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Open Access
Molecular diversity analysis among the parents, heterosis and combining ability analysis in exotic Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for early maturity and grain yield
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES. (Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute) PRAYAGRAJ-211007(U.P.), 2019) Srivastava, Neha; B.G, Suresh
The present investigation was carried out with the objective to collect the basic information on heterosis, combining ability and molecular diversity by using SSR markers in upland rice germplasm. Ten genotypes (7 lines and 3 testers) were selected based on per se performance for grain yield per plant and early duration after evaluating 22 upland rice genotypes during Kharif-2013 and 2014. Selected lines and testers were used for further experimentation and crossing programme initiated by using line x tester mating design during Kharif-2015 to generate 21 hybrids at Field Experimentation Centre, Crop Improvement Division, NRRI, Cuttack, Odisha. Twenty one hybrids along with ten parents and two checks, a total of 33 genotypes evaluated during Rabi, 2015-16 at National Rice Research Institute, (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack. Data recorded on different yield and yield attributing traits. On the basis of mean performance of grain yield per plant from twenty two upland rice genotypes the highest grain yield was observed in three upland rice germplasms viz., IR 82589-B-B-95-2 (13.97 g), IR 82589-B-B-2-3 (13.48 g) and IR 82589-B-B-121-3 (13.56 g) and were significantly superior over the best check Sahbhagi dhan (12.72 g) The analysis of variance for heterosis revealed significant differences for all the characters studied. On the basis of per se performance for grain yield per plant only one hybrid, IR 83750-BB- 131-1 x Sahbhagi dhan (16.32 g) observed significantly superior over the best check US 314 (15.20 g) High positive economic heterosis observed over the check Anjali for grain yield per plant in crosses namely and IR 83750-B-B-131-1 x Sahbhagi dhan (25.76%), IR 83750-B-B- 131-1 x NDR 97 (25.53%), IR 82639-B-B-200-4 x Vandana (19.23%), IR 82589-B-B- 95-2 x Sahbhagi dhan (15.38%), IR 82589-B-B-121-3 x Sahbhagi dhan (13.84%) and IR 82589-B-B-121-3 x Vandana (7.69%). The analysis of variance for combining ability showed high significance of crosses for all the traits studied. The variance due to lines was found significant for all the traits except flag leaf width and tillers per plant, under study. The variance due to testers was also found highly significant for all the traits except flag leaf width, tillers per plant and days to 50 % flowering. The magnitude of SCA variance was higher than the GCA variance for most of the characters, indicating presence of predominance of non-additive gene action for the characters under study. The testers Sahbhagi dhan and Vandana and the lines IR 83750-B-B-131-1 and IR 82589-B-B-121-3 possessed significant positive gca effects implying that they are good general combiners and may serve as useful source for improvement of hybridization programmes. Three hybrids IR 82639-B-B-200-4 x Vandana, IR 82589-B-B-131-1 x Sahbhagi dhan and IR 82639-B-B-200-4 x Vandana were identified as good specific cross combinations based on positive sca effects and per se performance. Based on per se performance, significant sca effects and heterosis for yield the crosses IR 83750-B-B-131-1 x Sahbhagi dhan, IR 82639-B-B-200-4 x Vandana, IR 82589-B-B-95-2 x Sahbhagi dhan and IR 82589-B-B-121-3 x Sahbhagi dhan recorded high heterosis over the check Anjali for grain yield per plant and were identified as promising heterotic hybrids. A total 44 alleles were detected using 18 SSR markers with an average of 2.44, which ranged from 2 (RM 10649) to 4 (RM1404 and RM 10504). Polymorphism information content (PIC) denotes the polymorphic in formativeness of a marker. The PIC values, which are a reflection of allele diversity and frequency among the genotypes, were not uniformly high for all the SSR loci tested. An average value of 0.35 for Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), 1.18 resolving power and 0.85 marker index was obtained for these markers. RM 14330, RM 263, RM 10649 and RM 10655 were the most informative markers on the basis of highest PIC of 0.48, 0.40, respectively. Based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient the matrix value recorded highest in 0.15 (IR 82589-B-B- 121-3 and NDR 97) to 0.88 (IR 82589-B-B-95-2 and IR 82589-B-B-143-1). Clustering results showed a clear cut distinction and categorized parents into major and minor groups. All these 18 markers could able to distinguish among parental lines of rice hybrids. The dendrogram based on the UPGMA analysis of NTSYS software grouped the studied rice genotypes into two major groups. Group-I, found as largest group and contained eight genotypes and Group II was small group having four genotypes. Thus, those parental lines having more genetic diversity can be used for more heterosis exploitation through hybrid rice breeding.
