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ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of protocol for in vitro regeneration in Hylocereus polyrhyzus (Weber) Britton and rose (Dragon fruit)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) RANI, NEHA; Banerjee, MadhuparnaDragon fruit is also known as pitaya or the strawberry pear, and is a beautiful tropical fruit that is sweet and crunchy in taste. Dragon fruit is actually a type of cactus which includes about 20 different species. Hylocereus polyrhyzus is one of the species in which the fruit is red fleshed. This plant is mainly popular in Southeast Asia and Latin America, however, dragon fruit is now grown and enjoyed all over the world. Dragon fruit was named after its appearance which is somewhat similar to an artichoke. The pointy scales around the oval shaped fruit is reminiscent of a dragon. The fruit comes in four varieties three are pink-skinned, one with white flesh, one with red flesh, and the third with purple flesh. The fourth variety has yellow skin with white flesh. All have tiny black seeds that are edible, just like kiwifruit. It is also rich with potassium, protein, fiber, Sodium and Calcium which is good for health than other fruit. Dragon fruit is usually propagated by seeds or cuttings. The in vitro culture is one of the best techniques for mass propagation and crop improvement to increase productivity leading to full supply of the demand. In the present work, an efficient in vitro method for plantlet regeneration explants of H. polyrhyzus (Variety- Red Singhal) was developed. The best survival percentage during surface sterilization of H. polyrhyzus (Variety- Red Singhal) explants were achieved by treating explant with 0.05% of HgCl2 for 20 minutes. Shoot multiplication was induced on MS media supplemented with 3.0 mg/l of BAP, 100 mg/l AdSO4 and 100 mg/l ascorbic acid. Highest number of shoots per explant (7 shoots) was observed after 45 days of inoculation in the same media.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Liquid Paraffin and Carbon Dioxide on shelf life and quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Bombay Green(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumari, Nidhi; Kumar Tiwary, ArunMango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered as "King of all fruits" due to its excellent aroma, attractive colour, delicious and juicy pulp packed with vitamins and minerals particularly vitamin-A. Being climacteric in nature, they ripen rapidly after harvest in about 3 to 9 days. High moisture content, soft texture of fruits and susceptibility to various pathogenic infections are limiting factors to its shelf life. The present investigation entitled “Effect of Liquid Paraffin and Carbon Dioxide on shelf life and quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Bombay Green” was carried out in the PG lab of Department of Horticulture, Ranchi Agriculture College, B.A.U. in the year 2018. The studies were undertaken with a view to enhance shelf life with maintained fruit quality and to know the effect of pedicel length, liquid paraffin and CO2 concentration on it. The level of liquid paraffin used has a concentration of 6% and the pedicel length were 0 cm, 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm. The CO2 concentration was maintained at 1%. The data from all the 10 treatments were analysed by CRD. Result of the present investigations revealed that different post-harvest treatments exhibited a significant effect on improvement in fruit quality along with extended shelf life. Physical changes viz. physiological loss in weight (PLW), physiological loss in volume, reduction in size (length and width) and fruit spoilage were significantly varied positively over control. On the 15th day of investigation, whole fruits coated with liquid paraffin having no pedicel (T9) exhibited minimum PLW (12.16%) followed by the fruits kept in 1% CO2 (13.17%). However, maximum PLW (26.55%) was recorded in control (T10). Irrespective of treatments a decreasing trend in size (length and width) and the volume of fruits was noticed during the storage period. The highest value of reduction was observed in fruits which remained untreated and stored under ambient conditions. An overall per cent decrease in length varied from 3.14% in T9 (whole coated fruits with no pedicel) to 8.59% in control (T10). Similar, per cent decrease in width was recorded highest (13.04%) in T10 (control) and least of 4.21% in T9. Minimum loss in volume (17.70%) and the maximum loss in volume (38.25%) were recorded in T9 and T10, respectively. Among all the treatments, whole fruit coated with no pedicel (T9) proved to be most effective for increasing the shelf-life (13.3 days) which was followed by the fruits kept in 1% carbon dioxide (12 days). In control, the shelf life reported was 6.5 days. The higher TSS (18.11 oB), total sugar (13.08%), reducing sugar (6.98%), non-reducing sugar (6.10%), titratable acidity (0.317%) and ascorbic acid content (20.46 mg/100 g) were observed on 15th day of storage under the treatment in which whole fruits having no pedicel were coated. Thus, the good fruit qualities were maintained until the 15th day of storage. Net profit of control was found to be ` 180.64 for 100 mangoes and that of whole coated fruit with no pedicel was ` 492.41. So whole coated fruit with no pedicel achieved a profit of ` 311.77 over control. The marginal return per rupee of whole coated fruit with no pedicel was found maximum i.e. 1:2.28 which indicates that just by coating the entire fruits the farmer can earn comparatively more. Hence, on the basis of the above inferences, it may be concluded that the mango fruits cv. „Bombay Green‟ can be stored at ambient storage conditions well to prolonged periods with better retention of physical and physico-chemical properties and at the same time, fetch higher economic returns, if the whole fruit is coated with liquid paraffin (6%).