded in Propiconazole (5.6 t/ha.), followed by Propineb (5.46 t/ha.), Myclobutanil (4.68 t/ha.), Pseudomonas fluorescens (4.63 t/ha.) and minimum yield among the treatments was recorded in Thiophanate (4.21 t/ha.), however, all treatments were found significantly higher in yield in comparison with the untreated control (3.46 t/ha.). Analysis on the weather data and correlation studies of disease incidence revealed temperature (Tmax), Win speed (WS) and relative humidity (Rhmax) are the key weather factors that influenced the disease incidence of brown spot of rice in the years of studies.
Open Access
Integrated approaches for the management of rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
(Department of Plant Pathology Naini Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Prayagraj-211007 (U.P.), India, 2019) YADUMAN, RAO; Lal, Abhilasha A.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s important food crop of Asian origin. Among different fungal diseases of rice, sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani has currently become one of the most important disease on all the major high yielding rice varieties. Loss due to the disease has been estimated up to 69 per cent. An attempt was therefore made and twenty four isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were collected from the disease samples from fifty nine different rice growing areas of Prayagraj. Identification was carried by studying their morphological characters. Molecular analysis based on URP-PCR showed that the genetic variability of the isolates was low and they were almost clonal. Relative correlations between geographical origins of isolates and molecular grouping were observed but there was no correlation between virulence assays and DNA patterns. A pot experiment was carried out to check virulence assay of all R. solani isolates. Maximum number of affected/dead tillers (6.33), number of lesions (9.0), mean lesion length (19.0 cm) and relative lesion height (45.37 cm) was recorded with RS_U22, RS_U49, RS_U7 and RS_U22, Efficacy of different selected bio-agents and fungicides was evaluated on different growth and yield parameters of rice crop under field condition at prayagraj. Minimum disease intensity @ 5 DAI (17.87%), 10 DAI (20.20%), and 15 DAI (30.03%), maximum shoot length @ 30 DAT (14.31 cm), 60 DAT (24.63 cm) and 120 DAT (28.88 cm), dry shoot weight (64.82 g), number of tillers @ 45 DAT (20.75), root length @ 90 DAT (16.99 cm), dry root weight (2.99 g) and grain yield (48.51 q ha-1) was recorded with the treatment combinations of Trichoderma harzianum seed treatment+ Propiconazole foliar spray and Carbendazim seed treatment + Propiconazole foliar spray as compared to control (untreated check).
Open Access
Genetic Variability and Pathogenic diversity of Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp.lycopercici causing Tomato wilt in UP
(Sam Higginbottom University of Agricultural Technology & Sciences, 2017-12-22) Khan, Kunwar Zeeshan; Lal, Abhilasha A; Simon, Sobita
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) is one of the important crop, among the vegetable crops globally. In India, the production is less as compared to other countries and plant diseases are one of the important reasons behind this. Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen is a serious problem of tomato. The crop losses due to this disease go upto 80% under favorable conditions. The use of resistant varieties is the most common and cheap way to manage this disease but the resistance of plant depends on genetic variability of the pathogen. A survey was carried out in the selected areas to understand pathogenic variability and genetic diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Wilt incidence was recorded in the range of 10.67 to 80.34%. Maximum wilt incidence recorded was 80.34% in Masauli block of Barabanki district and minimum wilt incidence was 10.67% in Bamaur block of Jhansi district. Molecular study based on URP markers indicated that all the Fol isolates showed upto 55-100% genetic similarity and then variation started, formed 2 main groups and showed 6.5-100% dissimilarity at genetic level with each other. In vitro screening of biocontrol agents showed that Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates exhibited maximum mycelial inhibition of 98.18 and 83.13%, respectively in dual culture method and among the plant extracts Datura stramonium exhibited maximum inhibition of 75.84% in poisoned food technique against the test pathogen. These biocontrol agents were further used in field trial individually and in combination for the management of wilt disease. Pooled field trial data of two years revealed that the most effective treatment was the combination of soil application with T. harzianum + FYM (1 kg/q+1000 kg/ha) and seedling priming with Datura + P. fluorescens (10% + 100g/l water). This treatment recorded maximum plant height (cm), maximum number of branches, minimum disease incidence (%) and highest yield (q/h) and C: B ratio. GC-MS analysis was done to confirm the presence of antifungal compounds in the extract of T. harzianum and D. stramonium. In ethyl acetate extract of T. harzianum seventeen major compounds were found. Out of these two important compounds, 6 pentyl-α-Pyrone and Heneicosane were identified which are known to have an antifungal effect. In the methanolic extract of D. stramonium 5, 4-dihydroxy, 7-O- glycosyl ester, Triacontanol ester, and Scopoline compounds were identified which are known to have an antifungal effect.
