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ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON-FARM STORAGE STRUCTURE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) SANGEETA TETE; Pramod RaiBased on the results obtained, the following summary and conclusions have been drawn in the present investigation: 1. The two evaporative cooling structures (zero energy evaporative cooling structure & hybrid evaporative cooling structure) were constructed with storage capacity of 400 kg (200 carats of 20 kg). The both the structures having same specification i.e. length of 2.4 m, width of 1.5 m and height of 1.8 m. 2. The evaporative cooling storage structures were constructed under protected shed structure. The length and width of shed were 7.2 m and 5.2 m respectively. The shed was covered with shade net material and plastic film. The cladding material was fixed with aluminium profile and gripper. 3. Zero energy evaporative cooling structure was constructed using brick, sand, cement and palm leaf mat. 4. The hybrid evaporative cooling structure was constructed using brick, sand, cement, palm leaf mat, exhaust fan, pad etc. 5. The other materials used for operating the cooling structure were pump, water tank, elbow connectors, drip pipe, PVC pipe and plastic carat. 6. The zero energy evaporative cooling structure cooling material i.e. sand was weighted with water using drip pipe and water flowed under gravity. 7. The hybrid evaporative cooling structure has both sand as a cooling material and fan & pad was used for cooling the storage structure. 8. The instrument used to measure environmental parameter under open field under the shed and evaporative cooling structure were laboratory thermometer, dry bulb & wet bulb thermometer, maximum & minimum thermometer and digital anemometer. 9. The variation of temperature under open field, shed, ZECC and HECS varied between 300C - 330C, 280C - 31.250C, 270C - 280C and 25.50C - 280Crespectively 10. The variation of relative humidity under open field, shed, ZECC and HECS varied between 15-33%, 32-70%, 39-79% and 19- 88% respectively 11. The temperature drops under ZECC and HECS in comparison to shed varied between 1.8% to 10.9% and 5.1% to 13.3% respectively 46 | P a g e 12. The air velocity at the walls of ZECC was recorded between 0.1 to 0.3 m/s. Similarly, the air velocity at the walls of HECS recorded between 0.1 to 4.1 m/s. 13. The saturation efficiency (%) of ZECC varied between 4.9% to 60% with respect to time. The saturation efficiency (%), cooling capacity and water consumption varied between 4.9 – 75.6%, 1.17 – 3.31kW and 0.7 – 4.9 kg/h respectively under HECS. 14. The maximum saturation efficiency (%) of ZECC and HECS was estimated as 60% and 75.6% respectively at 2.00 PM. The highest water consumption rate and cooling capacity was found (4.90 kg/h and 3.31kW) at 2.00 PM. 15. The PLW (%) for spinach and okra under ZECC and HECS varied between 2.9 – 36.1 & 3.7 – 37.2 and 1.3 – 7.7 & 1.8 – 10.4 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PUDDLING METHODS AND SOIL SEDIMENTATION PERIODS ON PERFORMANCE OF RICE TRANSPLANTERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) WILLIAM BONEY HANSDA; Uttam KumarRice is one of the most important crops of India. The mechanical rice transplanting has been considered as the most promising option because it reduces the labor requirement, saves time and cost of transplanting and maintains desired plant density. In puddled soil condition, puddling methods as well as soil sedimentation periods effects the performance of rice transplanters. First ploughing with tractor drawn mould board plough and second ploughing with tractor drawn cultivator were kept common for the preparation of field for all the puddling methods. Third ploughing with three selected puddling methods (tractor drawn cultivator, tractor drawn puddler and tractor drawn rotavator) were used for performance evaluation of 8 row self-propelled transplanter with 25 days old seedlings at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of soil sedimentation periods. Four selected rice transplanters i.e., 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design), 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design), 8 row self-propelled rice transplanter 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedling) were also evaluated with puddling by tractor drawn puddler at soil sedimentation periods of 36, 48 and 60 hours. The combination of first ploughing with tractor drawn M.B. Plough, 2nd ploughing with tractor drawn cultivator and final puddling with tractor drawn puddler was found best over other methods of puddling. Performance of the self-propelled rice transplanter was found best when puddled with tractor drawn puddler at soil sedimentation period of 48 and 60 hours on sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil, respectively. In sandy loam soil, 36 hours of soil sedimentation period was most suitable for transplanting with 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design), 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design) and 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedlings). Whereas in sandy clay loam soil, 48 hours of soil sedimentation periods is most suitable for transplanting with 4 row manually operated rice transplanter (CRRI design) and 2 row power operated rice transplanter (Kisan Kraft design) rice transplanter whereas 2 row manually operated rice transplanter (for root washed type seedlings) works satisfactory in 36 hours.ThesisItem Open Access PRIORITIZATION OF SUB WATERSHEDS THROUGH MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) AMIT RAJ TOPNO; Mintu JobRemote sensing and GIS techniques were integrated with various morphometric parameters for the prioritization of Rarhu watershed. The most susceptible watershed among 21 sub watersheds was determined using linear, areal, and relief parameters. Using ArcGIS 10.8 software, toposheets from the Survey of India were used to generate drainage maps, NASADEM satellite imagery was used to create digital elevation and slope maps. Land use land cover was prepared from the Sentinel-2 satellite. The watershed codification and delineation were done according to the Soil and land use survey of India. From the analysis, it was found that Rarhu watershed stream has a dendritic pattern, and the highest order was 6th. The elongated shape was observed in the entire watershed with a coarse drainage texture. The average drainage density value of the watershed is 1.650 km/ km2 indicating more runoff with scanty vegetation and high relief and a high bifurcation ratio. Stream frequency of an average value of 1.447 indicated the mountainous relief and uneven topography. The relief parameters values indicated how the variation of elevation and slope could be helpful for implementing any soil and water conservation structures. A multi criteria decision making method Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to prioritize different sub watersheds, which involved a pairwise comparison matrix between morphometric parameters. Eleven morphometric parameters directly related to erosion and runoff were selected for prioritizing. Final prioritization was given to SW-18, the most susceptible watershed that needs immediate action for various soil and water conservation structures for sustainable development. To check the current situation, a physical verification was performed using a GPS device and erosion and runoff affected areas were located. In order to avoid adverse effects on land and the environment, various soil and water conservation measures such as gully plugs, gabion structures, loose boulder structures, and contour trenches was prepared, which can be implemented in various locations for sustainable development of the watershed.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE GREENHOUSE DRYER(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) GURIA, AUGUSTINE; Rai, PramodA walk-in type multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) dryer of 60 m2 floor area was constructed using bamboo and UV stabilized plastic film (200 micron). Construction cost, environmental parameters, thermal efficiency, drying capacity were studied and analysed economics of the MGH. Sides of structure is covered by insect proof net (40 mesh) accompanied by plastic film. The cost of MGH was estimated at around Rs. 290/ m2. The microclimatic parameters like temperature, RH, air velocity and Light intensity was recorded at half and full ventilation and data recording time during the experiments was at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM. The increase in minimum temperature under greenhouse varied between 0.34 to 0.75 °C over open field temperature and the increases in maximum temperature under greenhouse varied between 5.50 to 7.25 °C over open field temperature condition for half ventilation condition. The increases in minimum temperature under greenhouse varied between 0.13 to 0.33 °C over open field condition and the increase in maximum temperature under greenhouse varied between 1.50 to 4.66 °C over open field condition for full ventilation condition. The reduction in % RH under MGH over open field varied between 4.2 % to 19.1 %. The air velocity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 0 to 1.76 % of open field air velocity under half ventilation condition. The air velocity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 1 to 10 % of open field air velocity under full ventilation condition. The light intensity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 74% to 90 % and 59 % to 76 % of open