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Liquid Paraffin and Carbon Dioxide on shelf life and quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Himsagar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Mishra, Sarika; Kumar Tiwary, ArunMango is one of the most extensively exploited fruits for food, juice, flavor, fragrance and colour, making it a common ingredient in new functional foods often called super fruits. In the harvesting season there is a glut of fruits in the market so in these days farmers can’t get reasonable price. So, it becomes imperative to prolong the shelf life of the fruits in the best interest of farmer’s community and consumers as well. An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the Effect of Liquid Paraffin and Carbon Dioxide on physical and chemical attributes of Mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Himsagar during storage period at ambient conditions. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with total ten treatments and three replications (300fruits). Concentration of liquid paraffin used was of 6% which was used on variety of pedicel length such as 0 cm, 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm. The data from all the 10 treatments were analyzed by CRD. The parameters were recorded regularly starting from the day of harvest followed by 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11 th, 13th and on 15th day of harvest. Maximum shelf life was obtained in T9 i.e. whole fruits coated with liquid paraffin without pedicel (15 days) which was followed by the fruits kept in Carbon dioxide incubator (13.1 days) (T1). The minimum was found in control (T10) (7.6 days). The same trend was observed in almost all physical parameters i.e. physiological loss in weight, physiological loss in volume, reduction in length and width of fruits and spoilage percentage. Among chemical parameters, in TSS, treatment T1 was affected significantly. Its highest value (19.21 0Brix) was recorded in fruits kept in CO2 chamber on 13th day of storage as compared with control (17.32 0Brix) which was highest on 7th day. While in case of total and reducing sugars, maximum was observed in whole fruit coated with liquid paraffin and minimum in control. The titratable acidity was found maximum in whole fruit coated with liquid paraffin without pedicel and minimum in control. The similar results were observed for Ascorbic Acid content. It can be concluded that the whole fruit coated with 6% liquid paraffin without pedicel proved to be the best among all the treatments. Different post harvest treatments exhibited significant effect on improvement in fruit quality along with extended shelf life. Among all the treatments, the full fruit coated with 6% liquid paraffin without pedicel proved most effective for increasing the shelf-life (15 days) with maintained fruit quality [i.e. 12.45 % PLW, 21.41 % fruit spoilage, 19.21 °Brix TSS,16.42 % total sugar, 5.25 % reducing sugar 11.15 % non reducing sugar] on mean basis with respect to storage period. Finally it may be concluded that whole fruit coated with 6% liquid paraffin without pedicel can be used readily and can be effectively utilized to increase the shelf-life with maintained fruit quality in mango cv. Himsagar at ambient storage conditions. The marginal return per rupee of whole coated fruit was found maximum i.e. 1:2.41 which indicates that just by coating the fruits the farmer can earn comparatively more than fruits left untreated.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF PHENOPRINT IN JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Horo, Seema; Nath, SachindraArtocarpus heterophyllus Lam., bearing the largest edible fruit in the world, is a tropical evergreen tree belonging to the family Moraceae and commonly known as kathal in Jharkhand. The experiment was conducted at ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, Regional Station, New Bhusur, Ranchi, Jharkhand and the selected crop was Jackfruit at ripening stage. Total Accessions were one hundred ten (110) under study, germplasm collected from different habitates of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Meghalaya and Assam. Experimental design was augmented design in the study. Observations were recorded as per the descriptors provided by the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) in the study. Out of total fifty three (53) parameters