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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES(VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, PRAYAGRAJ – 211007. (U.P.) INDIA, 2019) RYMBAI, ABRIAL KITWAROM; Alam, Dr. Mohd . AftabThe assessment of water quality is one of the important tools for sustainable development and provides decisive information for water management. In identifying water availability for irrigation, knowledge is required on both the quantity and quality; nevertheless, quality need has often been neglected especially in developing countries. Quality should generalize how substantially a water supply fulfills the needs of the planned user and must be assessed based on its suitability for the proposed use. The quality of groundwater is determined by various physicochemical properties and chemical indices. Chemical properties of groundwater are controlled by natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, to monitor the quality of groundwater for irrigation purposes, in depth understanding of hydro geochemistry of the water is required since different ions in water have contrasting impacts on soil. The water having high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) when used for irrigation heighten exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil thereby adversely affecting the soil structure leading to decrease in infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, enhance surface runoff and erosion. Moreover, the poor-quality water causes impairment in crop growth as high salt concentration in irrigation water results in osmotic stress and ion toxicity in plants. The sustainable rural development more and more depends on the efficient usage of available water resources. India, being a tropical country, most often, at least in one part of the year, the rain is not sufficient for plant growth and thus reduces the yield. Increase and stability of the agricultural production is possible in the irrigation conditions. The most part (around 70%) of the global water resources is used for food production. Due to urbanization and industrialization, the face of irrigated agriculture is changing with respect to water quantity and quality. Irrigation water quality indicator is used to show if the available water resources have the required quality for application in agriculture. In the present study, Water Quality Index (WQI) is applied to assess the irrigation water quality of the Chaka Block in Prayagraj district. From the study, it is found that even though the water is unfit for drinking purpose, it is medium to highly suitable for irrigationThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM POWDER (P.OSTREATUS) INCORPORATED WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR BREAD(DEPARTMENT OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ (ALLAHABAD) – 211007, U.P., INDIA, 2019) PATEL, KAPIL DEV; Bala, Er. K. LakshmiThe bread containing graded value of oyster mushroom powder were developed by replacement of whole wheat flour with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% oyster mushroom powder. The effect of different concentration of oyster mushroom powder supplementation on the proximate components and sensory evaluation of the bread was determined by regression analysis. Protein content, Moisture content, ash content and crude fiber increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.93% to 14.63%, 30.2% to 33.2%, 0.86% to 2.46%, 1.80% to 2.05% respectively. While the Fat, carbohydrate energy value and T4 protein were decreased with increased level of oyster mushroom powder supplementation from 17.21% to 15.55%, 41.00% to 32.55% and 354.61kcal to 326.91kcal respectively. Mushroom powder at various levels on the organoleptic properties of bread were evaluated and revealed that color, taste, texture, appearance and overall acceptability of bread varied significantly. The color, taste, and appearance of bread containing 15% mushroom powder was significantly better and control bread of color, texture and overall acceptability was better.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RAJGHAT CANAL COMMAND AREA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS(DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION OF DRAINAGE ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ-211007, U.P., INDIA, 2019) SINGH, RAVIKANT; Denis, Prof. (Dr.) ir. D.M.Irrigation performance evaluation is an important management tool to implement, monitor and evaluate activities for water delivery system. The aim of this research is to quantify Evapotranspiration, Crop Water Deficit and Irrigation Performance Indicators for the Rajghat Canal Command Area at Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The actual evapotranspiration, Relative evapotranspiration and Crop Water Deficit crops grown season from June 2016 to April 2019 throughout in the Command area were estimated. The space and ground observation in water reachable at the irrigated area is successfully recalled for every performance indicator. The Crop Water Deficit area 0-30 % range is permeable for the canal command areas. Crop Water Deficit Area (%) in irrigated field show the canal water does not properly reach in command area in different date. In this research mention the irrigation performance indicator accepted to evaluate the performance of Canal Command Area. In this research to evaluate the water delivery system will be change in a particular season (Rabi, kharif and ziad crop). Then will be increased the efficiency of Rajghat canal Command