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Open Access
TO STUDY THE FARMERS CRITERIA OF IMPLEMENTS SELECTION AND MECHANIZATION GAPS IN UTTAR PRADESH
(DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, ALLAHABAD (DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY) ALLAHABAD -211007 (U.P.) INDIA, 2018) KUMAR, RAKESH; Tripathi, Ashok
A total of 180 farmers were surveyed in Bareilly, Bulandshahr, Bijnour, Firozabad, Etawah, Jalaun, Kushinagar, Azamgarh and Sonbhadra districts of different Agro-climatic Zones in Uttar Pradesh state which comprised of marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large size land holdings. The data collected from 180 farmers was recorded in MS Excel and analysis was made. The results of analysis are presented in form of tables, graphs and pie charts to draw meaningful inferences. In the present study, the percentage of farmers failing under the income categories low (upto 1.5 lakh), medium (1.5 to 3 lakh) and high (more than 3 lakh) was found to be 39, 32 and 29 percent, respectively. In 2006, 11 percent farmers belonged to low income class, 66 percent in middle class and 22 percent in high income class (Anonymous, 2006). It indicates that living standard of farmers has improved. The adoption level of farm machinery was different for different crops due to different types of machines required. In the present study, the adoption level of farm machinery for paddy, wheat, Sugarcane, mustard, and potato was found to be 36.39, 53.35, 52.40, 61.44 and 61.53 respectively. The adoption level was lowest for paddy and highest for potato as advanced farm machines are available for paddy crop but farmers have not adopted because of high investment and problem in maintenance and repair while for potato advanced farm machines are not available and farmers have adopted traditional implements. Panghal and punia (2006) reported that farmers were facing problems in maintenance and repair of their farm machinery. In the surveyed districts, farms in Uttar Pradesh was found to be 4.82 kW/ha. In the surveyed farms of the districts Bareilly, Bulandshahr, Bijnour, Firozabad, Etawah, Jalaun, Kushinagar, Azamgarh and Sonbhadra farm power availability has found to 4.74, 6.94, 6.19, 6.25, 4.34, 4.43, 2.56, 4.82 and 3.17 kw/ha, respectively. The farm power input per unit cultivated land in India is still very low as compared to South Korea (7 kW ha-1), Japan (14 kW ha-1) and United states of America (6 kW ha-1) (Singh, 2006). The farm power availability of India was 0.22 kW ha-1 in 1960-61, which was increased to 0.73 kW ha-1 in 1990-91 and further increased up to 1.84 kW ha-1. the estimated numbers of Tractors, Power Tillers, Diesel Engines and Motors per 1000 ha were average found to be 116, 0, 63 and 119. Respectively in Uttar Pradesh. the number of power sources per 1000 ha of net area sown in the selected districts of Bareilly, Bulandshahr, Bijnour, Firozabad, Etawah, Jalaun, Kushinagar, Azamgarh and Sonbhadra districts were: Tractors – 108, 172, 152, 159, 104, 106, 75, 104, and 65; Diesel Engines – 91, 91, 81, 36, 51, 15, 29, 85, and 85; and Electric Motors – 108, 151, 141, 165, 115, 155, 14, 145 and 80, respectively.(Anonymous 2006).