taken, twenty seven (27) were qualitative parameters and twenty six (26) were quantitative parameters. Observations were taken on five randomly selected fruit per accession. Statistical analysis of qualitative phenotypic traits were coded for the presence (1) and absence (0) of each alternate form. Diversity parameters were calculated using POPGENE v 1.32 with 1000 permutations. The neighbour joining dendrogram based on Nei’s unbiased pairwise genetic distances among genotypes was constructed in MEGA 6. Graphic presentation method based on alternate forms for the morphological descriptors, which we describe as ‘Phenoprint’. The Phenoprint was developed using Microsoft Excel 2013, in which the binary data was represented as bar (s); black bar for the presence of the variable and grey bar for the absence to provide uniqueness for each of the genotype. Different morphological characters that contributed most to the observed phenotypic variance are identified by principal component analysis (PCA) in the software SAS 9.2. Objectives of the study planned for the study are to identify candidate traits for phenoprint in jackfruit, to scale diversity of candidate traits in jackfruit accession and to develop phenoprint of jackfruit. In the present study results highlight out of the total 27 qualitative traits, 18 characters identified suitable for phenoprint development in jackfruit. Beside’s significant diversity have been recorded for most of the vegetative and reproductive attributes in the jackfruits that revealed through quantitative and qualitative analysis. Among all the three agro ecological popualtion the genetic distance between central north eastern plateau and south eastern plateau is zero while the maximum genetic distance between south eastern plateau and western plateau were recorded. This is first report in crop like jackfruit, globally. The finding will not only establish identity of each accession but also will help to ensure purity of superior accession during multiple chain. Therefore the phenoprint is going to play key role in possible commodification of jackfruit.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF MANGO BASED AGRIHORTICULTURE SYSTEM AT BHANDRA BLOCK OF LOHARDAGA DISTRICT IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Sahu, Saraswati; Sah, R.B.The study entitled “Performance of Mango Based Agri-Horticulture System at Bhandra Block of Lohardaga District in Jharkhand” was conducted at Dhanamunji Village, Bhandra Block in Lohardaga District of Jharkhand during the year 2017-2018 with the objectives: (1) To study the growth and yield of Mango under Agri- Horticulture system. (2) To study the growth and yield performance of Mustard and Linseed under Mango based Agri-Horticulture system. (3) To study the economics of Agri-Horticulture system in combination of Mustard and Linseed with Mango. The design adopted was RBD with five treatments and four replications. They were: T1: Mango+Mustard, T2: Mango+ Linseed, T3: Sole Mango, T4: Sole Mustard and T5: Sole Linseed. The fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) (var. Amrapalli) expressed significant increase due to intercropping and was higher in T1 (36.68 kg/ha) than in T2 (34.57 kg/ha). The maximum height of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) (var. Laxmi) plant at harvest was found in T4 (115.00 cm) and minimum was found in T1 (113.07 cm). Almost similar trend was followed in number of primary branches/plant, number of siliquae/plant, number of seed/siliqua, test weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index (%) too. The maximum height of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (var. Neelam) plant at harvest was found in T5 (53.08 cm) and minimum was found in T2 (51.50 cm). Almost similar trend was followed in number of capsules/plant, number of seed/capsule, test weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index (%) too. The maximum net monetary return ( 82,209 per ha) was found in T1 treatment and was followed by T2 ( 71,771 per ha), T3 ( 41,090 per ha), T4 ( 25,608 per ha) and minimum ( 18,731 per ha) in T5. The benefit cost ratio varied from 2.12 - 3.95 and was maximum (3.95) in T1 followed by T2 (3.55) and was minimum (2.12) in T5. Non-significant reduction in pH and available nitrogen content of soil but nonsignificant increase in available phosphorus and potassium in all the treatments at the harvest. Likewise, there was non-significant increase in water holding capacity and organic carbon content of the soil in all treatments at the harvest. Hence, it can be concluded that cultivation of mustard and linseed under agrihorticulture system is a profitable cultivation practice for farmers of Jharkhand region. The intercultural operations, water management and manures and fertilizer management of field crops improved the flowering and fruiting of mango. Farmers can be benefited by practicing mango-based agri-horticulture system through additional income, on-farm employment, and better nutritional and food security. Keywords – Mango, Linseed, Mustard, Agri-horticulture, Growth Yield, Economic analysis.