Area.ThesisItem Open Access “SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SIMULATION USING ANN BASED MULTI LAYER PERCEPTRON (MLP) AND MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION (MLR) TECHNIQUE FOR SANDIA STATION”(VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES Prayagraj (Allahabad)-211007 U.P. INDIA, 2019) MINZ, ADITI; Srivastav, Dr. S. K.Modeling sediment load is a significant factor in water resources engineering as it affects directly the design and management of water resources. This study, uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) based Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to estimate the daily sediment load. The neural networks were trained and tested to develop and evaluate the applicability of the models using daily sediment, rainfall and discharge data during the monsoon period (June to September) for Sandia station on River Narmada. The daily data were split into two sets, a training data set from 2006 to 2011 and a testing data set from 2012 to 2013. The NeuroSolution 5.0 software and Microsoft excel were used in analysis and performance evaluation indices for the developed models, respectively. Hyperbolic tangent activation function and Delta-Bar-Delta learning algorithm were used with an epoch of 1000. On the basis of input combination, 10 best models for sediment were selected out of 31 models with different input combinations. A number of networks were constructed and each of them were trained and tested and the best network was selected based on the accuracy of the predictions in the testing phase. The statistical indices such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Coefficient of Efficiency (CE) and Coefficient of Correlation (r) were applied to test the performance of the developed MLP and MLR models. The MSE for the ten selected MLP models varied from 0.1298 to 0.1738. The CE values ranged from 0.1457 to 0.3622 . The correlation coefficient (r) values ranged from 0.7055 to 0.8547. On the basis of lower MSE and higher CE and r values in the testing phase, the MLP 11 model was found to be the best performing model. The MSE varied from 0.0005 to 7973.8639, the CE varied from -7169204.774 to 0.142 and r varied from -0.3664 to 0.3769. On the basis of statistical criterion of lowest MSE and highest value of CE and r (though not very significant), the MLR 24 model was found to be the best performing model closely followed by MLR 15. The predicted suspended sediment using MLP models were found to be the best performing models and MLR models fit poorly for the dataset under study.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Breach parameters & Flood inundation mapping for Gunta Nala Dam using HEC-RAS model(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ-211007, UP. INDIA, 2019) CHANDRA, GIREESH; Thomas, Dr. AlexThe present study was conducted with the prime objective to Study of Breach parameters & Flood inundation mapping for Gunta Nala Dam using HEC-RAS model, of Uttar Pradesh State. Gunta Nala Dam was constructed in 1974 for the purpose of irrigation, fishery and drinking water with 25.4 m height and 5700m crest length. Gunta Nala dam is earthen dam with spillway. There are different economic developments downstream of the Gunta Nala dam including irrigation project, residential house. These economic developments are affected either dam break by overtopping or piping mode of failure. Modeling dam overtopping & piping and flood routing downstream of reservoirs can provide basic information about the magnitudes of flood events that can be beneficial in dam engineering, emergency action planning (EAP), and floodplain management. In recent years there has been considerable progress in computer model code development, computing speed and capability, and available elevation, vegetation, soil type, and land use data which has led to much interest in multi-dimensional modeling of dam failure, overtopping and piping. The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) can be to develop a dam failure model. Arcmap and Google Earth Explorer was used to extract geometric information from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and then imported into HEC-RAS 5.0.3 where Unsteady-flow simulation of the dam breach performed. The simulation results were mapped using the RAS Mapper on HEC-RAS. Inundation mapping of water surface profile results from dam failure models provides a level of the flood hazard and provides insight for emergency action plan. The process for gathering and preparing data, estimating breach parameters, creating an unsteady-flow model in HEC-RAS, entry of dam breach parameters, performing a dam failure analysis for Gunta dam, mapping of the flood inundation is discussed in this thesis work.ThesisItem Open Access “DAM BREAK ANALYSIS AND FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING USING HEC-RAS AND Q GIS”(DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, PRAYAGRAJ – 211007. (U.P.) INDIA, 2019) SINGH, MANMOHAN; THOMAS, ALEXDams are considered as structures containing dangerous forces. Even though dam failures are comparatively rare, they can cause immense damage and loss of life and properties when they occur. Complete hydraulic simulation and analysis for a hypothetical dam break of Meja dam was performed using United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Hydrologic Engineering Center‘s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) computer model with river geometry derived from DEM. HEC-RAS public domain software to the application of combined