field light intensity under half ventilation condition. The light intensity under greenhouse at 7:00 AM and 2:00 PM found to be between 48 % to 93 % and 33 % to 84 % of open field light intensity under full ventilation. At central pole temperature increases from 0.7 m to 2.1 m and at fixed height of 1.4 m variation in temperature in east west direction (31.32, to 34.79 °C,) & north south direction (31.06, to 34.09 °C) was not significant. The capacity of MGH dryer was 396 kg for tomato drying and thermal efficiency is around 32.93 %. The B-C Ratio and Payback period is found to be 3.5, and less than 1 year respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW COST MULTIPURPOSE GREENHOUSE FOR DRYING OF TOMATO(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Tigga, Suman; Rai, PramodTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a highly seasonal, perishable and available in large quantities during peak season of production. It is an important vegetable for human consumption because of its vitamins and minerals content that provide the basic human nutritional requirements. There are various techniques of extending shelf life of tomato and dehydration is one of the important process by which tomatoes are preserved. The greenhouse is an enclosed structure and inside temperature is more than open field and can be used as direct solar dryer. The low cost multipurpose greenhouse (MGH) was used for drying of without blanched & blanched tomato under full and half ventilation condition. The construction cost of low cost MGH was around Rs 290/m2. The environmental parameters temperature & RH under full ventilation and temperature, RH & air velocity under half ventilation was recorded during drying of tomato. All the environmental parameters were measured at 1 h interval. The initial moisture content of fresh tomato was found to be 93.3% - 94.4 % (w. b.) and the blanching was done by dipping the cut tomato in sodium metabisulphite solution (6%) for blanching time of 5 minutes. The temperature & RH measured at full ventilation under MGH was found to be 3°C to 8.5°C more than open field condition and RH was found to be 5% to 7% lower than open field. The temperature variation at different location measured at along the length, width & height inside the MGH and the highest temperature was found to along the height at the 2.7 m. The final moisture content of dried tomato samples was around 11% (w. b) and the drying time of tomato at full ventilation for without blanched & blanched under open field condition is 29 h & 20 h whereas under MGH condition for without blanched & blanched tomato is 28.5 h & 19.5 h. The shrinkage ratio, rehydration ratio & dehydration ratio of dehydrated tomato under full ventilation were varied between 13.5 to 14.48, 1.7 to 1.8 & 12.68 to 13.3 respectively. The sensory evaluation was performed using Hedonic-rating test of 5- point scale and the blanched tomato dried under MGH was found to be best in comparison to open field. The MGH is used for drying of tomato apart from cultivation & cost efficient than stand alone greenhouse solar dryer constructed only for drying purpose.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF A MANUALLY OPERATED RICE TRANSPLANTER(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) MISHRA, ANMOL KUMAR; Kumar, Uttamcultivation. However manual rice transplanting is labour-intensive, time consuming, tiresome and results in non-uniform distribution of seedlings. Mechanical transplanting is an alternative to manual transplanting, in terms of timeliness of operation, reduction of drudgery and low cost of operation. Fragmentation of land into smaller plots further limits free movement of the machines. However, farmers of the state uses root wash type seedlings for transplanting. Therefore, there is a need to develop a rice transplanter suitable for small land holding with low cost. In order to develop manually operated rice transplanter the four bar linkage of the commercially available root washed type hand crank transplanter was analyzed and incorporated in the transplanting mechanism. The developed manual paddy transplanter consists of seedling picking mechanism, transplanting mechanism, power transmission system, seedling tray with frame, handle and float. The developed transplanter was evaluated at laboratory as well as at field condition. The effective field capacity of the transplanter was 0.026 ha/h at an operating speeds of 0.82 km/h. The average height of the seedlings was 197.82 mm, 235.78 mm, 280.50 mm, and 340.60 mm for 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days old seedlings, respectively. Average hill-to-hill spacing, average number of seedlings per hill and average depth of planting were 195.09 mm, 4.12 and 56.88 mm, respectively. Average missing hills, floating hills and