Open Access
“STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED SEED-CUM FERTILIZER SOYABEAN PLANTER”
(VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD-211007 (U.P). INDIA., 2018) Kumar, Devesh; Tripathi, Prof. (Dr.) Ashok
The manually operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean planter was developed and its performance evaluated was done in the department of farm machinery and power engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Allahabad. Power was transmitted from the ground wheel to metering mechanism through chain & sprocket small and large wheel type metering mechanism was used in the soybean planter. Seeds were placed in the furrows at desired depth and seed to seed spacing through adjustable system. A suitable manual operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean planter has been developed for planting of soybean seed. Manual plant of crops is time consuming, labor intensive and costly. A low cost manually operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean planter was designed and developed which reduces these problems such as missing rate, damage percentage, longer distance of dropped seed, skidding percentage etc. The physical properties of soybean seeds were studied at 12 % moisture content. Based on the above study various components of the planter were designed and fabricated in the department of farm machinery and power engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Allahabad. At average depth of seed to seed is 4.01 cm, spacing was 25 cm respectively. Damaged seed percentages of soybean during damage test of manually operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean, planter in lab was found to be null. The pushing angle of handle, pushing force, (kgf), draft (N), force, and drawbar power in different soil sandy loam soil, and Clay loam soil was found, 15.21 kg, and 0.0966 HP respectively. Effective field capacity of 0.229 was obtained for continuous operation of the planter in different forward speed of 2.0 km/hr, 2.5 km//hr, 3.0 km/hr, for planting soybean and field efficiency for soybean was 94.78 %, respectively. The manufacturing cost of the developed manually operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean planter was Rs. 4602. The around annual cost of the manually operated planter was Rs.225.5 per hectare for soybean planter. The manually operated seed-cum fertilizer soybean planter can save about 93.47% planting cost for crops cultivation. Overall performance of the manually operated seedcum fertilizer soybean was found quite satisfactory. Plant populations of soybean in sandy loam soil and clay loam soil were 44000 and 40687 respectively. Field efficiency was found maximum 91.96 %. Hill to hill spacing was observed lowest in the sample S2G3P1 (quarter hopper with lowest speed in clay loam soil) due to lower missing rate and found as sandy loam soil is 11.87% and clay loam soil is 16.57%, whereas the recommended distance was 35 cm while it found sharply variation in the hill to hill spacing in the sample S2G1P3 due to higher missing rate and found mean value as 37.334 cm whereas the recommended distance was 35 cm. good in sandy loam soil compare to clay soil and found that seed to seed distance, missing percentage, damage percentage increased with increase speed of the planter. Overall performance of the manually operated soybean planter was found quite satisfactory. The machine is acceptable as it is easy to operate, simple in design and mechanism, light in weight, requires less labor and cost of planting and can also be used for planting soybean seed at desired speed also.
Open Access
AN STUDY ON THE STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION AND ITS NEED IN BUNDELKHAND REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH
(2017) NARESH, NAGENDRA KUMAR; Tripathi, Ashok
Agriculture is the heart or backbone of a country because economy comes through it and needs a thrust. Recent surveys show that agricultural growth rate seems to be stagnant. With the introduction of agriculture in the world there were lot of problems so now the need to overcome those problems because the land were in a random form with no proper arrangements for sowing of crops. Nearly 65% of our country population depends upon agriculture as a source of their live hood and all over the world that in order to meet the food requirement of the growing population, rapid industrialization and modernization of agriculture are inescapable. In this work mechanization and timeliness of operation will be done by which better and prosperous agriculture will be obtained. At the time of starting of tilling of lands, the instruments used at that time were quite simple & all the instruments used were handmade or modified in some shape as per convenience. With the introduction of modern agriculture, lands were starting tilling in well definite shapes & forms. The implements used were tractors as well as other simple implements. The tractors tilled the lands followed by different kinds of plough and cut, invert or pulverized the soil & then beds were made on that land as per the requirement of crop. All these modifications come under the farm mechanization. Basically farm mechanization means the use of machines & technology in agriculture sector, the use of tractors, tube wells & plant protection measures are included in farm mechanization so in the farm mechanization the use of machinery is greater as compared to labour. In Farm mechanization the factors which will be considered are: Use of cultivable land, overcome of water problems, Timely operations, Labour problems, Electrification of Farms, Productivity enhancement, Land levelling & weed eradication. So in this work, proper farm machinery and tractor power will be selected for getting or enhancing the agricultural productivity by major crops grown.