flood routing and flood level forecasting. The flood inundation map was generated by HEC-RAS and imported into QGIS to delineate the areas flooded under the assumed dam break scenario. The details of water surface elevations, depth of flood, flood arrival time and velocity of flood wave at different locations of downstream gives an idea about extent of flooding. The outcome of the modeling showed that in the event of failure of Meja dam, some areas which include residential, agricultural and industrial areas were identified to have very high risk of being inundated due to the significant difference in the value of water surface elevation and ground elevation. Simulation of dam break result and resulting floods are essential for characterizing and reducing negative effects occurred on the downstream area. Development of emergency action plan requires exact estimation of inundation level and the arrival time of flood wave at the downstream point.ThesisItem Open Access “Devlopment and Quality Evaluation of Oyster Mushroom Powder (P.ostreatus) Incorporated Bread”(DEPARTMENT OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ-211007( U.P.) INDIA, 2019) TIWARI, SHIVAM; Bala, Er. K. LakshmiMushrooms are basically fungi, which have a fleshy and spore-bearing fruiting body. They have been in use not only for consumption purposes but also for medicinal purposes since ages.. The use of refined flour in bread making is a convenient alternative for promoting the use of a local crop as well as reducing imports of wheat flour, The objective of this study was to prepare the composite flour by blending straight grade flour with oyster mushroom powder in different proportions for the baking of bread. The flour was also evaluated for Textural properties. The supplemented bread was subjected to sensory evaluation and physical analysis. Meterial used for the project is refined flour, mushroom powder , yeast ,sugar. The fresh mushroom were cleaning and slicing and drying in the tray dryer for 6 hour at 60.c then cooling and grinding in the grinder the mushroom powder. bread were evaluated chemically for moisture , ash , protein texture profile analysis and organoleptic for colour flavour taste texture and overall acceptability .among all the ratio was taken as T0 as the control for both refined powder and oyster mushroom T8 had the highest moisture content of 40.04gm & T12 has the lowest moisture content of 19.2 % and T12 has the highest moisture content of 19.2 % and T11 has the lowest ash content of 0.80 % ash content . T13 had the highest protein content of 18.21% and T2 has the lowest protein content of 14.35 % The highest bread hardness (16056 g) and lowest bread hardness is (4452 g).ThesisItem Open Access “QUANTITATIVE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN DEORI WATERSHED USING ASTER(DEM) DATA AND GIS AT PRAYAGRAJ(SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (FORMERLY ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE INSTITUTE) ALLAHABAD-211007, U.P., INDIA, 2019) MANNER, EVAMEDA; Denis, Prof. (Dr.) ir. D.M.This research is an attempt to quantify morphometric characteristics of a rocky, semi agricultural and forested small watershed, that includes the large SHUATS farm land. It used ASTER data for preparing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) there after geographical information system (GIS) was used in elevation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. Watershed boundary, flow accumulation, flow direction, flow length, stream ordering has been prepared using ArcHydro Tool. Hillshade have been prepared using Surface Tool in ArcGIS-10.4 software. Different thematic maps i.e. drainage density, superimposed profile, and longitudinal profiles have been prepared by using ArcGIS software. This study has computed more than 42 morphometric parameters of all aspects. Based on all morphometric parameter’s analysis; that the erosional development of the area by the streams has progressed well beyond maturity and that lithology has an influence in the drainage development. These studies are very useful for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management in the farm of the university.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SORGHUM (JOWAR) ON POPPING QUALITY(DEPARTMENT OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING VAUGH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ- 21100, 2019) DUBEY, PRADEEP KUMAR; Mishra, Er. Atul AnandThe demand for sorghum as a staple food is declining day by day, as there are no alternative use and value-added products. Popped sorghum is one of the ready to eat snacks which is popularly consumed by local growers. It has got potential to develop value added products as a convenient ready-to-use food. In this study, the effect of variety of sorghum on popping quality (popping yield, expansion ratio and unpopped yield) and sensory qualities (overall acceptability) of 10 different varieties of sorghum, namely CSV14, CSV15, CSV17, CSV20, CSV22, CSV23, CSV26, CSV27, SPV462 and C43 were Studied. The selected varieties were taken in 3 replications and popped by conventional method (sand roasting) at different moisture content (table 4.7) of varieties and constant temperature (175˚C) and time (2 min.). The effect of varieties on popping quality were evaluated as the highest popping yield and expansion ratio variety was CSV15. Some varieties of sorghum millets demonstrate good popping quality with favourable physical and chemical characteristics. These popped grains show potential for successful use in food application.