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ThesisItem Open Access THE EFFECT OF LONG TERM MANURING AND FERTILJIZATION OF CROP YIELD AND FERTILITY LEVEL OF TYPIC HAPLUSTALF SOIL(Birsa Agricultural University, 1987) LAL, SURESH; MATHUR, B.S.1. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers either singly or in combination had detrimental effect on the productivity of an acid soil. They developed unbalanced cationic and anionic environment in soil and hence affected the soil fertility. 2.Cumulative effect of organic manure (FYM) showed marked improvement in soil fertility by maintaining physical and chemical properties of soils. Even half dose of FYM in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers maintained the yield to a fairly high level. 3. Lime application as per lime requirement along with balanced dose of NPK had proved the superiority over the rest of the treatments in maintaining soil fertility and productivity. But due to high removal of nutrients it might be expected that some micronutrients might become limiting factor for normal crop production in the long run.. In view of the above findings it is recommended that use of chemical fertilizers alone should be avoided in acid soil of Chotanagpur. Application of lime as per lime requirement along with fertilizers is essential in such soils and use of organic manure over and above inorganic fertilizers is equally beneficial. Lastly, addition of micronutrients on soil test basis should also be kept in mind for maintaining the soil fertility and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF EDAPHIC FACTORS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF FOREST SEEDLINGS IN RANCHI, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Mahato, Ashok Kumar; Mahto, M.The research entitled with ‘’Influence of Edaphic factors on growth and yield of forest seedlings in Ranchi, Jharkhand’’ to find out the maximum growth and yield of the tree species in the available soil conditions of the site. Forest department of Jharkhand has done the reforestation work in the site located at Bhusur (Ormanjhi), 30 km away from Birsa Agricultural University campus, in the year 2017 with four different tree species, namely Acacia, Chakundi, Bakain and Teak. The purpose of reforestation is to meet the demands of the local inhabitant and to check the site against soil erosion. The current experiment was carried out using RBD experimental design taking 4 treatments (T1 is Cassia siamea, T2 is Acacia auriculiformis, T3 is Melia azedarach and T4 is Tectona grandis ) and 5 replications.. Following are the objectives of the experiment- To study the Physico-chemical properties of soils of the site in relation to growth of the seedlings, Traits association analysis of Edaphic factors with growth, yield and survival of seedlings and To study the survival and growth of seedlings. Following parameters were measured during the experiment, growth parameter- Height (cm), Diameter (cm), Basal Area (m2), Volume, Crown width (m3), Number of branches, Survival of seedling (%) and Soil parameters- Soil moisture, Soil texture, Soil Organic Carbon, Soil pH, Soil available Nitrogen, Soil available Phosphorus, soil available Potassium. The results for the soil parameters are, moisture percentage of the soil is 15.59%, Soil texture is sandy loam, soil organic carbon is 0.198, pH is 4.64, Soil available Nitrogen 211.23, Soil available Phosphorus is 14.07 and soil available Potassium is 166.43. Above soil conditions influenced the growth and yield of seedlings species in the following manners, Maximum height among the different seedling species of Bhusur, Ormanjhi was found under treatment T2 Acacia auriculiformis (2.30 m) and it was at par with T1 Cassia siamea (1.85 m), T3 Melia azedarach (1.73 m) and least was found under treatment T4 Tectona grandis. The maximum number of branches was found in case of treatment T2, Acasia auriculiformis (15.82) followed by T1, Cassia siamea (13.27), T3 Melia azedarach (3.24) which was at par with the least value which was treatment T4 Tectona grandis (1.77). The maximum value of girth was found in case of treatment T2 Acasia auriculiformis (2.32 cm) which was at par with treatment T1 Cassia siamea (2.13 cm) followed by T3 Melia Azedarach (0.66 cm) which was at par with the treatment T4 Tectona grandis (0.62 cm) which was having least value. The maximum value of diameter was found in T2 Acacia auriculiformis (0.74 cm) which was at par with the treatment T1 Cassia siamea (0.68 cm), Melia azedarach (0.21 cm), and minimum was found in T4 Tectona grandis (0.2 cm).The maximum crown spread was found in case of treatment T1 Cassia siamea (1.93 m) followed by T2 Acacia auriculiformis (1.69 m), T3 Melia azedarach (0.95 m) and minimum was found in T4 Tectona grandis (0.31 m). Significantly highest basal area was found in case of T2 Acacia auriculiformis (0.22 ) followed by T3 Melia azedarach (0.09 ) which was at par with the treatment T1 Cassia siamea (0.07 ) and least was found in case