Open Access
PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND ADOPTION OF FARM MACHINERY UNDER FARM MECHANIZATION IN SUPAUL DISTRICT OF NORTH BIHAR
(Department of Farm Machinery &Power Engineering Vaugh School of Agriculture Engineering Technology SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD, 211007, U.P. INDIA, 2016) VERMA, MRINAL; Tripathi, Ashok
Agriculture is the largest private sector occupation in India as well as in Bihar. This occupation is too risky because of dependence on climatic conditions. Hence, the goal of the agricultural production system should be to maximize the income of land owning and landless rural populace to improve their livelihoods. The vulnerability to income and consumption shocks makes it inevitable to develop formal agricultural insurance mechanisms to cope up with such risks. The traditional yield insurance schemes have failed in managing the risks of the poor farmers as evident from their historically high payouts and poor penetration rates. There is a need to develop effective risk management strategies to cover potential losses in yield and hence incomes. The present investigation relates to study the productivity growth and adoption of Farm Implements under Farm Mechanization by the farmers of Supaul District of North Bihar. The purpose is to check the effect of the farm mechanization on status of the farmers of the Supaul district. Rural people of Supaul district depend upon their livelihood on agriculture and its allied activities. In pre-flood situation (before 2008) affected farmers used to raise the crops like Paddy, Wheat, Gram, Vegetables, Jute, and Sunflower etc. After flood, the land became barren due to deposition of sand silt and most of the farmers didn’t get any livelihood option. For getting employment opportunity the people migrated to Delhi, Punjab and other places. To sum up, agricultural mechanization studies had shown that farm mechanization led to increase in inputs due to higher average cropping intensity, larger area and also increased the productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, farm mechanization increased agricultural capacity profitability on account of timeliness of operations, better quality of work and more efficient utilization of crop inputs. Undoubtedly, farm mechanization displaced animal power from 60 to 90% but resulted in less time for farm work. Also, it led to progression in the human labour employment for the on-farm and off-farm activities as a result of manufacture, repair, servicing and sales of tractors and improved farm equipment. The results have shown that the small and marginal farmers have also benefited by using new farm machines and their productivity rose up to a considerable height in spite of several constraints. There is need to establish farm machinery custom hiring center at Panchayat level of all the districts to achieve the main objective of mechanization and upgrade the livelihood of the small and marginal farmers.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MODIFIED MAIZE DEHUSKER CUM SHELLER
(DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY &POWER ENGINEERING VAUGH SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE) (DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY) ALLAHABAD -211007 (U.P.) INDIA, 2016) CHAUDHARY, SACHIN
Open Access
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER FOR DRYING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
(Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Science (Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute) Allahabad - 211007 (U. P.) INDIA) KUMAR, ASHOK; Moses, S. C.
Drying is one of the simplest and oldest methods of preservation of vegetables. As concentration of solids is the dried vegetable become high, water activity reduces greatly; product becomes chemically stable and free from insect, pest attack and mould, yeast growth during storage. Use of solar energy for drying application is gaining- importance because of growing realization of pollution free nature of renewable energy. But the direct use of the solar energy as a drying energy for the drying of vegetables, fruits and other small plants is not convenient, because it require more time and the ingredient values of them has affected by direct sun light and the drying process is also not universal. So overcome of these problems many researchers had designed and fabricate several solar dryer in the past and these dryer have many advantages and disadvantages. In this, a modified and high efficient solar tunnel dryer has developed and fabricated and also evaluated it for five samples (potato, onion, pineapple, methi and mint) at various sites being developed and fabricated in the farm machinery labs, SHUATS, Allahabad. Developed solar tunnel dryer have many component. Such as semi cylindrical tunnel, main frame, frame base, solar collector, dryer, trays, air inlet and outlet, wire mesh sheet and fan system. After the fabrication of the solar tunnel dryer, the performance evaluation was carried out by many means and quantities for the five samples. For this purpose, each sample have taken and dried for the six days and observed the value of temperature rise (θ), change in humidity of the drying chamber by the inlet and out air, reduction in the moisture value and also find out the drying rate of the solar tunnel dryer which was found as maximum 25.5oC and minimum 2.2o C rise temperature. Due to this rise temperature,