Open Access
WEATHER BASED CERCOSPORA INFECTION PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TIKKA LEAF SPOT OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, ALLAHABAD, U.P., 2018) Surendra, Veerapuram; Zacharia, Dr. Sunil
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L), is the world‟s third most important oil seed crop, after soybean and cotton. Tikka leaf spot is one of the major diseases of groundnut at national and international level. The yield losses encountered due to tikka disease was reported to the tune of 40 per cent. A detailed study was carried at “Department of Plant Pathology, S.V. Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Tirupati” on isolation of the pathogen and establishment of pathogenicity of Cercospora arachidicola. Potential fungicidal compatible, endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Cercospora arachidicola were isolated from the groundnut leaf. Weather based Cercospora infection prediction model was used for the management of Cercospora arachidicola. The Pathogen was isolated from infected leaflet of plant showing typical leaf spot symptoms viz., circular to irregular, light brown to dark brown lesions on adaxial surface of lower leaves surrounded by a prominent yellow halo, purified and identified as Cercospora arachidicola. The pathogen of ground nut early leaf spot, Cercospora arachidicola was inoculated on potato sucrose agar, oatmeal agar, potato dextrose agar, V8-juice agar, leaf extract agar, carrot juice agar and peanut hull extract agar. Out of all the media tested, the maximum growth was supported by potato sucrose agar followed by oat meal agar at 23±1ºC and more than 90% relative humidity. Maximum sporulation of C. arachidicola was obtained in potato sucrose agar at 6 per cent sucrose followed by 5 per cent. Weather based Cercospora infection prediction model was developed for scheduling fungicidal spray for management of leaf spot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Narayani at Central Agricultural Field, SHUATS, Allahabad during 2015 and 2016. The prediction model was developed based on temperature and relative humidity (leaf wetness) to quantify the disease incidence in groundnut. This model indicates that the temperature ranging from 24oC to 28oC and relative humidity more than 90% was found to be optimum for initiation and development of the disease. If the temperature between 24oC to 28oC and relative humidity more than 90% prevails continuously for four days indicating the appearance of the disease as per this model. Among the fungicides, carbendazim+mancozeb was superior one in increasing the pod and haulm yield by 2.29 (Q/ha) and 6.39 (Q/ha) respectively, when compared to control. It gave a net profit of Rs. 5609/- with a benefit cost ratio of 2.95. Predicting the disease well in advance led to the economical fungicidal and potential bacterial leaf endophyte for the management of leaf spot in groundnut which is very crucial especially in rain fed as well as irrigated conditions.
Open Access
Comparative efficacy of certain bio-agents and fungicides in the management of brown leaf spot [Drechslera oryzae (Breda de Hann) Subram. and Jain] of paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY & ENTOMOLOGY Naini Agricultural Institute (NAI), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.) India -211007, 2018) KUMAR, HARISH; Simon, Dr. (Mrs.) Sobita
The studies were conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of certain bio-agents and fungicides in the management of brown leaf spot disease, which cause serious damages in rice cultivation in worldwide. The field and lab experiment were conducted during kharif 2013 to 2014, at Central Research Farm and Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad – 211007 Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD) for lab experiment and randomized block design (RBD) with 15 treatments including control for field. In vitro condition bio-agents (T. viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and B. subtilis) was observed in dual culture technique, Trichoderma harzianum was best effective in inhibition per cent growth of Drechslera oryzae (64.55 %). Fungicides (Bavistin 50 WP, Vitavax 50 WP, Tilt 25 EC and Contaf 25 EC) were observed at different concentration viz 50, 100, 150, 250, & 500 ppm. Tilt 25 EC @ 500 ppm was recorded least mean colony diameter (2.10 mm) and highest inhibition (96.58 %). In field condition, all bio-agents applied as a seed treatment 4 g/kg seed and foliar spray 10 g/liter) and fungicide (Bavistin 50 WP, Vitavax 50 WP) applied as a seed treatment 0.2 g a.i/kg seed and foliar spray (Bavistin 50 WP, Vitavax 50 WP, Tilt 25 EC and Contaf 25 EC 1ml/liter) was found significant superior over control. Highest shoot length (83.80 cm), fresh shoot weight (199.17 g), dry shoot weight (49.70 g) at 90 DAT and number of tillers per plant (32.51) recorded at 60 DAT was exhibited by T7 (Pseudomonas fluorescens (ST) + T. harzianum (FS) @ 4 g/kg/seed + 10 g/liter). Maximum root length (15.97 cm), fresh root weight (40.35 g) and dry root weight (19.71 g) was exhibited by T3 (T. viride (ST) + Bacillus subtilis (FS) @ 4 g/kg seed + 10 g/liter) at 90 DAT. Minimum disease severity (30.54 %), maximum number of grain per panicle (152.09), highest panicle length (30.58), grain yield (47.38 & increasing grain yield 55.49 %), straw yield (57.46 q/ha) and highest economic (B.C) 1:2.42, was exhibited by T13 (Bavistin (ST) + Tilt (FS) @ 0.2g a.i/kg seed + 1ml/liter).
Open Access
Biochemical estimation and management of green mold and dry bubble diseases of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach
(Department of Plant Pathology Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Allahabad-211007, 2018) Murma, Rakhi; Lal, Dr. (Mrs.) Abhilasha A.
