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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morphometric, production and reproduction performance of red kandhari cattle in marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2017-05-30) Bainwad, Datta Vankati; Thombre, B.M.The present study entitled "Studies on Morphometric, Production and Reproduction Performance of Red Kandhari Cattle in Marathwada Region" was undertaken on Red Kandhari cattle in the breeding tract i.e. Nanded, Latur, Hingoli, Parbhani and Beed districts of Marathwada region in Maharashtra state. The present work was intended to study the body measurements and body weight of Red Kandhari cattle at various stages of growth for different sex (male and female) at different locations in the breeding tract and also to study the production, reproduction, colour pattern and off type characteristics. The overall LSM at 0-3 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 51.65 ± 0.62 kg, 73.44 ± 0.51 , 63.13 ± 0.44, 71.56 ± 0.58, 76.45 ± 0.50, 72.19 ± 0.56, 60.36 ± 0.28, 23.70 ± 0.19, 37.88 ± 0.62, 18.66 ± 0.22, 58.90 ± 0.31 and 38.05 ± 0.17cm, respectively. The sex and districts showed non-significant effect on all the traits for Red Kandhari cattle at 0-3 months of age. The overall LSM at 4-6 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest gi rth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 114.15 ± 1.09 kg, 107.25 ± 0.53, 95.64 ± 0.68, 96.03 ± 0.45, 113.47 ± 0.52, 97.87 ± 0.45 , 72.68 ± 0.44, 34.22 ± 0. 17, 60.91 ± 0.16, 19.14 ± 0.13, 70.12 ± 0.36 and 42.78 ± 0.14 em, respectively. The sex showed significant (P 36 month male and breeding bull group of animals. Hence it is concluded that geo-ecological situations of surveyed area and management practices followed there plays an important role on physical measurements parameters of Red Kandhari cattle. The effect of sex was found highly significant on most of body measurements and body weight in Red Kandhari cattle at 13- 24 and 25-36 age groups. Hence it is concluded that the transitional phase of attaining puberty which regulates reproductive life. The effect of district was found significant to highly significant on lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation period (LP), whereas the effect of season found highly significant on lactation milk yield (LMY) and significant on dry period (DP). Hence it is concluded that the management practices, available water and feed resources and climatic condition followed there plays an important role on productive performance of Red Kandhari cattle. The effect of district and season were found highly significant on age at puberty (AP), service period (SP). Hence it is concluded that the management practices, available water and feed resources and climatic condition followed there plays an important role on reproductive performance of Red Kandhari cattle. The colour pattern observ.ed in Red Kandhari Cattle were Brick red colour pattern was found predominant followed by Dark red and Black shades on Neck, Shoulder and Thigh region. The off type characteristics i.e. mixture of red and white colour (MRW) was recorded highest percent in population followed by absence of black rings around eyes and hoofs (ABR), carroty hooves, horns and muzzle (CHM), red eye lashes (REL), red hairs in the switch of tail (RHS), long drawn mouth (LDM), pendulous dewlap (PO), heavy sheath (HS), roman arched face (RAF), loose skin (LS) and inclination of hump to the side (IHS). To maintain the genetic purity of Red Kandhari cattle, in future it is needed to plan breeding strategy for conservation of Red Kandhari cattle at farmers I breeders herd level in Marathwada region. Formation of "Breed Society and Registration of Herds" is essential in future.ThesisItem Open Access The performance of buffaloes in Gangakhed taluka under watershed area(Vasantrao Naik Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2001-06-01) Bainwad, Datta Vankati; Deshmukh, B.R.