Open Access
MOLECULAR MAPPING OF HEAT TOLERANCE GENES IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
(Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Naini Agricultural Institute Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad, 2018) Paul, Pronob J.; Lavanya, G. R.
Chickpea (cool-season legume) is the most important pulse crop globally after dry beans. Climate change and efforts of farmers to increase cropping intensity are exposing chickpea cultivation to relatively higher temperatures. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for heat tolerance may facilitate breeding for improved heat tolerance. A set of 296 F8-9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross ICC 4567 (heat sensitive) × ICC 15614 (heat tolerant) was evaluated under field conditions at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India to assess the genetic variability, selection of heat responsive traits and identification of QTLs associated with heat tolerance in chickpea. The experimental materials were planted in an alpha lattice design with three replications during the summer of 2013 and 2014 (heat-stress environments, max. temperature 35 °C and above), and post-rainy season of 2013 (non-stress environment, max. temperature below 30 °C). A twofold genetic variation for number of filled pods (FPod), total number of seeds (TS), harvest index (HI), percent pod setting (%PodSet) and grain yield (GY) was found in the RILs under stress environments compared to non-stress environment. Yield penalties of 22.26% (summer 2013) and 33.30% (summer 2014) were noticed. Hundred seed weight (HSW) was least affected (6% and 7% reduction in the summer of 2013 and 2014, respectively) and %PodSet was found to be most affected (45.86% and 44.31% reduction in the summer of 2013 and 2014, respectively) by high temperatures. Using mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA), a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (23.29-30.22%) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) (25.69-32.44%) along with high heritability (80.89 - 86.89%) for FPod, TS, %PodSet and GY were observed across the heat-stress environments. Correlation studies (r=0.61-0.97) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis revealed a strong positive association among the traits- FPod, TS, GY and %PodSet under stress environments. Path analysis showed that TS had maximum direct and FPod had maximum indirect effect through TS on GY. A genetic map was constructed with 271 genotyping by sequencing (GBS) based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers spanning 529.11 cM. Composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis revealed two Abstract XIII consistent genomic regions harbouring eight QTLs on CaLG05 and CaLG06. Four major QTLs for FPod, TS, GY and %PodSet, located in the CaLG05 genomic region, were found to have a cumulative phenotypic variation of above 50%. Nineteen pairs of epistatic QTLs were found with significant epistatic effects, but there was no significant QTL × environment interaction effect except for harvest index and biomass. Through candidate gene mining, a total of 25 putative candidate genes for heat stress were identified in the two key genomic regions CaLG05 and CaLG06. The traits that were found to be associated with GY under heat stress can be used as the indirect selection criteria for heat tolerant lines in chickpea. Further, the lines with higher GY, FPod, %PodSet and TS in the present RIL population can be used directly in the breeding programme for developing heat tolerant chickpea cultivars. And finally, the markers linked to the major QTLs can facilitate marker-assisted breeding for heat tolerance in chickpea.
Open Access
STUDIES ON HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITY TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY), (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE INSTITUTE) ALLAHABAD, U.P., INDIA-211007, 2016) DEVI, BINEETA; Lal, G. M.
The present investigation was conducted to study the heterotic effects over mid parent, better parent and standard variety namely Sarjoo-52, PHB-71, and NDR-359, and combining ability and heritability of the traits. Based on per se performance a total of 10 parents were selected , in which 7 were used as lines and 3 were used as testers and 21 crosses were obtained by crossing in L x T mating design during Kharif 2013. Crosses were evaluated along with their parents and three standard checks in randomized block design during Kharif 2014 in two sowing dates at Field Experimental Centre, Deptt. of GPB, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.). The analysis of variance showed the presence of considerable variability among genotypes for all the characters, which indicated that the material used was appropriate for estimation of various genetic parameters. The hybrids M1-10-29VL x NDR118, Basmati 370 x CR2703, TM07280 x CR2703, TM07280 x