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ThesisItem Open Access “DESIGNING OF ROTARY INTERSECTION USING AUTOCAD CIVIL 3D SOFTWARE”(Department of Civil Engineering Vaugh Institute of Agriculture Engineering and Technology Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences PRAYAGRAJ (ALLAHABAD) -211007, U.P., 2019) SINGH, AKHILENDRABAHADUR; PANDEY, Prof. R.K.The problem of transportation has been going on for centuries. A lot of improvements have also been made in it. Highways have been built to make transportation easy and convenient so that one can easily go anywhere and easily accessible from one place to another. Vehicles run very fast on the highway, due to the speed, there is an accident and a problem of jam. To make it work, intersection is described in this paper about rotary intersection. Traffic and accidents can be reduced by making rotary intersections. Due to the intersection, the pedestrian will also be able to cross the road. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how easily and accurately rotary intersection design can be performed in a very short period of time. The intersection design process using AutoCAD Civil 3D is presented. Manual intersection design of the same road has also been demonstrated. In this paper, I am designing Intersection with the help of AutoCAD Civil 3D software. Due to AutoCAD Civil 3D, you can design good intersection in less time and in less money. Manual design takes a lot of time and a lot of money and accurate reports are not available. AutoCAD Civil 3D is very used in the future. Today, AutoCAD Civil 3D software is being used for road design so that we can do good design in less time and less money. This helps visualize the design in the 3D scene, reducing time and budget. It also has a lot of benefits of using AutoCAD civil 3D.Civil 3D provides to create 3D models of the project and helps to adopt for both small and large scale projects. It helps to imagine the things in 3D visualization, reduces the time and budget. It also inherits many benefits of using civil 3D. A rotary intersection is a specialised form of intersection-at-grade in which the traffic moves in one direction round a central island. For ‘keep-to-the-left’ rule, vehicles approaching the intersection are forced to move around the central island in an orderly manner and weave out of the rotary into their respective desired directions. AutoCAD Civil 3D associate design and production drafting, greatly reducing the time it takes to implement design changes and assess multiple sets of circumstances. Although there are a number of factors influence the design of the highway, the suitable geometric design having the objective of giving optimum efficiency in traffic operation with contentment safety measures at a reasonable cost.ThesisItem Open Access “PLANNING, DESIGNING AND PROPOSING A FLYOVER ROAD USING AUTOCAD CIVIL 3D SOFTWARE”(Department of Civil Engineering Vaugh Institute of Agriculture Engineering & Technology Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences NAINI, PRAYAGRAJ (ALLAHABAD) - 211007, U.P., 2019) PANDEY, SHIVAM; Er. ATULWhile the traffic on road is increasing day by day and there is not much space left for further construction on ground level, hence the only option left is the construction of a flyover road. Flyover is a type of bridge that carries one road above another moreover with subsidiary roads for connecting the two. The main purpose is to get better present state of affairs vastly and make association of traffic convenient and smooth. Also with the increase in population, there is a continuous increase in the number of vehicles on the road. This increase in the number of vehicles also increases the chances of congestion at the road intersections which harms the normal traffic flow on road. Hence, to tackle the problem of road congestion at intersections, a flyover must be built with proper designing. Flyovers are important within streamlining the system of traffic control. All the way through flyovers, lots time is saved avoiding congestion This dissertation explores the designing procedures of Intersection and Flyover Road using the AutoCAD Civil 3D software. The AutoCAD Civil 3D software is used by the civil engineer professionals in the planning and designing of their projects. This software plays a very vital role in the designing process as it gives a 3D perspective view to the viewer which helps in a better understanding of the project. By using different features of the AutoCAD CIVIL3D software we can design different civil structures with less errors also we can get the Report Sheets of our work etc. of that particular study area. The motive of designing of the flyover Road using the software AutoCAD Civil 3D is to get the maximum efficiency in the flow of the traffic by the use of accurate geometric design standards in a short duration of time.ThesisItem Open Access CONQUER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE MATERIALS AND MITIGATION BY UTILIZATION IN CONSTRUCTION(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, 2019) JAISWAL, PRASHANT KUMAR; SRIVASTAVA, Dr. VIKASCurrently, plastic is being used by humans in the form of buckets, jugs, cups, plates, carry bags, toys, etc. and is kept in abundance after use. These waste plastics cannot be easily disposed off, can be recycled, burned or filled in Soil pits. Thin plastic bags that are once used