of treatment T4 Tectona grandis (0.05 ). In case of volume, Significant highest volume ( ) was found in case of Acacia auriculiformis (0.50 ). Followed by Cassia siamea (0.29 ), Melia azedarach (0.07 ) and it was at par with the treatment, tectona grandis (0.04 ). And The maximum survival percentage among different seedling species of Bhusur Ormanjhi was found under treatment T1 Cassia Siamea (73.39 %) and it was at per with the treatment T2 Acacia auriculiformis (72.39 %), T3 Melia azedarach 964.05 %) and least was found under treatment T4 Tectona grandis (47.00 %). In case of plant height, diameter, girth, and number of branches among four species, Acacia auriculiformis showed the maximum growth and Cassia siamea showed the maximum crown spread. In case of basal area and volume Acacia auriculiformis has showed more basal area and volume. Cassia siamea has showed the maximum survival %, followed by Acacia auriculiformis, Melia azedarach and least is Tectona grandis. The soil of the site is sandy loam which suits Acasia auriculiformis to grow better than Cassia siamea, Melia azedarach and Tectona grandis. In respect to all the growth parameters Tectona grandis showed the least growth as well as survival percentage.ThesisItem Open Access “EVALUATION OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN DEOGHAR DISTRICT, JHARKHAND”(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumar, Prashant; Malik, M.S.The perception of farmers' towards attitude & knowledge including motivational factors pertaining to adoption of agroforestry systems holds the key for addressing the current problems like widening the gap between demand and supply of tree products, deforestation and environmental degradation. However, the development of agroforestry as a viable option for farmers in diverse ecological and socio-economic conditions has become very challenging issue. Many researchers highlighted that farmers positive perception towards agro-forestry have significantly positive effects on adoption of agroforestry. Keeping these facts, the present study was taken in three blocks of Deoghar district with the objectives namely i) To survey and identify the existing agroforestry practices and ii) To assess the socio-economic impacts on the farmers. Three blocks (Palojori, Sarath & Mohanpur), six panchayats (Matiyara, Bandhdih, Kerabank, Bochbandh, Dahijor & Banka) and 240 households (40 from each panchayat) were selected. Questionnaire was prepared and data on different parameters were collected by adopting multi-stage random sampling. Collected data on various parameters were statistically analysed to draw meaningful conclusions. The major findings could be summarized as, out of the total respondents (240), maximum number of respondents belong to 31-40 years (76, 31.67%), followed by 51-60 years (62, 25.83%) and minimum in 21-30 years (15, 6.25%). 87.09% (209) of the respondents in the study area were male and 12.91% (31) were female. Among the social caste status of respondents, maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (110, 45.83%), followed by General category (74, 30.83%) and minimum by ST category (11, 4.58%). 72.50% (174) of the respondents belong to medium family population status. In ethnic groups and religion categories, 96.25% (231) belongs to Hindu religion and remaining three religions have very meagre representation. As far as the education status of respondents is concerned, maximum number belongs to elementary educational status (67, 27.91%), closely followed by illiterate category (64, 25.67%) and high school category (56, 23.34%). Among the housing status, more than half of the respondents (126, 52.51%) have mixed housing status i.e; they have both the kuccha and pucca house. The data of primary occupational status indicated that nearly three-fourth (76.25%, 183) were engaged in farming activities, followed by others (119, 49.58%). The number of respondents engaged in private or govt. job was very less. Large variation was recorded in number of farmers under different categories as indicated by large S.E (m) (20.50%). Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase or decrease in number of the respondents had non-significant impact on their occupational status. However, increase in literacy rate of farmers was significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). The number of livestock under different categories of farmers had maximum number of poultry, followed by goat and cattle and least in buffalo. Most of the respondents used both stall feeding and grazing (175, 72.91%). Feeding of cattle through green fodder was recorded as 28 (11.66%) only. Among the monthly income of respondents, 23.33% (56) of the respondents earned Rs.7001-9000, closely followed by Rs.5001-7000 (22.92%, 55). Farmers having monthly income more than Rs.9001 were 65 (27.09%). Most of the respondents were engaged in farming by engaging their own family labour (55.00%, 132), followed by hired labour (40.83%, 98). Among the crop productivity of Kharif crops, maximum productivity was of paddy, recorded as 24-34 q/ha, and for maize, it was 19-24 q/ha. In Rabi crops, maximum productivity was of wheat, recorded as 21-24 q/ha. In vegetables category, the maximum productivity was of potato, recorded as 190-210 q/ha. Most of the respondents followed sole cropping (184, 76.67%), followed by mixed cropping (42, 17.50%) and least by inter cropping (14, 5.83%). Fish pond was not available to 77.92% (187) of the respondents. As far as cumulative land-use pattern is concerned, more than 3/4th of the respondents in all categories were following agriculture, followed by different agroforestry practices and horticulture practices. Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were noticed, in which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Correlation matrix between farmers’ category and respective land-use practices indicated that increasing the number of farmers under different categories had highly significant correlation with number of farmers engaged in agriculture (0.999), and significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation, but non-significant impact on farmers engaged in apiculture. Among the different agroforestry practices, home garden component was followed by 54 (22.50%) number of respondents, followed by tree around fish pond (53, 22.08%). Agrisilviculture was also followed by 21.25% (51) of the respondents. The correlation matrix between different farmers’ category engaged in different agroforestry practices indicated that increasing or decreasing the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992), which indicates the tremendous scope of agroforestry practices of kitchen garden in Deoghar district. Main tree crops among different agroforestry practices was Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Gmelina arborea and Moringa oleifera, while in agriculture crop category, it was Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum etc. In horticulture crops, it was Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Citrus limon and Syzygium cumini. Maximum number of trees/ha was recorded in kitchen garden under different categories, followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. Correlation matrix between different farmers categories and number of trees/ha indicated that increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively. Nearly 95.41% (229) of the respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees around their farms, and in case of planting timber species, its number was 179 (74.50%). Cumulative preferences of species for future tree planting indicated that out of the 15 tree species, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna were top five preferred species. In horticulture crops, top five species were Mangifera indica, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini and Carica papaya. In fuel wood tree species, top three preferred species were Melia azedarach, Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala and in fodder tree species, it was Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia pinnata and Bauhinia variegata. So, it may be concluded that in the study area, most of the respondents engaged in farming and agro-forestry practices were male (87.09%) and maximum number of respondents belongs to 31-40 years (31.67%). 96.25% belongs to Hindu religion, out of which maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (45.83%). Nearly 53.6% of the respondents had illiterate to elementary educational status and nearly three-fourth of respondents (76.25%) were engaged in farming activities. Low monthly income (Rs.5001-9000) was observed for nearly 46.2% of the respondents. Both stall feeding and grazing (72.91%) was prevailed in the study area. Mainly sole cropping (76.67%) was dominated in the study area followed by mixed cropping (17.50%). Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were identified, out of which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Practice of home garden was found prevalent in the study area (22.50%) with maximum number of trees/ha followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. More percentage (95.41%) of respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees than timber trees (74.50%) around their farms. Among the choice of timber species, they wish to plant Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna in descending order. Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase in literacy rate of respondents leads to increased number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). Highly significant correlation was observed between numbers of farmers under different categories with agriculture (0.999), and significant with agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation. Increase or decrease in the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agri-silviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992). Increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively.