Biochemical estimation and management of green mold and dry bubble diseases of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach Abstract This study was carried out during 2012-2014 to determine the effect of locally available casing materials with association of bio-inoculant Pseudomonas putida. Six different combinations of casing mixtures were amended for evaluating its effect on yield, biological efficiency, protein and carbohydrate contents of Agaricus bisporus. A mixture of FYM + GLS + Vermi-compost + P. putida gave higher mushroom yield, biological efficiency, protein and carbohydrate content. It gave better yield (1306 g), biological efficiency (28.7%), protein (34.07%) and carbohydrate content (5.07%) respectively when compared with other treatments. In addition, waste tea leaves took minimum period (33.00 days) for initiation of pin head when compared with others. FYM, GLS and vermi-compost (2:1:1) mixed with P. putida (1 × 108) gave maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.91). Locally available casing materials along with P. putida incorporated in the casing soil can be an important factor to obtain maximum and assured yield in mushroom cultivation. Green mold and dry bubble are the most common and serious fungal disease of white button mushroom Lantana camara was the most effective phytoextract that inhibited the infection of green mold both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Azadirachta indica was the most effective phytoextract that inhibited the infection of dry bubble both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Open Access
STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIAL WILT DISEASE OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE INSTITUTE), ALLAHABAD (U.P.)-211007, 2017) Nazir, Basharat; Simon, Sobita
World would not have been as beautiful, charming, and cherishing as it is today, without flowers. Bulbous flowering plants are one of the most wonderful creations of nature. Of the various bulbous flowering plants which provide glamour, perfection and colour, Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) easily tops the list and can rightly be called the “Queen of bulbous flower crops” grown in many parts of the world (Kaikal and Nauriyal, 1964). Gladiolus is a monocotyledon perennial herbaceous plant. The measure gladiolus growing areas in Indian are Kalimpong (W.B.), Delhi, Srinagar (J&K), Lucknow (U.P.) and Bhawali (U.K.). But this crop is severely affected by wilt disease caused by fusarium oxygsproium f. sp. gladioli leading to the death of plant and rotting of corm. To control the fungus leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium and the bacteria (Pseudomonas flourecens) are used to suppress the disease. Biological control by antagonistic organisms is a potential, non chemical, especially and sustainable approach for managing plant disease. It was evident from “invitro” Fusarium oxysporum f sp. gladioli was significantly inhibited by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The polymorphisms of selected gladiolus varieties were checked by using RAPD markers. The polymorphic markers detected will be useful for marker assisted selection (MAS) of Gladiolus varieties for the gene resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Thirty six combinations tried in this experiment, Pseudomonas fluorescens + Candiman emerged as significantly superior over all other combinations to control the wilt disease incidence (%) of gladiolus.
Open Access
Eco- friendly management of Fusarium wilt of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), 2016) Pandey, Madhumita; Simon, Sobita
Chickpea is the most important pulse crop among the major Rabi pulse of India. Fusariums wilt which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri is considered to be the most devastating disease of this crop. Survey for the assessment of chickpea wilt disease was conducted during 2012-14 in chickpea growing areas of Allahabad District. In this survey maximum Fusarium wilt disease incidence (66%-57.7%)) was recorded in Jarar and lowest was in Naini and Jorwat (11.75%) in the cropping season 2012-14. The general inadequacy of chemical fungicides to tackle Fusarium wilt in chickpea, has lead to the search for ecofriendly management to these disease. Twenty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from chickpea field and evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vivo and in vitro. Out of twenty isolates five isolates PF4- (89.45%), PF-13(86.76%), PF- 18(90.04%), PF-19(84.49%) and PF- 20(83.89%) were showing highest percentage inhibition of radial growth Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in dual culture. Among organic manure highest reduction in mycelial growth was found in Neem cake (68.06%). In vivo the highest germination percentage were found in (98.40 %-97.43%) in PF -19. Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates (PF- 18) were showing significant reduction in wilt incidence (82.56%- 79.97%) at 30 DAS, (70.88%-70.51%) at 60 and (73.40%-72.35%) at 90DAS respectively during (2012-14). Maximum shoot length (cm) (15.73, 25.46 and 44.10),(15.93,35.93 and 45.36) and root lengths (7.46, 9.82 and 13.36), (6.52, 10.63, and 13.56) at 30, 60 and 90 DAS were recorded in PF-20. The dry shoot and root weight significantly increase in isolate PF18 and isolate PF-20. The highest number of pods per plant (70.30 and 73.03) and yield (912.6 and 996.0 kg) were observed in isolate PF-18. Among organic manure and improved cultural practices, highest germination percentage (96.26% and 97.16%), reduction in wilt incidence (78.91, 74.91 and 78.91) ,(78.91,69.70 and 72.23) in 2012-14 at 30,60 and 90 DAS were recorded in Soil solarization. In growth parameter maximum shoot-root length and dry shoot –root weight were significantly increased in Neem cake and in Soil solarization. Highest numbers of pods/plant (63.60 and 64.13), (61.10 and 62.16) and maximum yield (982.0kg and 987.3kg) (870.3 kg and 881.3 kg) were recorded in treatment soil solarization and Neem cake respectively in 2012-14.

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