visible damage of the transplanter were 11 %, 9 %, 11% and 10 %, respectively. Cost of transplanting by the transplanter was Rs 4,007/ha whereas by manual transplanting it was Rs 12,540/ha, thus there is a saving of Rs 8,533/ha. The performance of the machine was found satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANIMAL DRAWN MULTI CROP SEED-CUM-FERTILIZER DRILL(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Hapadgara, Roshan; Kumar, UttamDraught animal power is one of the major farm power sources of Jharkhand state. Bullock is one of the cheapest sources of draught power for all kinds of agricultural operations in Jharkhand because large agricultural machines like tractor and power tiller are neither practicable nor economically viable due to poor financial condition of farmers and fragmented land holdings. Considering the draught animal size as well land holding capacity of farmers of Jharkhand state, an animal drawn multi crop seed-cum-fertilizer drill has been developed. The seed drill was evaluated in laboratory as well as in field condition on wheat, horse gram, upland rice and black gram crops. The average draft and power requirement of the developed seed-cum-fertilizer drill was 416.74 N and 0.372 kW, respectively. The average effective field capacity and field efficiency of the developed seed-cum-fertilizer drill were 0.069 ha/h and 65.9%, respectively at an average speed of 2.37 km/h for sowing of wheat crop. The cost of operation for sowing of wheat by developed animal drawn seed-cum-fertilizer drill was Rs 790.4/ ha where as by existing animal drawn birsa seed drill (1442.9 Rs/ha) and sowing behind plough (2286 Rs/ha). Thus, there is a saving of amount Rs 1498/ ha with the developed seed drill. The machine is suitable for sowing of upland rice, wheat, black gram, horse gram and such other small seed. The performance of the machine was found satisfactory.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DEHYDRATION OF GREEN CHILLI(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Bodra, Niman; Ansari, I.A.Dehydration is used to increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by minimizing moisture mediated undesirable changes. In this study, green chilli was used for dehydration to increase the shelf life with acceptable quality attributes. The experiments were conducted according to Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The pre-drying treatment conditions and dehydration conditions were optimized by using response surface methodology. The samples of green chilli were treated with concentration of potassium metabisulphite (0.5-1.5%) at blanching time of 0.5 to 2.5 min in boiling water before drying. The response variables taken were rehydration ratio and visual colour. The optimum values of concentration of potassium metabisulphite and blanching time were found to be 0.7 % and 1.5 min respectively. The optimized values of pre-treatment conditions were used for dehydration of green chilli. The optimization of process variables were also carried out for dehydration of green chillies. Blanched green chilli samples of size (5 mm -15 mm) were dehydrated in a hot air oven at air temperature of 50⁰C - 70⁰C. The response variables selected were drying time, rehydration ratio and visual colour. The optimized value of drying air temperature and size were found to be 53 ⁰C and 13.5 mm at desirability value of 0.60. At this optimum operating condition, the drying time, value of rehydration ratio and visual colour were found to be 5.23 hours, 5.68 and 1.55 respectively. The dehydrated samples were packaged in LDPE, PET and laminated film and stored at room temperature for storage study. Green chilli samples were evaluated based on sensory score for visual colour and texture, and water activity and moisture absorption during storage. Since no appreciable change in quality parameters was found after 28 days of storage period stored in PET and laminated film, dehydrated green chilli was found to be acceptable.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN OF FIELD BUNDS BASED ON RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR NORTH CHOTANAGPUR REGION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Dang, Jane Sindhu; Rusia, D.K.Rainfall plays a major role in hydrology that finds its greatest applications in the design and operations of water resources, engineering works as well as agricultural systems. Detailed knowledge of rainfall pattern helps in planning crop calendar as well as in designing the different storage structures to meet out irrigation requirement during drought period. Analysis of consecutive days return period is a basic tool for safe and economical planning and design of structural & non-structural measures, small and medium hydraulic structures such as small dams, bridges, culverts, spillways, check