NDR118, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x IR-64 and TM07280 x IR-64 in ENV-I showed superiority significantly over PHB 71 for seed yield per plant. The crosses IR77629-72-2-1-3 x NDR118, Sonam x CR2703, IR77734-93-2-3-2 x CR2703, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x NDR118, TM07280 x IR-64 and Basmati 370 x NDR118 in ENV- I and IR77734-93-2-3-2 x NDR118, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x IR-64, OM6073 x NDR118, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x CR2703, TM07280 x IR-64 and IR77734-93-2-3-2 x IR-64 in ENV- II for spikelets per panicle; M1-10-29VL x CR2703, TM07280 x NDR118, Basmati 370 x IR-64, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x IR-64, Basmati 370 x CR2703 and Sonam x CR2703 in ENV –I and TM07280 x IR-64 in ENV- II for test weight M1-10-29VL x NDR118, OM6073 x IR-64, TM07280 x IR-64, IR77629-72-2-1-3 x IR-64, M1-10-29VL x CR2703 and OM6073 x NDR118 in ENV-I, M1-10-29VL x IR-64 in ENV- II for head rice recovery showed significant superiority over standard check PHB71. Female parents were proven as superior on the basis of their GCA effect; i.e. TM07280, M1-10-29VL, Basmati 370 and IR77629-72-2-1-3 in ENV-I and IR77734-93-2-3-2, IR77629-72-2-1-3, TM07280 and Sonam in ENV –II for seed yield per plant; IR77629-72-2-1-3, IR77734-93-2-3-2, TM07280 and OM6073 in ENV-I and Sonam, M1-10-29VL, IR77629-72-2-1-3, and Basmati 370 in ENV-II for panicle length; IR77629-72-2-1-3, TM07280, Basmati 370 and IR7734-4-03-2-2-1-3 in ENV- I and IR77629-72-2-1-3, IR77734-93-2-3-2, OM6073 and TM07280 in ENV-II for spikelets per panicle and M1-10-29VL, TM07280, Basmati 370, and IR77734-93-2-3-2 in ENV-I and IR77734-93-2-3-2, IR77629-72-2-1-3, TM07280 and Sonam in ENV-II for test weight. The per se performance of these parents were also found good. The male parents like CR2703 in ENV-I and IR-64 in ENV-II for seed yield per plant, CR2703 in both environments for panicle length; IR-64 in ENV-I and NDR118 in ENV-II for spikelets per panicle and CR2703 in ENV-I and IR-64 in ENV-II for test weight were found desirable on the basis of GCA effect and per se performance. The SCA variances were found greater than the GCA variance in these characters which indicated importance of non-additive gene action. Therefore, heterosis breeding should be adapted to enhance the yielding ability in rice. These crosses and parental lines suggested to be utilized for developing the high yielding, short duration, lodging tolerant promising lines.
Open Access
Stability analysis for quantitative and physiological traits related to terminal heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF Genetics and plant breeding SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES ALLAHABAD (INDIA) July, 2017) Thomas, Neha; Marker, Shailesh
Terminal heat stress during anthesis and grain filling period affect the grain yield and leads to forced maturity, is one of the major constraints of wheat production. A study was performed to examine the nature and magnitude of gene action for yield and its contributing traits in heat stressed environment for fourteen quantitative and physiological traits of wheat, that were developed by crossing ten parents in a 10×10 half diallel mating design (Griffing, 1956). The Forty five hybrids along with the 10 parental lines and two commercial checks "K-8962 and K-424" were laid out in a randomized block design with three replication under three environments (timely, late and very late sowing condition) during rabi 2014-15 at Field Experimentation Center of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Naini Naini Agricultural Institute Agricultural Institute Agricultural Institute Agricultural InstituteAgricultural Institute Agricultural Institute Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Allahabad. Results revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes and environments were significant for all the characters in all timely, late and very late sowing condition except for flag leaf width. The pooled analysis of variance depicted that mean sum of squares due to environments and genotype were significant for all the characters studied, whereas mean sum of squares due to interaction were also significant for most of the characters except for spike length, flag leaf width, flag leaf length, spike weight, canopy temperature depression, membrane stability and chlorophyll content. Per se performance for grain yield per plant in different environments revealed that hybrids viz., K-911 x AAI-11 (11.39 g) , HD-2733 x AAI-16 (11.15 g), AAI-11 x AAI-16 (10.90 g), K-9162 x NW-4035 (10.90 g) and NW-1014 x NW-4035 (10.78 g) exhibited maximum value for yield over the check K-424 (10.25 g) in late sown whereas, hybrid viz., K-911 x HUW-468 (9.76 g) followed by NW-1014 x K-911(9.57 g), AAI-11 x AAI-16 (9.50 g), K-911 x NW-4035(9.40 g) and HD-2733 x AAI-11 (9.37 g) exhibited maximum value for yield over the check K-424 (9.34 g) in very late sown. Highest