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth AT SEEDLING STAGE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Jyoti Prakash, Jay; Oraon, P.R.with the following objectives: (i) To study the seed characteristics and germination behaviour of Albizzia lebbeck seed sown in the soil of polybags treated with inorganic ,organic and biofertilizers(ii) To find out comparative efficiency of chemical , organic and biofertilizers on growth characteristics of Albizzia lebbeck at seedling stage. The nursery layout was made according to the requirements of the study. The study was conducted for time period of 6 months. The various treatment compositions were made by using inorganic, organic and biofertilizers with various levels. The seed characteristics were studied before sowing into the polybag. The germination parameters of the Albizzia lebbeck under the influence of various treatments were studied. The growth parameters as well as quality parameters were also studied. The physiological parameters of the seedlings were also studied in this research work. Final germination percentages (G) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (G) was found in PSB and Urea treatment combinations, the lowest mean germination time was found in PSB and Ureai.e. (942.25 hrs), germination rate index (GRI) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum germination rate index (GRI) was seen in treatment combination having PSB, Brady rhizobium japonicum, Karanj cake and Urea (5.94%) while germination index (GI) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (GI) was seen in PSB and Urea(322.33). The growth parameters also showed variation among the treatment combinations. Shoot length of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum shoot length was in PSB and Urea (40.73 cm),root length of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum root length was in PSB and Urea (29.10 cm), collar diameter of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum collar diameter was in Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake(5.07 mm). The quality parameters were found to be significantly different between treatments. Root-shoot ratio of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum root-shoot ratio was in treatment containing sole Urea (1.29),vigour index (V.I) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (V.I) was in treatment in PSB and Urea combination (6486.65),sturdiness quotient (S.Q) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (S.Q) was in PSB and Urea combination (8.95) and Dickson quality index (Q.I) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (Q.I) was in Brady rhizobium japonicum(1.92). The eco-physiological growth parameters showed that the biofertilizers along with combination of inorganic fertilizers increases relative growth rate of the seedlings and accumulates more biomass as compared to the other treatments. The relative growth rate for two intervals are found maximum in PSB and Urea treatment combination (T8) 0.40 gday-1 and 1.04 gday-1, the Net assimilation rate for two intervals are found maximum in PSB and Urea treatment combination (T8) 0.55 gcm-2d-1and 0.92 gcm-2d-1. The leaf area ratios for 4 intervals have been recorded as follows: in LAR-1 the maximum was found in treatment combinations of Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake (T7)165.98cm2g-1, in LAR-2 the maximum was in (T7) 290 cm2g-1while in LAR-3 and LAR-4 the maximum value was found in treatment combinations of PSB and Urea (T8) 393.37 cm2g-1and 375.45 cm2g-1. The Physico-chemical characteristics of experimental soil after harvest of the seedlings are also studied. There was enrichment in soil available nitrogen and phosphorous due to action of Phosphorous solublizing bacteria and Rhizobial action. The available nitrogen was found maximum in treatment combinations of Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake (T7) i.e. 371.2 kgha-1. While available phosphorous was found maximum in treatment combinations of PSB and Urea (T8) i.e. 37.83 Kgha-1.ThesisItem Open Access FLORISTIC AND CARBON STORAGE PATTERN IN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST OF RANCHI EAST DIVISION, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) RANJAN PANDA, MIHIR; Tirkey, P.The study entitled “Floristic and Carbon Storage Pattern in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest of Ranchi East Division, Jharkhand”was conducted in Horhap forest, Mahilong Range, Ranchi during the year 2018-2019. Which was conducted with the following objectives: (i) To determine the vegetational composition and diversity of Horhap forest (ii) To estimate the biomass and carbon stock of Horhap forest. The entire area was divided into two sites. The study was conducted in five different layers of dry deciduous forest. The variation in composition, structure, diversity, biomass and carbon stock in different layers were quantified. Biomass for each forest fragment was estimated using allometric equations based on the relationship between girth of a tree and dry weight of component. The simple random sampling procedure was followed.Quadrates of 10x10 m2 was taken for trees, saplings and shrubs. While 2x2 m2 quadrates for seedling and 50x50 cm2 quadrates