dams, ponds, irrigation and drainage channel in watershed management including command area development programmes. Daily rainfall data of 25 years (1982-2006) for North Chotanagpur region were collected to analyze their best fit to four distribution namely Normal distribution, Log Normal, Extreme value type-I and Extreme value type-III. Values were selected from the monsoonal period (standard weeks 22nd–39th). The analysis indicated that the Extreme value type-I distribution gave the closest fit to the observed data and is recommended to annual maximum 1-day rainfall for the design return period. The least value of the Chi- square is taken as the best and values obtained were 0.951mm, 0.985mm, 1.884mm and 0.618mm for Bokaro, Chatra, Koderma and Hazaribag districts respectively. The rainfall data were fitted at 10, 20, 25, and 95 percent probabilities levels. The weekly rainfall data of Bokaro, Chatra, Koderma and Hazaribag district ranges between 7.7mm to 83.5mm, 5.2mm to 67.6mm, 4.7mm to 43.5mm and 5.1mm to 82.6mm respectively. These values are indicating a very large range of fluctuation during the period of study. Drought behavior in terms of normal and drought weeks on weekly basis were determined for all the districts. The study reveals that, the drought was occured in 22nd, 23rd, 38th and in 39th standard weeks. The mean of standard weekly rainfall were found to be 56.5mm, 44.8mm, 31.7mm, 55.3mm and the standard deviation was 19.6mm, 15.6mm, 9.9mm, 19.0mm. Coefficient of variation was found to be minimum in 28th (45.4mm), 29th (87.2mm) 30th (90.5mm )and 31st (68.8mm) week for Bokaro, Chatra, Koderma and Hazaribag respectively and was maximum in 22nd, 23rd,38th,and 39th week. The design of field bund using Extreme value type I distribution, the predicted annual maximum 1 day rainfall for 10, 5, 4, 2 and 1 years return period were obtained for Bokaro ( 80mm, 75.6mm, 70.1mm, 74.8mm, 55.9mm), for Chatra (65.4mm, 60.6mm, 55.8mm, 59.7mm, 46.1mm), for Koderma (40.5mm, 41.0mm, 33.3mm, 33.9mm, 35.6mm) and for Hazaribag (83.7, 72mm, 75.3mm, 69.0mm, 60.2mm) respectively. These expected 1 day maximum rainfall values for desired return period can be used for designing the bunds. The land situation was considered for design purpose in low land (fine texture soil), mid land (medium texture soil) and in upland (course texture soil) with different land slopes for 1-2%, 2-4% and 4-6%. Runoff was hypothetically assumed that for upland 25%, 35% and 45% of the total rainfall flowed as surface runoff for coarse texture soil. Similarly for mid lands the runoff was assumed to be 30%, 40% and 50% of total rainfall of slope 1-2%, 2-4% and 4-6% constant for low lands 35%, 45% and 55% runoff was assumed for 1-2%, 2-4% and 4-6% respectively. The design parameters like vertical interval, horizontal interval and length of bund depending on the low, medium and heavy rainfall characteristics were also considered. For Bokaro district the design upland the cross section area varies from (0.56 to 0.50 m2 ) the top width (0.38 to 0.11 m) and bottom width (1.54 to 1.41 m), mid land the cross section area varies from (0.67 to 0.56 m2 ) the top width (0.57 to 0.10 m) and bottom width (1.73 to 1.50 m) and in low land the cross section area varies from (0.78 to 0.61 m2 ) the top width (0.76 to 0.14 m) and bottom width (1.92-1.58 m). In upland the cross section area varies from (0.56 to 0.50 m2 ) the top width (0.38 to 0.11 m) and bottom width (1.54 to 1.41 m), mid land the cross section area varies from (0.67 to 0.56 m2 ) the top width (0.57 to 0.10 m) and bottom width (1.73 to 1.50 m) and in low land the cross section area varies from (0.78 to 0.61 m2 ) the top width (0.76 to 0.14 m) and bottom width (1.92-1.58 m) for the Chatra district. Koderma district the different land situation the dimensions of field bunds, in upland the cross section area varies from (0.41 to 0.37 m2 ) the top width (0.12 to 0.20 m) and bottom width (1.28 to 1.40 m), mid land the cross section area varies from (0.49 to 0.41 m2 ) the top width (0.26-0.14 m) and bottom width (1.42 to1.48 m) and in low land the cross section area varies from (0.57 to 0.45 m2 ) the top width (0.40 to 0.14 m) and bottom width (1.56-1.54 m). In upland the cross section area of the Hazaribag district was varies from (0.60 to 0.54 m2 ) the top width (0.65 to 0.27 m) and bottom width (1.65 to 1.67 m), mid land the cross section area varies from (0.72 to 0.60 m2 ) the top width (0.89 to 0.15 m) and bottom width (1.89 to1.55 m) and in low land the cross section area varies from (0.84 to 0.66 m2 ) the top width (0.43 to 0.22 m) and bottom width (1.59 to1.62 m). The predicted rainfall for the desired return period using extreme value type I distribution and consequent estimated runoff can be safely used for designing the bunds.