are dumped into garbage that fly off and are buried in soil or through drainage drains and run into drains or rivers. Chemicals such as cadmium and lead are used in the manufacture of plastic bags, which when ignited, cause air pollution and water pollution, making the lives of animals living in rivers or drains difficult. When pressed inside, it is not decomposed by bacteria for many years and pollutes the soil as well as the ground water. Plastic bags are spread in the form of tablets, in which water is filled during the rainy days in which mosquitoes lay eggs, which is expected to spread diseases like dengue. Thus disposal of plastic bags is a major problem. Ceramic products such as cups, plates, wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary ware are thrown into the trash after broken, which cannot be recycle and disposed of only by landfill. In the same way, when a concrete building is broken down, it is not possible to recycle the concrete that comes out of it, then it is used only to fill the land, which requires the available vacant land. In this paper innovative attempts has been devised to manufacture construction materials by using plastic bags found in garbage, ceramic waste and construction waste from demolition old concrete building. There by reducing the problem of pollution and the problem of disposal solid waste can be eliminated.ThesisItem Open Access “A STUDY TO THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF ROAD PROJECT USING CIVIL 3D”(Department of Civil Engineering Vaugh Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences NAINI, PRAYAGRAJ (ALLAHABAD)-211007 U.P., INDIA, 2019) Bajpai, Yogesh; Er. ATULIndia is a country whose population is growing rapidly, indicating that traffic is also increases. The development of rural areas also increases its means furthering of transportation facilities are also developed. The geometric design manages the dimensions and layout of visible features of the road such as alignment, sight distance, cross-section, and intersections. The basic object is optimizing efficient traffic and safety of highway and minimizing cost and environmental damages. Design the road knows about the fundamental of road geometric and next step to upgrade their value is by learning software for use of the essential information. Geometric Design of road involves such tasks as creating the road alignment and plotting the alignment profile using bearings or coordinates (easting and northing), stations and elevations of points along the proposed route, lengths of vertical curves, computation of earthwork quantities, and numerous other analyses and calculations aimed at finding the optimum alignment while satisfying design standards and constraints. When geometric design performed manually, it is time-consuming and highly susceptible to very costly errors. In the present time, various software are available in market such as Bentley MX Road, HEADS, AutoCAD Civil 3D, etc are used to design the geometry of road. Current patterns are adapted to the utilization of computer programs for roadway geometry design. This dissertation presents a complete geometric design of road project using AutoCAD Civil 3D software. The main aim of the project is to display how geometric design can be performed in a very short time with accuracy. The road design procedure using AutoCAD Civil 3D has been presented. This software provides clarity, save times and effort to a user. Civil 3D is software for engineering it is used for the design, plan and manage the civil engineering works. This software is generally used by experts and civil engineers. The survey data is must be necessary for road creation. By utilizing a DGPS study can be completed quickly and can shorten the time. DGPS is utilized for import the points in AutoCAD Civil 3D which is as x, y, z coordinates that are easting, northing, and elevation. These coordinates of the ground data is very useful to generate the surface, design the alignment and other geometric features.ThesisItem Open Access Changing Rainfall Climatology of North India: Implications for Rainfed Agriculture in Climate zone 4, 5 and 7 in North India(FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TEHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE) NAINI, ALLAHABAD-211007, 2018) Mishra, Chandra Shekhar; Pandey, Prof (Dr) R. K.India faces uneven distribution of water due to uncertain natural patterns of precipitation. Any adverse impact on water availability due to abrupt climate change directly threatens the food security of a country. A large part of the climate change has been attributed to greenhouse gases released due to human activities. Atmospheric Carbon dioxide concentration has increased from the use of fossil fuels for transportation, construction of buildings and manufacture of goods. The main objectives of the study were to analyze the temporal variability of annual rainfall in North India to determine the nature and spatial extent of the multi-decadal downward trends observed; analyze the spatial variability quantifying differences in the magnitude of reductions in the humid and sub-humid sections of the study area; analyse the agriculturally significant variables of rainfall totals and the number of days with rain in during various periods during the traditional growing season over hundred-year periods to highlight changes that have occurred in the rainfall regime and