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morphometric, production and reproduction performance of red kandhari cattle in marathwada region(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2017-09-06) Bainwad, Datta Vankati; Thombre, B.M.The present study entitled “Studies on Morphometric, Production and Reproduction Performance of Red Kandhari Cattle in Marathwada Region” was undertaken on Red Kandhari cattle in the breeding tract i.e. Nanded, Latur, Hingoli, Parbhani and Beed districts of Marathwada region in Maharashtra state. The present work was intended to study the body measurements and body weight of Red Kandhari cattle at various stages of growth for different sex (male and female) at different locations in the breeding tract and also to study the production, reproduction, colour pattern and off type characteristics. The overall LSM at 0-3 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 51.65 + 0.62 kg, 73.44 + 0.51, 63.13 + 0.44, 71.56 + 0.58, 76.45 + 0.50, 72.19 + 0.56, 60.36 + 0.28, 23.70 + 0.19, 37.88 + 0.62, 18.66 + 0.22, 58.90 + 0.31 and 38.05 + 0.17cm, respectively. The sex and districts showed non-significant effect on all the traits for Red Kandhari cattle at 0-3 months of age. The overall LSM at 4-6 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 114.15 + 1.09 kg, 107.25 + 0.53, 95.64 + 0.68, 96.03 + 0.45, 113.47 + 0.52, 97.87 + 0.45, 72.68 + 0.44, 34.22 + 0.17, 60.91 + 0.16, 19.14 + 0.13, 70.12 + 0.36 and 42.78 + 0.14 cm, respectively. The sex showed significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, whereas districts showed significant (P<0.05) effect on body weight and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, respectively for Red Kandhari cattle at 4-6 months of age. The overall LSM at 7-12 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 132.02 + 1.21 kg, 114.53 + 0.51, 103.66 + 0.73, 100.75 + 0.56, 121.71 + 0.50, 104.42 + 0.56, 77.99 + 0.54, 36.43 + 0.24, 65.98 + 0.23, 20.44 + 0.13, 73.88 + 0.41 and 44.50 + 0.14 cm, respectively. The sex showed significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, whereas districts showed non-significant effect on all the traits, for Red Kandhari cattle at 7-12 months of age. The overall LSM at 13-24 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, horn length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 195.12 + 1.92 kg, 147.36 + 0.67, 118.73 + 0.92, 119.84 + 0.47, 155.46 + 0.68, 124.44 + 0.57, 94.64 + 0.55, 46.20 + 0.17, 80.82 + 0.33, 23.31 + 0.11, 6.32 + 0.08, 86.04 + 0.30 and 51.10 + 0.19 cm, respectively. The sex showed significant (P<0.01) to significant (P<0.05) effect on most of the traits, whereas districts showed significant (P<0.01) influence on body weight and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, for Red Kandhari cattle at 13-24 months of age. The overall LSM at 25-36 months of Red Kandhari for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, horn length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 236.93 + 1.73 kg, 158.44 + 0.51, 132.56 + 0.67, 129.76 + 0.37, 168.31 + 0.49, 133.17 + 0.36, 107.12 + 0.40, 48.69 + 0.14, 90.00 + 0.32, 24.25 + 0.08, 9.56 + 0.09, 91.26 + 0.24 and 54.39 + 0.25 cm, respectively. The sex showed significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight, height at wither and height at hip bone and significat (P<0.05) effect on length of body at trunk and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, whereas districts showed significant (P<0.01) on body weight, chest girth and belly girth and non-significant effect on rest of the traits, for Red Kandhari cattle at 25-36 months of age. The overall LSM at more than 36 months of age of Red Kandhari male for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, horn length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 302.92 + 1.73 kg, 178.27 + 0.46, 143.94 + 0.51, 141.24 + 0.39, 194.07 + 0.54, 144.97 + 0.39, 111.45 + 0.29, 56.36 + 0.16, 99.06 + 0.20, 26.09 + 0.10, 16.02 + 0.24, 97.18 + 0.16 and 55.72 + 0.10 cm, respectively. The districts showed significant (P<0.05) to highly significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight, chest girth, body length and belly girth, whereas non-significant effect on rest of the traits, for Red Kandhari male at more than 36 months of age. The overall LSM at more than 36 months of age of Red Kandhari female for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, horn length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 297.02 + 2.42 kg, 164.55 + 0.38, 142.69 + 0.68, 144.06 + 0.71, 177.98 + 0.39, 148.91 + 0.66, 102.18 + 0.10, 49.52 + 0.14, 96.83 + 0.19, 24.94 + 0.07, 18.75 + 0.18, 86.29 + 0.16 and 52.89 + 0.12 cm, respectively. The districts showed significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight, whereas non-significant effect on rest of the traits, for Red Kandhari female at more than 36 months of age. The overall LSM of Red Kandhari Breeding bull for body weight, chest