Open Access
“ STUDIES ON MANUALLY OPERATED MULTI - CROP PLANTER FOR DIFFERENT SEEDS ”
(SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD - 211007 (U.P). INDIA, 2017) Khan, Kalay; Moses, S.C
ABSTRACTS Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drud gery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a manually operated multi - crop planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machin e to suit the needs of crops . Till now no suitable manually operated multi - crop planter has been developed to planting different seed . If crops are cultivated manually this is time consuming, labor intensive and costly. A low cost manually operated multi - crop planter was designed and developed which reduces these drudgery problems such as missing rate, damage percentage, longer distance of dropped seed , skidding percentage etc. The physical properties of (Maize - COH - 3, Pigeon Pea – BAHAR, Okra (Kashi Pra gti) and Red gram (APK - 1)seeds were studied at different moisture content. The length, width, thickness and geometric diameter of maize , pigeon pea, okra and red gram were increased as increase in moisture content. Based on the above study various componen ts of the planter were designed and fabricated in the department of farm machinery and power engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad. The manually operated multi - crop planter was designed in such a way less force required to operate, minimum skidding percentage, mi nimum damage and missing of seeds, suitable in both sandy and clay soil, The manually operated multi - crop planter consists of two wheels, a seed hopper, wheel type seed metering device, a seed tube, row marker, furrow opener, furrow closer and adjustable h andle. Power is transmitted from the drive wheel to the metering device through chain and sprockets. The diameter of seed metering wheel was 10.01 cm and number of cells on periphery of seed metering wheel was found to be 11, 09, 14 and 14 for Maize, Pigeo n Pea, Okra and Red gram respectively. Volume of seed hopper was 11118.92 cm 3 .The numbers of teeth in small sprocket and large sprocket was 18 and 48 respectively. The planter was calibrated in the workshop of the department of farm machinery and power eng ineering. Seed rates of Maize, Pigeon Pea and Okra during calibration of manually operated multi - crop planter in lab were found 20.56, 10.40, 6.32 , 25.77 kg/h a without missing respectively. Percentages of dam aged seeds of Maize, Pigeon Pea, Okra and red gr am during damage test of manually operated multi - crop planter in lab were found to be 2.60, 2.20 , 2 and 2.2 % respectively. Percentage of the germination of metered seed of Maize, Pigeon Pea Okra , and Red gram were 87, 85.6 , 84.4 and 84.8 % respectively. Se ed to seed distance of Maize, Pigeon Pea , Okra and Red gram was found 25.72, 31.98 , 20.86 and 22 cm respectively. Missing rate percentage of Maize, Pigeon Pea , Okra and Red gram was found to be 3.5, 3.03, 1.6 and 2.8 % respectively. Angle of handle in sand y loam soil and clay soil were found 36.09 0 and 34.33 0 respectively. Pushing force in sandy loam soil and clay soil at a depth of 3 cm were 13.3 kg and 14.8 kg respectively and the average draft force in sandy loam soil and clay soil was observed 105.42N a nd 119.88 N respectively. Percentage of skid was 5.69% in sandy loam soil and 4.24% in clay soil and observed that wheel skidding percentage was more in sandy loam soil compare to clay soil due to poor traction. Hill to hill spacing of maize, pigeon pea an d okra in sandy loam soil 23.98, 29.08, 18.76 cm respectively and in clay soil were found 24.06, 29.14, 19.40 cm. Missing hills percentage of maize, pigeon pea and okra in sandy loam soil was 16, 17.57 and 17.2 % respectively. Missing hills percentage of m aize, pigeon pea and okra in clay soil were found 18.34, 18.78 and 18 % respectively. Plant populations of maize in sandy loam soil and clay soil were 56000 and 54400 respectively. Plant populations of pigeon pea in sandy loam soil and clay soil were 3045 2 and 29978 respectively. Plant populations of okra in sandy loam soil and clay soil were 92000 and 91112 respectively. Field efficiency was found maximum 89.83 %. Hill to hill spacing was good in sandy loam soil compare to clay soil and found that seed to seed distance, missing percentage, damage percentage increased with increase speed of the planter. Operational cost of the manually operated multi - crop planter was found Rs. 422.97 per hectare. Overall performance of the manually operated multi - crop plant er was found quite satisfactory. The machine might be acceptable because it is easy to operate, simple in design and mechanism, light in weight, requires less labor and cost of planting and can also be used for planting different seeds. KALAY KHAN Id.No 12PHFMP207)
Open Access
Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Tractor Operated Multipurpose Tool Frame with Attachments for Sugarcane Cultivation
(Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, 2017) Singh, Sukhbir; Tripathi, A.; Singh, A. K.