estimates of relative heterosis for grain yield was recorded by hybrid HD-2733 x HUW-468 (50.24 %) followed by hybrids AAI-11 x HUW-468 (47.08%), K-911 x HUW-468 (43.19%) in timely sown condition. Similarly in late sown, hybrid NW-1014 x NW-4035 (30.63 %), K-9162 x NW-4035 (24.12 %), K-911 x AAI-11 (22.93%) exhibited highest positive significant relative heterosis. In very late sown condition, hybrids K-911 x AAI-11 (26.79%) followed by K-911 x HUW-468 (18.02%) and AAI-11 x AAI-16 (17.14%) exhibited highest positive significant relative heterosis. The estimates of heterobeltiosis revealed that out of 45 hybrids 14, 5 and 2 hybrids showed positive significant heterobeltiosis in all three conditions respectively. Highest estimates of 17 heterobeltiosis for grain yield was recorded by hybrid AAI-11 x HUW-468 (36.17%) followed by HD-2733 x HUW-468 (35.76%), HD-2733 x AAI-16 (35.04%), HD-2733 x K-9162 (31.60%) and AAI-11 x K-9162 (29.30%) in timely sown. In late sown, hybrid NW-1014 x NW-4035 (27.76%), K-9162 x NW-4035 (19.43%), NW-4081 x K-9162 (15.99%) and NW-4081 x HUW-468 (14.37%) exhibited highest positive significant heterobeltiosis. Whereas, in very late sown condition, hybrid K-911 x AAI-11 (19.97%) depicted positive significant heterobeltiosis. which may be exploited for developing hybrids with better yield and yield related traits in wheat. These crosses could be extensively used in breeding programme to develop superior segregants or better pure lines could be derived in further breeding programmes. The ratio of gca/sca was found close to unity for most of the characters, which depicts the presence of additive gene action in the inheritance of most of the quantitative and physiological traits. Overall approach of gca effects indicated that parents K-307, AAI-11, NW-4035, K-911 and HUW-468 was found best for grain yield and other related traits for all three environments as it had the significant and desirable effects for flag leaf length, tillers per plant, spike weight, days to maturity, thousand grain weight and grain yield. Whereas, parent HD-2733 shown good gca effects for days to 50 percent flowering, plant height, days to maturity, thousand grain weight, canopy temperature depression and chlorophyll content in all the environments. The range of positive significant sca effects for grain yield revealed that hybrid NW-4081 x HUW-468 (0.45) exhibited highest positive significant sca effects in timely sown, hybrid NW-4081 x HUW-468 (0.26) in late sown and hybrid NW-4081 x NW-4035 and AAI-11 x AAI-16 (0.13) in very late sown respectively. In addition, three hybrids viz., AAI-11 x AAI-16, HD-2733 x AAI-16 and NW-4081 x HUW-468 showed significant positive sca effects in all the three environments. Therefore, these parents can be considered as best combiners and their crosses can be utilized in wheat breeding in heat-stressed environments. Hybrid NW-1014 x AAI-16 exhibited non-significant deviation from regression and regression coefficient value was found less than unity (bi<1) with mean value lower than the population and parental mean. Whereas, twenty two hybrids exhibited non-significant deviation from regression of regression coefficient value more than unity (bi>1) along with mean value lower than the population and parental mean, thereby indicating their stability under unfavourable environments.
Open Access
STUDY OF HETEROSIS, COMBINING ABILITY AND NATURE OF GENE ACTION GOVERNING SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD TRAITS IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, ALLAHABAD, U.P., INDIA-211002, 2015) KUMAR, AKHILESH; Ram, Mahabal
The assessment of gene effect and epistasis in wheat was studied in 15 crosses involving 6 parents through generation mean analysis during 2011-14 at the Experimental Farm of the Wheat Breeding Programme SHIATS Allahabad. The analysis of gene effects was done using means of six populations P1, P2, B1 and B2 of the 15 crosses. The mean value of F1 population was higher than the respective parents (P1 and P2), F2, B1 and B2 population of most of the studied traits in 15 crosses. In present study; yield per plant, biological yield, harvest index, spike length and number of effective tillers per plant showed desirable heterosis and heterobeltiosis in maximum crosses. Heterosis in F1 crosses over their respective mid and better parents for grain yield ranged from 14.49 to 129.24 % and -1.14 to 92.44 % respectively. Grain yield per plant had significant desirable heterosis over better parents in 11 crosses. The highest heterobeltiosis value for grain yield was recorded by the crosses WR 1451 X AAIW-16 (92.44**) followed by GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8 (70.86**), AAIW-16 X AAIW-12 (70.12**), Gim 20-8X AAIW-2 (65.14**), Gim 20-8X AAIW-16 (63.76**), GIANT 3 X AAIW-2 (56.04**), WR1451 X AAIW-12 (51.72**), WR1451 X Gim 20-8 (50.71**), Gim 20-8X AAIW-2 (49.63**), AAIW-2 X AAIW-12 (40.22**) and GIANT 3 X WR1451 (26.44*). The