the impacts such changes have on rain-fed agriculture and analyse the multi-decadal variability in the North Indian regions and their contribution to water input in the region. The analysis was performed on a detailed 100-year panel of agricultural outcomes and weather realizations covering over these three zones. The decadal trend in annual rainfall over zone 4 showed that it is marginally declining over a period of time at rate of 18.68mm/Decade. The highest rainfall (1530.1mm) is recorded during the year 1936. The lowest rainfall (603mm) is recorded during the year 1979. In the case of monsoon rainfall too, it was declining marginally by 15.73 mm/decade. The decadal trend in annual rainfall over zone 5 showed that it is marginally declining over a period of time at rate of 11.04mm/Decade. The highest rainfall (1305.1mm) is recorded during the year 1961. The lowest rainfall (379.1mm) is recorded during the year 1918. In the case of monsoon rainfall too, it is declining by 9.93 mm/decade. The decadal trend in annual rainfall over zone 7 showed that it is marginally declining over a period of time at rate of 9.5 mm/Decade. The highest rainfall (1988.3mm) is recorded during the year 1956. The lowest rainfall (927.6mm) is recorded during the year 1927. In the case of monsoon rainfall too, it is declining by 10.6 mm/decade India faces uneven distribution of water due to uncertain natural patterns of precipitation. Any adverse impact on water availability due to abrupt climate change directly threatens the food security of a country. A large part of the climate change has been attributed to greenhouse gases released due to human activities. Atmospheric Carbon dioxide concentration has increased from the use of fossil fuels for transportation, construction of buildings and manufacture of goods. The main objectives of the study were to analyze the temporal variability of annual rainfall in North India to determine the nature and spatial extent of the multi-decadal downward trends observed; analyze the spatial variability quantifying differences in the magnitude of reductions in the humid and sub-humid sections of the study area; analyse the agriculturally significant variables of rainfall totals and the number of days with rain in during various periods during the traditional growing season over hundred-year periods to highlight changes that have occurred in the rainfall regime and the impacts such changes have on rain-fed agriculture and analyse the multi-decadal variability in the North Indian regions and their contribution to water input in the region. The analysis was performed on a detailed 100-year panel of agricultural outcomes and weather realizations covering over these three zones. The decadal trend in annual rainfall over zone 4 showed that it is marginally declining over a period of time at rate of 18.68mm/Decade. The highest rainfall (1530.1mm) is recorded during the year 1936. The lowest rainfall (603mm) is recorded during the year 1979. In the case of monsoon rainfall too, it was declining marginally by 15.73 mm/decade.ThesisItem Open Access “LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF HIGH QUALITY AGGREGATE FROM DEMOLISHED CONCRETE(Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) Deemed to be University Allahabad – 211007 (Uttar Pradesh), INDIA, 2018) Faqiri, Amanulah; Pandey, Prof. (Dr) R KConcrete is widely used construction material world wide due to its cost, properties and easy availability. Owing to rapid urbanization demolition of old structures to make the way for construction of new and modern ones is common practice in present era. However, very small quantity of demolished concrete is being recycled or reused. The strict environmental laws and lack of dumping sites in urban areas and vicinity on one hand are making the disposal of demolition wastes a challenge while on the other hand the quarrying of raw materials is becoming difficult due to depletion of natural resources. In the present research it was proposed to study the methods of production of recycled aggregate. The recycled aggregates so obtained were used in concrete as replacement of natural coarse aggregate. The replacement levels were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The parameters studied were workability, air content and density in green state of concrete and compressive, tensile and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity and shrinkage at hardened state. The compressive strength at 7 and 28 days, and workability in terms of slump value were measured. The compressive strength of these mixes was measured on 100mm cubes. Test results show that the behaviour of recycled waste concrete (RCA concrete) with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled aggregate is almost similar to the referral concrete. However, slight variations were observed on mechanical properties of concrete made using recycled aggregate as compared to referral concrete. Life cycle analysis is done using Cradle to grave approach and it is concluded that using recycled aggregate is not only help in consuming building waste material but also environmental friendly as it will consume less natural concrete and cement which emits green house gases. The energy analysis were calculated for the development of the concrete with heating and rubbing method for recycle demolished aggregate and analyse for the effect of the different recycle