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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COOLING ON GAS TURBINE BLADE MATERIALS(FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENES (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE) NAINI, ALLAHABAD – 211007, 2019) Gadmor, Abdurazag Mohamed . M .; Tariq, Dr. Mohd .Gas turbines are broadly utilized and its outline changes as load and working conditions are changed. Warm productivity of gas turbine enhances by expanding turbine rotor gulf temperature. In the course of recent years, the gas turbine has obviously profit by critical advancements in materials innovation which is one of the elements influencing the huge changes in execution and proficiency; the early nickel base combination improvements, columnar grained amalgams, single precious stone compounds, warm obstruction coatings, earthenware production, clay framework composites and added substance fabricating. Common basic cycle motor efficiencies have enhanced altogether, profiting from the expanding temperature ability of the high quality combinations. The present rotor delta temperature in cutting edge gas turbine is for over the softening purpose of edge material. An advanced cooling plan must be produced for persistent safe activity of gas turbines with elite. Gas turbines are cooled remotely and inside. A few strategies have been recommended for the cooling of edges and vanes. The strategy that includes the cooling of cutting edges and vanes by utilizing cooling techniques is to have outspread gaps to pass high speed cooling air along the sharp edge traverse. In this theory, a turbine cutting edge is planned and displayed in CATIA programming. The turbine edges are outlined utilizing cooling gaps. The turbine sharp edge is composed with 4 gaps with 2 examples of introduction straight forward on camber line and other is crisscross example. CFD examination is done to decide the weight conveyance, speed, temperature circulation and warmth exchange rate by applying the channel weight figured as compressor outlet weight and temperature. Warm examination is additionally done to decide the warmth exchange rates of the cutting edges of two kinds of compressors pressure proportion 20 and 30 utilizing ANSYS FLUENT 15.0. The materials utilized for cooling of turbine cutting edge are steel and titanium. Edge material and best example for each weight proportion and both the materials are seen from the investigation.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMISATION OF PERFORMANCE OF MULTI BLADED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE BY USING NOZZLE(Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences ALLAHABAD, 2018) MISHRA, PANKAJ KUMAR; SRIVASTAVA, Prof. (Dr.) ANSHUKAThe conventional power is utilized to meet the demand of the commercial, industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors. The agricultural load is considerable and is distributed countrywide causing large T & D losses in addition to operational and maintenance problems. To reduce the problem of the grid network and to improve the power situation in developing countries, it is necessary that the agricultural load may be supplied by alternative dispersed power generation sources. In these areas (open fields) slow speed winds are mostly available throughout the year. Therefore the problem can be solved by harnessing power from slow speed winds using proper, rugged and efficient wind turbine systems. The available slow wind turbines can provide small power, which is just sufficient for running a hand pump. The agricultural irrigation load requirements generally vary from 1 to 10 kW. Therefore, a new vertical axis wind turbine has been designed which can provide the required power. The unit is of modular form expandable as per requirement. The limitation in the existing slow wind turbines is the weight of the wheel. Therefore, to keep the size of the wind turbine runner small and to capture more power, air concentrating nozzles have been designed. The nozzles amplify the wind speed before the air contacts the blades, thus increasing the rotational speeds. Therefore to find the optimum nozzle dimensions, a detailed theoretical and practical study of air concentrating nozzle is conducted which involved fabrication, testing and detailed study of different nozzle models in Actual Atmospheric Conditions and Wind Tunnel. It was found out that the nozzle with inlet-outlet area ratio of around 4:1; having side wall length equal to the length of the intake gives best performance in terms of amplification of wind speed and minimum power loss in the nozzle. The ideal efficiency or the percent of maximum power extraction by a rotor placed in a free wind stream is given by Betz limit and its value is 0.5926. In this thesis, the Betz derivation was reinvestigated with the help of Euler's & Bernoulli's equations and was found out to be 0.89. The performance of the wind rotor in terms of efficiency (power-coefficient) and starting torque depends upon the number of blades and the blade profile. Theoretical models for drag machines have been developed using momentum principle. An analysis has been carried out by considering flat, semi-circular and curved blade profiles. It has been found out that the semi-circular profile gives better performance than the other blade profiles considered in the study. Further, rotor models (different number of blades) were fabricated and studied using air concentrating nozzles considering semi-circular profiles. The theoretical verification of the improvement in efficiency of these rotors is also presented in the thesis. It has been found out that the six-bladed rotor using air-concentrating nozzle gave the best performance and this has been proved both practically and theoretically.ThesisItem Open Access HEAT TRANSFER TO NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID IN AGITATED VESSEL(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES Deemed-to be University (FORMERLYALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE) NAINI, ALLAHABAD, INDIA-211007, 2017) SK, ANSAR ALI; Singh, L.P.The design engineer is very often faced with the problem of designing process vessels for handling fluids. Many of these equipments are needed for such varied operations as heating, cooling, mixing etc of non-Newtonian