results indicated significant differences among the parents for general combining ability (GCA) and the crosses for specific combining ability (SCA) for all the characters studied. Whereas, the GCA component of variance was predominant indicating the importance of additive gene effects for all studied traits. AAIW-12 was the best general combiner as it depicted high GCA effect in desirable direction for grain yield and biological yield. The crosses GIANT 3 X WR 1451 for days to maturity and test weight, GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8 for spike length andchlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, GIANT 3 X AAIW-12 for number of effective tillers per plant and number of grain per spike, WR-1451 X Gim 20-8 for days to 50 % flowering, WR-1451 X AAIW-2 for grain filling period, WR-1451 X AAIW-16 for harvest index and plant height and AAIW-16 X AAIW-12 for biological yield and grain yield per plant were identified best for SCA. Dominance gene effects were positive and significant for most of the studied traits in the fifteen crosses followed by additive x additive gene interaction and additive gene effects, whereas dominance x dominance gene interaction were least positive and significant. Out of 15 crosses, 9 crosses showed positive and significant dominance gene effect and additive x additive gene interaction together for grain yield per plant, whereas dominance x dominance gene interaction were negative and significant in 9 crosses. The characters days to 50 % flowering, plant height, number of tillers per plant showed dominance gene effects and grain filling period, days to maturity and number of grain per spike showed additive x additive type of gene interaction in most crosses. However spike length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content showed both dominance as well as additive x additive type of gene action. High and positively significant additive with additive x additive type of gene action were observed for days to 50% flowering in the crosses viz. GIANT 3 X WR-1451, GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8 and GIANT 3 X AAIW-2; for plant height in the crosses WR-1451 X Gim 20-8and WR-1451 X AAIW-12 ; for number of effective tillers per plant in the crosses AAIW-16 X AAIW-12, AAIW-2 X AAIW-12 and WR-1451 X AAIW-2; for Spike length in the crosses GIANT 3 X WR-1451, GIANT 3 X AAIW-2, GIANT 3 X AAIW-16 and GIANT 3 X AAIW-12; for chlorophyll a in the crosses Gim 20-8 X AAIW-12 and AAIW-16 X AAIW-12; for chlorophyll b in the crosses Gim 20-8 X AAIW-2 and AAIW-16 X AAIW-12; for total chlorophyll in the crosses Gim 20-8 X AAIW-12 and AAIW-16 X AAIW-12; for grain filling period in the crosses GIANT 3 X AAIW-16, WR-1451 X AAIW-16; for number of grain per spike in the crosses AAIW-16 X AAIW-12 and GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8; for biological yield in the crosses GIANT 3 X AAIW-16, Gim 20-8 X AAIW-16; for harvest index in the crosses AAIW-2 X AAIW-16, GIANT 3 X AAIW-16 and GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8, for test weight in the crosses WR-1451 X AAIW-16, GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8and AAIW-2 X AAIW-16 and yield per plant in the crosses GIANT 3 X AAIW-16, AAIW-2 X AAIW-16, Gim 20-8X AAIW-16, WR-1451 X AAIW-16, GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8and GIANT 3 X AAIW-2. These crosses could be exploited for breeding high yielding varieties. Dominance with dominance X dominance (complementary epistasis) type of gene effects were observed high and positively significant in the crosses viz. WR-1451X Gim 20-8 for plant height, GIANT 3 X AAIW-12 for spike length, GIANT 3 X AAIW-2 for days to maturity, WR-1451 X AAIW-2 for number of grains per spike, GIANT 3 X Gim 20-8 and GIANT 3 X AAIW-16 for harvest index and Gim 20-8 X AAIW-2 for biological yield and grain yield per plant. This crosses could be exploit for heterosis breeding for the improvement of respective traits.The overall study reveals the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action which suggests the use of integrated breeding strategies which can efficiently utilize the additive as well as non-additive gene action. These best parents and cross combinations could be effectively utilized in wheat breeding for the improvement of yield components and thus their incorporation in further breeding program is suggested. Key words:- Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, combining ability and gene action
Open Access
Genetic studies of some quantitative traits in early maturing single cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)”
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD-211007, 2017) Synrem, Gideon Jackson
Open Access
Heterosis and Combining ability estimates using L × T analysis and Genetic divergence using SSR markers in Rice
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES ALLAHABAD (U.P.)-211007, 2017) RAM, B. JALANDHAR; Suresh, B. G.