aggregate portion on the energy . is concluded that the maximum compressive strength (42.13 MPa) was found in the concrete sample with 25% recycles aggregate which is comparable to CEM 42.5 with 0 % replacement. It is concluded that the drop in strength was due to the failure of the weak recycled aggregates. It is concluded that elastic module for the replacement of 25% replacement of RCA is comparable to the concrete with no replacement from one made vi of 100% natural aggregate. After the observation of the results it is found that ratio of compressive strength to splitting tensile strength of concrete was significant when recycled aggregates were used above 25% replacement with RCAIt is concluded the finer fractions of the recycled material absorb more water because the cement paste adhering to the natural stone aggregate becomes relatively smaller as the grain size of the recycled aggregate increases. From these results it is concluded that CEM II 32.5 shows relative good durability performance and fulfils the durability requirement for this ingress mechanism. It is observed that the difference in percentage indicates using higher percentage saves heating energy while using low percentage RAC consumes more heating energy, when compared to no RAC in HMAThesisItem Open Access THE APPLICATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS PROJECTS IN LIBYA(Department of Civil Engineering Shepherd Institute of Engineering & Technology, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY&SCIENCES ALLAHABAD-211007, (U.P), INDIA, 2018) ABUDULNABI, HASSAN MOHAMED; AGARWAL, V.C.Risk has a great impact on the performance of residential projects in Libya in terms of cost, time and quality. It has increased the size and complexity of the projects and has become the ability to manage risk in all phases of the construction process a central element to prevent unwanted consequences. The risk management process between the actors in the project is governed to a large extent to know the importance of risk management as well as documents related to the content of the contract. Therefore, the experience in the risk management of the project is the main issue for the actors of the project. This research aims to deepen understanding of risk management and its application during the construction period in Libya and know the reasons that led to the delay in the completion schedule and as well as finding suitable solutions. The study includes ten projects including (27,571) housing units recently carried out in Libya. This includes the questionnaire and a series of interviews with clients, contractors, and consultants involved in these construction projects.It has been prepared in a form to determine and identify the risks facing the housing projects in Libya and then distributed to a number of companies that implement these projects. After it has identified risks that these projects faced by questionnaire and interviews form with engineers and project managers, these data were analyzed qualitatively, and then a checklist of the risks one may be facing in the projects in Libya was prepared. This research aims to let everyone understand the risks management in Libya ,and a deep study on the procedure of risks management in the projects. Especially, since the prime minister of the Libyan government, issued a decision in 2005 to build 200, 000 thousand housing units and should be delivered to citizens in 2011, but most of these projects are delayed. The study involved will take ten large projects all over Libya . The results of this study present the effect of common and major risks on construction period.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF SOFT COMPUTING BASED CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MODELS(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SHEPHERD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES ALLAHABAD (INDIA) July, 2017, 2017) HARRY, NARESH NISCHOL; Bind, Yeetendra KumarThis Ph D thesis is prepared with a notion that it will encourage the use of soft computing methods in the field of concrete technology since these methods are being extensively used in many field of engineering now a days viz. automatic railway signaling systems, home and kitchen appliances and other electronic items etc. While the acceptability of these methods are widespread in the field of computer science, information technology and electronic engineering, the civil engineering community still hesitate to use these methods. The reason behind it is very simple and obvious that is the existing codes do not allow to use these methods as an alternative to laboratory methods. In addition, unavailability of algorithms for specific problems, discourages the professionals and engineers to adapt these methods. Present work is the demonstration of its applicability and limitation while obtaining concrete compressive strength following two different approaches of soft computing. Six different types of concrete mix data were developed from existing literature and laboratory experiments. However, broadly we can classify entire data into two category that is conventional concrete mix data and admixture mix data. Five different combinations of admixture mixed concrete data that are; Blast Furnace Slag (BFS), Blast Furnace Slag with Super Plasticizer (SP), Fly Ash, Fly Ash with SP and BFS plus Fly ash with SP were used to develop data matrix. A thorough