fluids. Heat addition into and heat removal from such fluid contained in an agitated vessel is common industrial application. These equipment, technically known as agitated vessel heat exchangers are either jacketed and / or equipped with helical coils and fluids are either agitated in the vessel or circulated through the coils immersed in a fluid contained in the vessel. Much is known about the heat and momentum transfer to Newtonian fluids being processed in these equipments whereas such information concerning non-Newtonian fluids is meager and needs further attention. In the present work, therefore, an attempt has been made to study the momentum and heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in agitated vessels and in helical coils and to clarify some of the anomalies existing in the previous investigations. The non-linear nature of shear stress-shear rate relationship of non-Newtonian fluids makes the solution of momentum and energy equations more complex. However, the knowledge of Newtonian behavior and correlation form a basis for non-Newtonian fluids, and therefore, Newtonian fluids have also been investigated. The present thesis embodied the resulting subject matter. The importance of the problem, i.e. heat transfer to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing through helical coils and agitated vessel, taken up for the present investigation and a brief introduction to non-Newtonian fluids are presented in chapter I. The available literature on heat transfer in agitated vessels and coils is reviewed in chapter II. Large numbers of correlation for heat transfer to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids form vessel wall or coils presented by earlier workers differ from each other due to the use of different viscosity expressions in Reynolds and Prandtl groups. Chapter III deals with the aim of this part of the investigation. The use of a viscosity expression corresponding to viscosity evaluated at the impeller tip, following the concept of a cylinder of diameter equal to that of impeller rotating in an infinite fluid, has been suggested. This is due to the fact that under turbulent flow conditions and for large gap between vessel wall and impeller, the vessel offers negligible effect on the fluid viscosity at the impeller tip. vi Chapter IV deals with the result of experimental program for the measurement of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids. Chapter V gives the summary of the experimental set up used for heat transfer measurements in coil as well as in the agitated vessel. A Newtonian fluid and four non-Newtonian fluids have been investigated. Experimental results of heat transfer to agitated fluids from vessel wall and to non-Newtonian fluids from vessel wall to non-Newtonian fluids flowing through helical coils in laminar fashion are discussed. The correlations obtained are compared with the results of some of the earlier investigations. Lastly it contains conclusion with experimental data in tabular form.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL DEVICES FOR PROCESS HEAT APPLICATIONS(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES AND SCIENCES Deemed to be University [FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE] NAINI, ALLAHABAD, INDIA-211007 2018, 2018) OJHA, ASHOK KUMAR; Singh, L.PThe attention of future energy source at world level has focused scientist SUN as the ultimate source of energy. Extracting energy from the Sun is more meaningful in case of India because, sun is present all over the country and available for minimum 300 days in an year. The present Ph.D. Thesis work aims to develop a device for extracting direct Sun energy by concentrating the Sun rays continuously using an online tracking system. The collected energy can be utilized in variety of ways for future cooking applications. The device is developed using Conceptual Design Development process using computer and CAE activity. A final feasible parabolic mirror system is developed for Home cooking. The temperature of about 1800 degree centigrade temperature is achieved on design calculation basis at the Focus of the device. The final breezed design is used to study the manufacturing aspects and relevant analysis of load, stress, interference; tolerances, etc. are carried out on basis of DFM (design for Manufacturing) analysis. Individual components, subassembly and assemblies are finalized on basis of their functionality. CAD based simulation studies are carried out to see the visualization of the device developed. Since India is facing the toughest environmental challenges and taking into consideration present level of pollution in our cities and rivers as per recent reports, Today we are moving towards greener sources of energy and Solar is the best option available . Energy from the Sun is available in two ways (i) Thermal (ii) (ii) Electrical The developed design of the SUN parabolic mirror device is finally fabricated using Composite and steel structures. The device uses 2D tracking system using DC controlled motors. Number of experiments is carried out to see the working of the developed device under varies working conditions. The data obtained on the device can be used to develop any size of the similar device for future applications. In first and second chapter we have discuss about energy sinrio of the world and how to utilized our renewable resources and what is the application of solar heat not only in the field of lightening purpose but also for heating purpose by using CSP. Third chapter is related to solar cooking by design the cooker and I find thermal capacity of the cooker. This chapter also include regarding solar process heating application use for solar crematorium. Chapter four is related to result and discussion regarding capacity of the cooker and cost analysis of solar crematorium equipments. Chapter five include conclusion and future scope of CSP for saving future electricity and energy crisisThesisItem Open Access THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR DISTILLATION USING ENERGY STORAGE MEDIUMS(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SHEPHERD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute) ALLAHABAD - 211007. (U.P.) INDIA, 2018) Dubey, Richa; Rai, Dr. Ajeet KumarWater is the most important element for sustaining life on earth. 