girth, body length, height at wither, belly girth, height at hip bone, length of body at trunk, face measurement, tail length, ear length, horn length, fore legs length and hind legs length were 343.90 + 9.39 kg, 185.63 + 2.30, 157.15 + 3.25, 149.64 + 2.71, 195.62 + 2.08, 154.56 + 2.59, 108.67 + 1.78, 56.45 + 0.99, 99.34 + 0.58, 27.64 + 0.44, 12.71 + 0.99, 96.87 + 0.82 and 55.55 + 0.84 cm, respectively. The districts showed significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight, chest girth and belly girth and significant (P<0.05) effect on body length, whereas non-significant effect on rest of the traits, for Red Kandhari Breeding bull. The body weight at all the age groups were positive and highly correlated with height at withers, chest girth and body length. Similarly, the different body measurements at all the age groups also indicated positive and highly significant correlations between each other; except at 25-36 month age (Female) group chest girth and body length were non significant and positive correlations with height at withers. The overall least square means for lactation milk yield (LMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 417.28 + 1.09 kg. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on LMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 416.77 + 1.76, 415.59 + 1.79, 412.10 + 1.64, 420.09 + 2.01 and 422.84 + 3.17 kg, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on LMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 417.99 + 1.31 and 416.56 + 1.40 kg, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on LMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 371.82 + 2.62, 400.22 + 2.47, 476.20 + 1.42 and 420.86 + 1.35 kg, respectively. The districts showed significant (P<0.05) effect and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on LMY in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for peak milk yield (PMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 2.63 + 0.01 kg. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on PMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 2.70 + 0.02, 2.70 + 0.02, 2.58 + 0.02, 2.54 + 0.02 and 2.60 + 0.03 kg, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on PMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 2.63 + 0.01 and 2.62 + 0.01 kg, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on PMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 2.68 + 0.03, 2.52 + 0.02, 2.65 + 0.01 and 2.65 + 0.01 kg, respectively. The districts, colour and season showed non-significant effect on PMY in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for days to reach peak milk yield (DRPMY) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 39.48 + 0.09 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on DRPMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 38.62 + 0.15, 39.47 + 0.15, 40.32 + 0.13, 40.25 + 0.16 and 38.74 + 0.26 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on DRPMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 39.54 + 0.12 and 39.42 + 0.11 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on DRPMY for Red Kandhari cattle as 40.05 + 0.22, 39.00 + 0.20, 39.94 + 0.12 and 38.93 + 0.11 days, respectively. The districts, colour and season showed non-significant effect on DRPMY in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for lactation period (LP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 242.64 + 0.46 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on LP for Red Kandhari cattle as 238.29 + 0.74, 245.33 + 0.76, 245.20 + 0.69, 248.50 + 0.85 and 235.91 + 1.34 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on LP for Red Kandhari cattle as 242.66 + 0.56 and 242.63 + 0.59 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on LP for Red Kandhari cattle as 239.83 + 1.11, 242.80 + 1.04, 246.49 + 0.60 and 241.46 + 0.57 days, respectively. The districts showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect, whereas colour and season showed non-significant effect on LP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for dry period (DP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 180.79 + 0.56 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on DP for Red Kandhari cattle as 178.52 + 0.91, 178.87 + 0.93, 183.74 + 0.85, 179.64 + 1.04 and 183.18 + 1.64 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on DP for Red Kandhari cattle as 180.68 + 0.68 and 180.90 + 0.72 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on DP for