The present investigation was carried out with the objective to collect the basic information on heterosis, combining ability and genetic divergence at morphological and molecular level by using SSR markers. Ten genotypes (7 lines and 3 testers) were selected based on perse performance for grain yield/plant after evaluating 100 genotypes during kharif, 2014. Selected lines and testers used for further experimentation and crossing programme initiated by using line x tester mating design in kharif, 2015 to generate 21 hybrids at Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Allahabad . Twenty one hybrids along with ten parents and three checks, a total of 34 genotypes evaluated during Rabi, 2015-16 at National Rice Research Institute, (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack. Data recorded on different yield and yield attributing traits. The analysis of variance for heterosis revealed significant differences for all the characters studied. The differences among the parents were observed to be significant for all the characters studied while parents vs. crosses were observed to be significant for all the characters except flag leaf length and crosses were observed to be significant for all the characters except panicle length and Harvest Index. Economic heterosis for grain yield/plant was observed in four crosses namely NLR 34449 x SHIATS Dhan1 followed by Sahabhagi dhan x SHIATS Dhan1, BPT 2615 x NDR-359 and MTU 1010 x BM 71 compared to the checks Jaya and IR-64. The analysis of variance for combining ability showed high significance of crosses for all the traits studied. The variance due to lines and testers were significant for all the characters studied. All the traits were observed significant for line × tester interaction. The SCA variances were higher than GCA variances for all the characters indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. Page 11 The lines Sahabhagi dhan and MTU 1010 and the tester SHIATS Dhan1 possessed significant positive gca effects implying that they are good general combiners and may serve as useful source for improvement hybridization programmes. Three hybrids MTU 1010 x BM 71 (high x low), MTU 1001 x NDR 359 (low x high) and NLR 34449 x SHIATS Dhan1 (low x high) were identified as good specific cross combinations based on positive sca effects and per se performance. Based on per se performance, significant sca effects and heterosis for yield the crosses NLR 34449 x SHIATS Dhan1, Sahabhagi dhan x SHIATS Dhan1, BPT 2615 x NDR 359 and MTU 1010 x BM 71 recorded high heterosis over the best check IR-64 for grain yield /plant were identified as promising heterotic hybrids. The hybrids BPT 5204 x NDR 359 considered as best genotype for hulling followed by MTU 1010 x SHIATS Dhan1 and NLR 34449 x SHIATS Dhan1. The 34 genotypes, (21 hybrids ,10 parents and 3 checks) were grouped into six clusters using the Tocher's method of clustering the distribution was at random with maximum number of 17 genotypes in cluster I, Cluster IV is the second largest with 9 genotypes followed by cluster III with 5 genotypes. The cluster II, V and VI were solitary clusters. The parents and hybrids in clusters II, V and VI are divergent to other parents and hybrids.
Open Access
Genetic Studies on Seed Quality Parameters and Yield Attributing Traits in Induced Population of Wheat (Triticum aestivam L.).”
(DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING, ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) (Deemed to be University), ALLAHABAD-211007 2016, 2016) VERMA, PANKAJ KUMAR; Chaurasia, Arun Kumar
One widely adopted wheat cultivar K-7903 (Halna) were induced by dry 00 kR, 05 kR, 10 kR, 15 kR, 20 kR, 25 kR, 30 kR, 35 kR, 40 kR and presoaked 00 kR, 05 kR, 10 kR, 15 kR, 20 kR doses of CO60 gamma rays at 2.2 kR per minute intensity at the NBRI, Lucknow, In M1generation, gamma rays treated materials were sown through dibbing along with control to generate materials to genetic studies on seed quality parameters and yield and yield attributes traits in M1, M2 and M3 generations. In M1 generation dry 15kR has been showed the maximum germination percent in the both lab (98.00%) and field (86.80%) conditions and seedling height at 14th days of sowing (18.32cm) as compared to other doses of gamma rays. Further, it was also noticed that minimum reproductive sterility was recorded under dry 15kR (10.49%) except the controls whereas, the between dry 30kR to 35kR dose of gamma rays was observed that for LD50. For macro mutation studies in M2 and M3 generations, chlorophyll mutation as well as variation in plant type (dwarf, tall, spreading, early maturity and late maturity), spike type (awn less, long spike, short spike, bent type, branched type and glume coloured ), seed type (bold, small, long, black embryo, shrivilled, deep furrowed and discoloured) were observed. Other hand in the M2 generation the highest mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were recorded under dry 15kR except M3 generation. However, the dry and presoaked 05kR did not shows the those induced mutation. For study of micro mutation, 16 randomly selected pants in M1 generation from each treatments were selected and threshed separately. A trial laid in Compact Family block design with three replications. Out 12 doses of gamma rays, the dry 15kR gamma rays treatment was found most effective dose to induced mutation in wheat for economic value such as increase in yield and yield