71% of the earth’s surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold 96.5 percent of all earth’s water which is salty and cannot be used directly. Water also exists in rivers, lakes, in icecaps and glaciers which is the fresh water resource on earth and can be made into use directly. The ratio of salty water to fresh water on earth is around 40 to 1. However population growth and industrialization has resulted in the great demand of fresh water for different domestic, agricultural and industrial usage. Also, the earth’s fresh water is very unevenly distributed. Fresh water shortage problem has become a major problem these days and so desalination of the sea water is the only option left. In the present research article an experimental study was conducted to analyze the performance of stepped solar still with and without using phase change materials. Their performance was compared on the basis of the energy and exergy efficiencies. In this study magnesium nitrate hexa-hydrate and paraffin wax were used as phase change material. The economic cost analysis, uncertainities and water quality was also tested. The experiment was conducted in the premises of SHUATS Allahabad U.P. INDIA. It was observed from the experiment that the total productivity of the still using PCM was higher than the still without PCM. The experiment was conducted in the hot summer days in the month of April-May. The cost study shows that the price of the output per litre reduces or decreases when the life expectancy is presumed to be 30 years. A comparative cost examination is also carried out for all three still i.e. still without applying PCM, still applying Mg(NO3)2.6H2O as PCM and still applying Paraffin Wax as PCM. The still applying PCM were found to be more economical for the small-scale usage as the productivity is obtained in off-sunbeam hours also. The experimental uncertainity was obtained as 17.69%. The quality of distillate obtained was observed as the pH value and the TDS of the output was 7.2 and 45 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF SOLAR AIR HEATING SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SHEPHERD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Allahabad-211007.(U.P.) India, 2017) Srivastava, Ravish Kumar; Rai, Dr A. K.Energy is a crucial driving factor in today's world and plays major role in economic growth and industrialization. Population growth and its material needs increase the demand of energy every year. Developing countries are heavily dependent on the fossil fuels for their energy needs. This causes depletion of fossil fuel resources and degradation of environment. The drift between demand and supply of energy is growing continuously and consistently, thus compelling the habitats of this planet to utilize the fossil fuels at a drastic rate in last forty years. Use of renewable energy sources may be alternative to the fossil fuels which also saves the environment. With growth concern for global worming following the increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, the need for sustainable and renewable energy sources has been recognized for a long time. This is reflected in the recent agreement at the 2015 United Nations climate change Conference, COP 21 in Paris, stating that a cut of green house gas emissions by 40-70 % is increased before 2050. This is a grand global challenge since about 80 % of today’s total energy supply comes from fossil fuels that involve most of the green house gas emissions. Thus it is widely recognized that a green shift from mainly fossil energy sources to renewable energy. Therefore there is a great need to explore the renewable energy sources and to develop the renewable energy based technologies to meet our energy demand in the present context. Solar energy is the one most abundant renewable energy source and emits energy at rate of 3.8x1023kW, of which, approximately 1.8x 1014kW is intercepted by the earth. According to IEA report of 2011, India is one of the most favored nations of the Sun as it receives 5,000 trillion kWh of insolation yearly, which is greater than the annual consumption and a global radiation of around 4-7kWh/m2/day. Even though the intensity of Sun’s illumination is low and intermittent, technology has developed to harness the renewable energy in usable form. One of the most potential applications of solar energy is the supply of hot air for the drying of agriculture, textile, and marine products, heating a building to maintain a comfortable environment especially in the winter season and also in many other low temperatures applications. The simplest and the most efficient way to utilize solar energy is to convert the 4 thermal energy for heating applications by using solar collectors. Solar air heaters, because of their simplicity are cheap and most widely used. There are certain methods to augment the heat transfer from the surface of solar air heaters. An exhaustive literature review is accomplished on investigations and practical implementation of the thermal performance of the ‘solar air collectors’ depends on the material, shape, dimensions, layout of the collectors. This comprehensive survey reveals that less research work has been carried out on the off day performance of solar air heater. This novel solar air heater are fabricated with an arrangement of Tray in which a Thermal energy storage material is placed and a thermal conducting material (Aluminum powder) is mixed with this to improve PCM charging and also it helps to obtain off sun hour performance. This modification on solar air heating system has promising performance and can be created relatively with an ease as compared to conventional method of pasting Fins on the on the surface. Therefore, the present experimental investigation is primarily focused on analyzing intricate details of heat transfer, losses and improvement in account of exit temperature in characteristics of using Fins & PCM blend with thermal conducting material powder as improvement constituent in solar air heaters. An experimental set up has been designed and fabricated in accordance with the guidelines suggested in ASHRAE standard 93-77 for testing of solar collectors. It consists of a rectangular duct having entry, test and exit sections, a fan, Regulator to maintain mass flow rate, a calibrated Thermocouple for the measurement of