Red Kandhari cattle as 185.81 + 1.35, 183.16 + 1.27, 176.55 + 0.73 and 177.65 + 0.70 days, respectively. The districts and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed significant (P<0.05) effect on DP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for age at puberty (AP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 883.16 + 0.83 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on AP for Red Kandhari cattle as 885.63 + 1.35, 878.82 + 1.38, 878.04 + 1.26, 886.53 + 1.54 and 886.78 + 2.43 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on AP for Red Kandhari cattle as 883.04 + 1.01 and 883.28 + 1.08 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on AP for Red Kandhari cattle as 878.48 + 2.01, 891.97 + 1.89, 883.81 + 1.09 and 878.37 + 1.03 days, respectively. The districts showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on AP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for age at first estrus (AFE) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 1236.96 + 1.67 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on AFE for Red Kandhari cattle as 1238.51 + 2.72, 1238.61 + 2.77, 1244.58 + 2.53, 1235.41 + 3.09 and 1227.71 + 4.89 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on AFE for Red Kandhari cattle as 1237.69 + 2.03 and 1236.24 + 2.16 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on AFE for Red Kandhari cattle as 1256.59 + 4.04, 1243.33 + 3.80, 1210.19 + 2.19 and 1237.75 + 2.08 days, respectively. The districts showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on AFE in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for age at first calving (AFC) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 1529.61 + 1.71 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on AFC for Red Kandhari cattle as 1533.43 + 2.77, 1530.72 + 2.82, 1528.31 + 2.58, 1531.56 + 3.16 and 1524.06 + 4.98 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on AFC for Red Kandhari cattle as 1528.86 + 2.07 and 1530.37 + 2.20 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on AFC for Red Kandhari cattle as 1525.78 + 4.12, 1553.08 + 3.88, 1510.28 + 2.23 and 1529.32 + 2.12 days, respectively. The districts and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on AFC in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for service period (SP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 139.92 + 0.66 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on SP for Red Kandhari cattle as 132.90 + 1.07, 140.22 + 1.10, 145.69 + 1.00, 145.20 + 1.22 and 135.59 + 1.93 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on SP for Red Kandhari cattle as 139.72 + 0.80 and 140.13 + 0.85 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on SP for Red Kandhari cattle as 140.60 + 1.60, 145.93 + 1.51, 139.92 + 0.87 and 133.23 + 0.82 days, respectively. The districts showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect and colour showed non-significant effect, whereas season showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on SP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for gestation period (GP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 283.49 + 0.23 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on GP for Red Kandhari cattle as 283.88 + 0.38, 283.98 + 0.39, 283.25 + 0.35, 282.93 + 0.43 and 283.42 + 0.68 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on GP for Red Kandhari cattle as 283.60 + 0.28 and 283.39 + 0.30 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on GP for Red Kandhari cattle as 285.04 + 0.57, 280.01 + 0.53, 283.07 + 0.31 and 285.86 + 0.29 days, respectively. The districts, colour and season showed non-significant effect on GP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The overall least square means for inter calving period (ICP) of Red Kandhari cattle was recorded as 423.42 + 0.61 days. The estimated effect of district D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 on ICP for Red Kandhari cattle as 416.78 + 0.99, 424.20 + 1.01, 428.94 + 0.92, 428.14 + 1.13 and 419.02 + 1.78 days, respectively. The estimated effect of colour pattern C1 and C2 on ICP for Red Kandhari cattle as 423.31 + 0.74 and 423.52 + 0.79 days, respectively. The estimated effect of season S1, S2, S3 and S4 on ICP for Red Kandhari cattle as 425.64 + 1.47, 425.94 + 1.39, 422.99 + 0.80 and 419.09 + 0.76 days, respectively. The districts showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect, whereas colour and season