attributes traits and also induced for earliness in maturity. Application of higher dose of gamma rays like dry 35kR, dry 40kR and presoaked 20kR were found more effective in inducing dwarfness in wheat but comparatively more deleterious than lower doses of gamma rays treatment in creating abnormalities like reproductive abnormality, spikelet sterility and shrivelled seeds etc. In the present study, dry 15kR treatment showed that maximum genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) for days to heading, days to maturity, no. of effective tillers/plant, grains/spike, grains per spikletet and yield/plant in M2 generation. But in case of M3 generation only number of effective tillers/plant was recorded to maximum GCV under dry 15kR dose of gamma rays. Higher dose of gamma rays (dry 30kR, 35kR and 40kR) were observed maximum phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for days to flowering, no. of effective tillers/plant, 100 seed weight and yield/plant in both M2 and M3 generations as compared to other doses of gamma rays. xii The experimental findings indicated that among treatments the dry 15kR showed maximum heritability in broad sense for days to heading, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, no. of effective tillers/plant, grains/spike, 100 seed weight and yield/plant except grains per spikelet and genetic advance revealed that it was high for no. of effective tillers/plant, grains/spike and seed yield/plant in both M2 and M3 generations. Conclusively, mutation breeding techniques specially wheat crop, the dry 15kR dose of gamma rays has been found most effective for inducing mutations of economic interest like improvement in yield and yield attributes traits. Based on studied traits and generations the high amount of genetic variability was present for seed yield/plant, no. of effective tillers/plant and plot stand with the maximum genotypic variability observed in M2 than M3 generation. The estimated GCV for different characters was almost the same as that of PCV. Therefore it is evident, that the influence of environment on the expression of these traits was in variably low in the study. In the present study, high heritability in broad sense coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded for no. of effective tillers/plant and seed yield per plant. This indicates the little influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance, hence, are amenable for simple selection. On the other hand, the magnitude of heritability was little higher in M3 generation as compared to M2 generation. Seed yield showed that genetically significant and positively correlated with plant stand, grains/ spike, no. of effective tillers/plant, 100 seed weight, grains/spikelet and plant height at the genotypic level in M2 generation. Almost similar trend of association of no. of effective tillers/plant, grains/ spike, 100 seed weight, plot stand, grains/spikelet and plant height with seed yield in M3 generation were observed. So suggested that top priority should be given to those traits while making selection for improvement of seed yield. Both M2 and M3 generations showed that maximum positive direct effect on seed yield was contributed mostly by no. of effective tillers/plant, 100 seed weight grains/spike. This suggests true relationship between these traits with seed yield /plant and can be direct selection of these traits for yield improvement. The seeds of M1 mutant lines of wheat were stored at room temperature with 10% moisture content in gunny bags and polythene bags for the 24th months. After tri-monthly intervals stored seeds was evaluated for seed quality parameters. The gradual decrease in the mean value for seed qualitative traits was observed with increase in the radiation intensity and storability whereas, gamma ray 20kR dry treatment was found superior viz. seed viability, germination percentage, speed of germination, seedling length, vigour index length and vigour index mass to as compared to other gamma rays treatments. With reference to the packaging material, the polythene bag was found to be significantly superior to gunny bag after 24th months of storage in securing for quality parameters.
Open Access
Genetic Variability, Diversity and Stability Analysis in Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)
(Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), 2015) Singh, Rekha; B. G., Dr. Suresh
The experimental materials for the present study consist of 40 grain amaranth genotypes collected from different locations evaluated for yield and quality traits and assumed genetic variability, character association, diversity and stability across five dates of sowing viz. 10 November, 2010 (rabi), 10 June, 2011 (kharif) and 10 November, 2011 (rabi) at National Botanical research Institute, Lucknow and 16 November, 2012 (rabi) at experiment field of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHIATS, Allahabad. Experimental results revealed that mean sum of squares of 40 genotypes at two locations viz; SHIATS and NBRI for 4 environments (rabi 2010-11 (E1), kharif and rabi 2011-12 (E2 and E3) at NBRI, Lucknow and rabi 2012-13 (E4) at SHIATS, Allahabad) were significant for days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches/plant, panicles/plant, inflorescence length, days to maturity and biological yield/plant in each environment and pooled in both locations. For harvest index and grain yield/plant MSS values were