data analysis was carried out and incongruent data were removed from the developed data matrix to minimize the error in final results. Two different approach of soft computing methods that are Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were employed to understand the non linear pattern between concrete mix design data and corresponding compressive strength. ANFIS is called as hybrid system since it integration of well known Fuzzy Logic (which is a entirely different field of mathematics in which logical reasoning is associated with fuzzy sets). Design mix components like quantity of cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were taken as training variables in conventional concrete. Quantity of admixture along with above mentioned design mix components were taken as training variables in admixture mix concrete. Curing period was an essential component in training variables in both conventional and admixture mix concrete. Using above combinations and associated compressive strength the ANN and ANFIS models were prepared. These models were equipped with certain fix and varying characteristics which is iii discussed in detail in chapter 3. These networks were capable of modeling compressive strength from developed non linear pattern. Finally, performance evaluation measures such as coefficient of determination (R2) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) showed that ANN and ANFIS were able to model compressive strength with some limitations. It was observed that ANFIS works well when number of input variable is less. In addition, very reliable data sources is needed irrespective of size of data matrix. However, ANN works well with great number of input variable also it can tolerate some incongruent data since error is back propagated to the network and repeated cycles gradually decreases the error. In addition to soft computing methods, regression methods were also used to see its applicability in modeling compressive strength. The same sources of data were used to develop Multiple Linear and Non Liner Regression Models (MLR and MNR). MLR models were incapable in satisfactorily predicting the compressive strength. Only multivariate power function were used in MNR analysis. Multivariate power equations developed from MNR analysis could satisfactorily model compressive strength and R2 values ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Overall it can be said that the performance of soft computing methods are highly dependent on reliability of data. These methods can successfully be integrated with laboratory findings in the field of concrete technology if source of information is trustworthyThesisItem Open Access Analysis of Landuse and Landcover Data for Giridih District of Jharkhand to Identify a New Industrial Zone using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques(Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), 2015) Abushnaf, Ahmed Mohamed; Pandey, R. K.Site selection is a critical decision made by private and public owners that affects a wide range of activities ranging from land use planning to sitting of industrial facilities. As such, industrial site location analysis is a big business, whether measured in terms of amounts invested, decisionmakers involved, employees affected, or the economies of the area influenced. Determining facilities locations is critical to the success and failure of such investments. The advanced space technology known as geospatial technology is a perfect tool to come out with site location . In the present study, identification of suitable site for industry establishment in Giridih district of Jharkhand, India is one of the evidence of Geospatial technology for mankind development. satellite landsat-7 ETM+ data has been used to find out land use land cover, geomorphology, ground water mapping of the study area. However road maps, river map, rail of the study area were extracted from satellite data, Survey of India (SOI) topographic map on 1: 50,000 scale. Land use Land cover mapping, geomorphology mapping, Groundwater mapping, slope mapping, road and rail network, and river mapping was done using on screen visual interpretation of landsat-7 ETM+ data. Attribute is given to all the classes. Each class in spatial layers is assigned with weighed value 1 to 10 based on the relative importance to suitability. After that all thematic vector layers were integrated and introduced in to overlaying and weightage analysis to carry out Point allocation approach using Boolean logic approach using Multi decision criteria mapping using Arc GIS 9.3 to target potential sites for Industrial development. The sum of Weightage of spatial layers using weighted overlay analysis, the result have been classified as high, medium, low and not suitable Ranking (order of priority) was done based on the knowledge of study area to select the best sites for industry development. Outcome generated through the GIS analysis shows that 160.85 km2 areas are highly suitable, 407.85 km2 areas is moderately suitable, 4398.30 km2 area is less suitable for industry development. Remote sensing data analysis in this study has helped to derive quantitative information on spatial and temporal relationships of land use/land cover and its potential sites for industry development. A multi criteria approach was employed in conjunction with GIS-based overlay analysis to identify the new industrial zone.