showed non-significant effect on ICP in Red Kandhari cattle, respectively. The Correlations for productive characters in Red Kandhari cows revealed that LMY is positively correlated and highly significant with PMY and LP, whereas negatively correlated and highly significant with DRPMY and DP. The PMY is positively correlated and highly significant with LP, whereas negatively correlated and highly significant with DRPMY and DP. The DRPMY is positively correlated and highly significant with DP, whereas negatively correlated and highly significant with LP. The LP is negatively correlated and highly significant with DP. The Correlations for reproductive characters in Red Kandhari cows revealed that AP is positively correlated and highly significant with AFE, AFC and SP, whereas negatively correlated with GP and ICP. The AFE is positively correlated and highly significant with AFC, SP and positively correlated with ICP, whereas negatively correlated with GP. The AFC is positively correlated and highly significant with SP, positively correlated with GP, whereas negatively correlated with ICP. SP is positively correlated with GP and ICP, whereas GP is negatively correlated with ICP. The total percentage of colour variation in the breeding tract of Red Kandhari cattle was Dark Red (38.99), Brick Red (57.20) followed by Black Shades on NST i.e. Neck, Shoulder and Thigh (3.80). The total percentage of off-type characters in the breeding tract of Red Kandhari cattle i.e. Mixture of Red and White colour (MRW), Absence of Black Rings around eyes and hoofs (ABR), Red Hairs in the Switch of tail (RHS), Loose skin (LS), Pendulous Dewlap (PD), Heavy Sheath (HS), Long Drawn Mouth (LDM), Roman Arched Face (RAF), Inclination of Hump to the Side (IHS), Red Eye Lashes (REL) and Carroty Hooves, Horns and Muzzle (CHM) in Red Kandhari cattle in the breeding tract were 6.96, 5.08, 2.27, 0.39, 1.27, 0.39, 1.14, 0.48, 0.17, 2.54 and 4.11, respectively. On the basis of the results it can be concluded that The effect of district was found significant to highly significant on body weight in all Red Kandhari cattle age group, except 0-3 months in both sex. The effect of district was found significant to highly significant on chest girth and belly girth in 25-36 months age group in both the sex and chest girth, body length and belly girth in > 36 month male and breeding bull group of animals. Hence it is concluded that geo-ecological situations of surveyed area and management practices followed there plays an important role on physical measurements parameters of Red Kandhari cattle. The effect of sex was found highly significant on most of body measurements and body weight in Red Kandhari cattle at 13-24 and 25-36 age groups. Hence it is concluded that the transitional phase of attaining puberty which regulates reproductive life. The effect of district was found significant to highly significant on lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation period (LP), whereas the effect of season found highly significant on lactation milk yield (LMY) and significant on dry period (DP). Hence it is concluded that the management practices, available water and feed resources and climatic condition followed there plays an important role on productive performance of Red Kandhari cattle. The effect of district and season were found highly significant on age at puberty (AP), service period (SP). Hence it is concluded that the management practices, available water and feed resources and climatic condition followed there plays an important role on reproductive performance of Red Kandhari cattle. The colour pattern observed in Red Kandhari Cattle were Brick red colour pattern was found predominant followed by Dark red and Black shades on Neck, Shoulder and Thigh region. The off type characteristics i.e. mixture of red and white colour (MRW) was recorded highest percent in population followed by absence of black rings around eyes and hoofs (ABR), carroty hooves, horns and muzzle (CHM), red eye lashes (REL), red hairs in the switch of tail (RHS), long drawn mouth (LDM), pendulous dewlap (PD), heavy sheath (HS), roman arched face (RAF), loose skin (LS) and inclination of hump to the side (IHS). To maintain the genetic purity of Red Kandhari cattle, in future it is needed to plan breeding strategy for conservation of Red Kandhari cattle at farmers / breeders herd level in Marathwada region. Formation of "Breed Society and Registration of Herds" is essential in future.