The research was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India to study the effect of furrow opener design, furrow depth and operating speed on soil characteristics parameters (moisture content, bulk density, soil penetration resistance), machine performance parameters (Draft force, specific draft, soil disturbed, ridge height, effective field capacity) and crop parameters (germination, shoot population, cane length, cane weight, cane diameter, number of millable cane, yield) of sugarcane and to select the best furrow opener for establishment of sugarcane crop. The field experiment was conducted on a silt loam textured soil for three furrow openers viz. IISR furrower, IISR deep furrower and conventional type ridger operated at three average forward speed 0.26, 0.40 and 1.02 m s-1 and three average depths of 100, 150 and 250 mm. The parameters like draft force, specific draft, soil penetration resistance, ridge height, soil disturbed and germination percentage were determined. Soil penetration resistance decreased significantly with increasing operational speeds of each furrow openers and increased significantly with depth of furrows. Soil disturbed and draft force requirements increased significantly with the increase in operation speed and depth of furrow in all the furrow openers. Among the furrow openers, IISR deep furrower was having lowest specific draft of 0.04 N mm-2 at 250 mm depth at 0.26 m s-1 speed of operation. The significantly higher germination percentage after 30 and 45 DAP and significantly higher shoot population after 60, 90 and 120 DAP was observed with IISR deep furrow opener. Number of millable canes and yield of sugarcane was found 111.10 k/ha and 83.77 t/ha, respectively with IISR deep furrower and was highly significant over IISR furrower and conventional ridger. The 250 mm depth of furrow was having significantly higher yield (89.10 t/ha) of sugarcane. Hence, the lowest soil penetration resistance, minimum specific draft and better germination and yield were found with IISR deep furrower. A prototype of tractor operated multipurpose tool frame with attachments for sugarcane cultivation was designed and developed. The equipment consisted of a rectangular mild steel square pipe frame with provision to attach different attachments viz. deep furrower for furrow opening at 750 and 900 mm row spacing for sugarcane planting; tines with shovel and sweep for inter-row interculturing, flat fan nozzles for herbicide spraying for intra-row weeding, fertilizer application attachments for fertilizer application and furrowers for earthing up operation in sugarcane. The attachments can be attached either individually or in combination as per the need. There is a provision for height adjustment of interculturing tine in the range of 500 to 650 mm as per the field condition. The field performance evaluation of the prototype was carried out in sandy loam soil. A trapezoidal 250 mm deep furrows having top and bottom width of 320 mm x 180 mm was formed with the deep furrower with effective field capacity was 0.28 ha h-1 and field efficiency of 86 %. During combined interculturing, spraying and fertilizer application operation, effective field capacity was 0.57 ha h-1 with field efficiency 86.3%. The weeding efficiency was 83.2%, depth of interculturing 100 mm and herbicide application rate 265 l ha-1. With the use of the developed equipment the cost of combined operation of inter-row interculturing, intra-row weeding through herbicide spraying and fertilizer application was reduced from ` 4101 to 1582 ha-1 (61.4 %) compared to conventional practice of using tractor operated cultivator for inter-row and manual hoeing for intra-row weeding with manual broadcasting of fertilizer. The corresponding labour saving was 129.2 man-h ha-1 (97 %). During earthing up operation using deep furrower with tool frame, the effective capacity was observed 0.40 ha/h. The multipurpose tool frame with attachments for sugarcane cultivation is promising equipment which saves lot of labour and cost as compared to conventional system.
Open Access
Development and Performance Evaluation of Modified Maize Dehusker cum Sheller
(Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), 2016) Chaudhary, Sachin
Present study was under taken on “Development and evaluation of modified maize dehusker cum sheller” with the following objectives: 1. To study the engineering properties of the maize 2. To develop maize dehusker cum sheller 3. To evaluate the performance of maize dehusker cum sheller 4. To workout the economics of maize dehusker cum sheller

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