significant in each environment and pooled except in environment E2 (kharif, 2011 at Lucknow location) and in pooled for harvest index. Mean performance for grain yield was recorded maximum in SKNA 21 (42.60, 42.56 g) followed by RMA 4 (39.40, 39.35 g), IC 41998 (39.27, 39.32 g) and IC 35696 (38.73 g both) for both years i. e. 2010 (E1), 2011(E2), rabi season at Lucknow, Maximum grain yield for kharif, 2011(E3), was recorded for AG 828 (12.27 g) followed by AG 114 (9.80 g), AG 198/2 (9.67 g) and Akola local and AG 9 (8.60 g both) at Lucknow, Whereas maximum grain yield for rabi, 2012 (E4), Allahabad was recorded for AG 198/2 (42.53 g) followed by RMA 4 (41.27 g), AG 114/2 (39.53 g) and AG 303 (34.13 g). Seed protein content (%) showed maximum mean values for IC 120588 (16.63) followed by SKNA 21 (15.61), SKNA 20 (15.61) and Akola local (15.60) for all environments studied. A wide range of genotypic variance for chlorophyll ‗b‘ (0.003) to biological yield/plant (9871.60) where as the range of phenotypic variance for chlorophyll b (0.004) to biological yield/plant (9871.85). Pooled estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variance over four environments revealed the ranges from chlorophyll ‗b‘ (0.003 both) to test weight (5523.82 and 5523.97). Test weight recorded highest genotypic and phenotypic variance (5523.82 and 5523.97) followed by biological yield/plant (3927.62 and 3927.69, plant height (394.96 and 355.00) and panicles/plant (220.88 and 220.92). The highest estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for character chlorophyll b (41.00 and 41.14) during rabi, 2012-13 at SHIATS, Allahabad. The overall range of GCV was found between 2.51 (for days to maturity at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13) to 41.00 (for chlorophyll ‗b‘ at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13). Pooled estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from days to maturity (3.85 and 3.87) to phenol (35.26 and 35.48) followed by chlorophyll b (31.66 and 33.51) and number of branches/plant (30.50 and 30.53). The heritability estimates ranged from 49 % (for chlorophyll a/b at NBRI, Lucknow during kharif, 2011-12) to 100 % (for plant height at NBRI, Lucknow during rabi, 2010-11 and 2011-12 both and at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13, number of panicles/plant at NBRI, Lucknow during rabi, 2011-12 and at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13, test weight for all environments, and biological yield/plant for all environments except at NBRI, Lucknow kharif, 2011-12). The estimates of genetic advance were varied from 0.09 (for chlorophyll ‗b‘ at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13) to 204.67 (for biological yield/plant at NBRI, Lucknow during, rabi, 2010-11). The estimates of genetic advance as percent of mean were varied from 5.16 (for days to maturity at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13) to 84.16 (for chlorophyll ‗b‘ at SHIATS, Allahabad during rabi, 2012-13). Correlation analysis revealed that the grain yield/plant showed positive significant correlation with inflorescence length, biological yield/plant, and harvest index for all environments Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height, biological yield/plant, harvest index had direct positive effect on grain yield/ plant, though days to maturity, test weight had direct negative effect on grain yield/plant for all environments studied. AG 828, SKNA-21-1, Akola local were considered to be stable, average responsive and suitable for all environments for grain yield/plant. AG 828, SKNA-21-1 and Akola local have higher mean values for per plant grain yield, in which SKNA-21-1 showed highest mean (23.983 g). AG 303, AG 114/1, SKNA 20, AG 21, GA-2, SKNA 21, RMA 3, IC 120588, Rasna 2, BGA 3, IC 41998, GA-1-1, Suvarna and IC 35696 were considered to be stable for protein content. AG 303, AG 114/1, SKNA 20, AG 21, GA-2, SKNA 21, RMA 3, IC 120588, Rasna 2, BGA 3 and IC 41998 were found stable, average responsive and suitable for all environments with higher mean for protein content, where as IC 120588 was highest for protein content. Where as AG 67/1, AG 828, AG 198, AG 821, AG 114, AG 198/2, Akola local, SKNA-21-1/2, BGA 2, AG114/2, RMA 2, IC 120589, IC 32195 found stable, high responsive and suitable for only favorable environment i.e. rabi season, AG 67, AG 301, AG 306, SKNA 601, SKNA-21-1, IC 5574, GA-1, SKNA 23, Rasna 4, RMA 4, AG 9, AG 12, MGA 1 found stable, low responsive and suitable for unfavorable environment i.e. kharif season for protein content grain amaranths. The diversity analysis showed hierarchical clustering grouped all the 40 genotypes into 7 clusters for all environments and pooled data though the genotype composition varied. The number of genotypes per cluster varied from 1 to 12 for Environment 1, 2 to 9 for Environment 2, 1 to 13 for Environment 3, 2 to 15 for Environment 4 and 2 to 14 in pooled analysis. Based on intra and inter cluster distance the genotypes AG 303, Suvarna, SKNA-21-1, AG 821, SKNA 601, BGA 2, SKNA-21-1/2, AG 67, GA-2, AG114, AG 301, AG 306, AG 198, SKNA 21 and IC 41998 could be potential source for genetic material to be utilized in future hybridization programme for obtaining a broad spectrum of variability for present in the gene pool for the genetic improvement of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.).

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