temperature. Anemometer and solarimeter are used to measure wind speed and solar intensity used Extensive data has been recorded on heat transfer and mass flow characteristics of a rectangular duct having Fins arranged in reverse side of absorber plate with minor gap to bottom & also of proposed novel solar air heater. Experimental data are further processed to obtain heat transfer coefficient, different losses, and developed correlations for Nusselt number & Reynold’s number etc. A computer program has been developed to predict the thermal performance of solar air heater in terms of energy, exergy & Loss of destructions in exergy. This parameter includes Heat removal rate, collector efficiency, fin efficiency, total loss, area, mass flow rate etc. Energetic & exergetic performance has been investigated and compared in order to determine the 5 enhancement in performance on account of the use of PCM with thermal conducting material & with fin shaped geometry. Design plots were also prepared for practical & theoretical energetic & exergetic efficiency, Loss of destruction and especially off day performance of solar air heater is plotted in the result section.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL TURBOPROP ENGINES(Department of Mechanical Engineering Shepherd Institute of Engineering & TechnologySAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD, UTTAR PRADESH, 2017) Ranjan, Rajiv; TARIQ, MOHAMMADAircraft gas turbine cycles differ from shaft power cycles in that the useful power output is in the form of thrust. The whole of the thrust of the turbojet and turbofan is generated in propelling nozzles whereas with the turboprop, most of the thrust is produced by a propeller with only a small contribution from the exhaust nozzle. A second distinguishing feature is the need to consider the effect of forward speed of flight and altitude on the performance. It was the beneficial aspect of these parameters, together with a vastly superior power/weight ratio that enabled the gas turbine to so rapidly supplant the reciprocating engine for aircraft propulsion except for aircraft propulsion and low powered lighter aircraft.The designer of aircraft engines recognized the various requirements for take-off, climb, cruise and manoeuvring, the relative importance of these being different for civil and military applications and for long and short haul aircraft. In the early days, it was common practice to focus on the take-off thrust, but this is no longer acceptable. Engines for long range civil aircraft, for example, require low SFC at cruise speed and altitude, while the thrust level may be determined either by take-off thrust on the hottest day likely to be encountered or by the thrust required at top of climb. Evidently the selection of design condition is much more complex than for a land- based unit. As examples, ‘design point’ calculations will be shown for take-off (static) and cruise condition. In turboprop engines a conventional aircraft propeller is usually mounted in front of the jet engine and in one type of engine is driven by a second or free turbine. This is located behind the turbine that is driving the compressor. In other designs the power is obtained by additional stages on the main turbine.Since turbine speeds are much higher than propeller speed, a reduction gear is required between the turbine and the propeller. About 90 percent of the energy in the hot gases is absorbed in the turbine, and only about 10 percent remains to increase the speed of the exhaust jet. Accordingly, only a very small portion of the overall thrust is produced by the jet; most of it comes from the propeller. Turboprops are usually rated on the basis of equivalent power at take-off conditions and the specific fuel consumption and specific power are often expressed in terms of that equivalent power. It is nevertheless desirable to quote both the shaft power and jet thrust available.ThesisItem Open Access Modeling, Analysis and strategic study of Active dynamic control of complex mechanical system(Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), 2015) Sinha, Prabhat Kumar; Darbari, A. S.In the past decade, lot of interest has been generated in area of intelligent system and structures because of their enormous possibility in vibration and acoustic control, shape control and health monitoring. A smart structure involved described actuator and sensors and one or more microprocessors. The responses from the sensors are analyzed by the microprocessors. Distributed parameter control theory is used to command the actuator to apply localized strains on the base structure with a view to minimize system response. Optimizing the effectiveness and reliability of integrated induced strain actuators requires an understanding of the mechanics of the mechanical interaction between the actuators and the host structures. Optimization in the vibration of automobile and structure with variable boundary condition is done by active vibration control through piezo electric patches. In this paper modelling, analysis and active vibration control of mechanical portal frame on which six piezoelectric patches are bonded in the beam as sensor/actuator. The piezoelectric patches are use to control such structures. The control may be P, PI and PID. However the paper addresses PID control because of its robustness. For computer experimentation a typical structure of portal frame is used to implement PID control. The structure is modelled using finite element method and solved for Eigen values. The piezo patches are fixed on different locations of the structure and PID controller is implemented to obtain the control response on the MATLAB platform of the Simulink toolbox. For modeling complex portal frame, numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM) are widely used. However commercially available FEM software such as ANSYS has the modelling capability to model a smart portal frame. The results are obtained and optimum location is found for the effective control of the structure. The control response obtained for the frame structure is optimized which be used for the controlling the vibration of mechanical equipment’s. There is a need to develop a methodology so that commercially available frame elements may be used to analyze the deformation pattern and dynamic behavior of smart structure.