for herbs were taken. A total of 1810 trees ha-1 representing 20 species and 15 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 1430 trees ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were found. The total tree basal area was varied between 35.97 to 48.01 m2 ha-1. A total of 1080 saplings ha-1 representing 18 species and 15 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 1240 saplings ha-1 representing 16 species and 13 families were found. The total sapling basal area was varied between 4.67 to 5.42 m2 ha-1. A total of 45500 seedlings ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 56500 seedlings ha-1 representing 14 species and 12 families were found. The total seedling basal area was varied between 3.78- 3.88 m2 ha-1. A total of 7540 shrubs ha-1 representing 7 species and 6 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 7740 shrubs ha-1 representing 6 species and 5 families were found. The total shrub basal area was varied between 1.002- 2.25 m2 ha-1. A total of 299600 herbs ha-1 representing 17 species and 8 families were encountered in site I. Similarly, in site II a total of 476400 herbs ha-1 representing 22 species and 12 families were found. The total herb basal area was varied between 0.68- 1.35 m2 ha-1. Shorea robusta showed highest value of IVI in tree sapling and seedling layers, whereas Lygodium japonicum showed highest value of IVI in shrubs and Cynodon dactylon showed highest value of IVI in herbs. Shannon index ranged from 2.43-2.97 for trees, 3.07-3.08 for saplings, 2.21- 2.26 for seedlings, 1.53-1.65 for shrubs and 3.30-3.39 for herbs. The Concentration of dominance were 0.24-0.33 for trees, 0.19-0.21 for saplings, 0.37-0.4 for seedlings, 0.46- 0.48 for shrubs and 0.13-0.14 for herbs. Equitability ranged from 0.92-0.99 for trees, 1.0 for saplings, 0.84-0.86 for seedlings, 0.85-0.86 for shrubs and 1.0 for herbs. Species richness ranged from 1.79-2.53 for trees, 2.11-2.43 for saplings, 1.19-1.21 for seedlings, 0.56-0.67 for shrubs and 1.27-1.6 for herbs. Total tree biomass recorded in site I was 386.91 t ha-1 of which 333.31 t ha-1 AGB and 53.6 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 297.04 t ha-1 of which 254.84 t ha-1 AGB and 42.2 t ha-1 BGB. Total sapling biomass recorded in site I was 22.3t ha-1 of which 18.06 t ha-1 AGB and 4.24 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 24.23 t ha-1 of which 19.86 t ha-1 AGB and 4.37 t ha-1 BGB. Total seedling biomass recorded in site I was 9.23t ha-1 of which 7.14 t ha-1 AGB and 2.09 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 7.24 t ha-1 of which 5.62t ha-1 AGB and 1.63 t ha-1 BGB. Total shrub biomass recorded in site I was 5.34t ha-1 of which 4.42 t ha-1 AGB and 0.92 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 2.803 t ha-1 of which 2.328 t ha-1 AGB and 0.475 t ha-1 BGB. Total herb biomass recorded in site I was 1.49 t ha-1 of which 1.24 t ha-1 AGB and 0.25 t ha-1 BGB. Where as in site II total tree biomass was recorded 297.04 t ha-1 of which 254.84 t ha-1 AGB and 42.2 t ha-1 BGB. The forest floor biomass in site I was recorded 389.1g m-2, of which leaves litter 176.46 g m-2, twigs 80.69 g m-2 and dead wood 131.95 g m-2. The forest floor biomass in site II was recorded 450.78 g m-2, of which leaves litter 227.06 g m-2, twigs 74.73 g m-2 and dead wood 148.99 g m-2. Total carbon stock was recorded in tree 129.21- 168.43 t ha-1, sapling 9.56- 10.40 t ha-1, seedlings 3.07-3.91 t ha-1, shrubs 1.21- 2.3 t ha-1 and herbs0.72- 1.32 t ha-1. In case of top soil (0-10 cm depth) status was varied form 5.54-5.55 for pH, 0.89 -1.06 for organic carbon (%), 293.895-330.12 for available N (kg ha-1), 15.75- 19.125 for available P (kg ha-1), 140.625 -155.25 for available k (kg ha-1). Similarly for subsurface (10-20cm depth) status was varied form 5.53-5.54 for pH,0.765-0.9 for organic carbon (%),249.79-279.72 for available N (kg ha-1), 14.625 -17.44 for available P (kg ha-1), 137.25-150.75 for available k (kg ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WATERING FREQUENCIES ON THE SEED GERMINATION, SEEDLING GROWTH & QUALITY OF TWO AGROFORESTRY SPECIES VIZ. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. AND Gmelina arborea Roxb(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Gupta, Preeti; Sivaji, V.The research work entitled “Effect of different watering frequencies on the seed germination, seedling growth and quality of two agroforestry species viz Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Gmelina arborea Roxb. “was undertaken at the Nursery site .Faculty of forestry, B.A.U. during the period from June, 2018 to November, 2018.The study was conducted with objective to study the germination, growth and quality of Dalbergia sissoo and Gmelina arborea at six different watering frequencies viz. Daily Watering (W1), Watering 3rd day (W2), Watering 6th day (W3), Watering 9th day (W4), Watering 12th day (W5) and Watering 15th Day (W6). To achieve the objectives the research was carried out under 4 experiments, each laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design, replicated three times and provided with six watering frequencies. Experiment 1 and 2 were conducted for studying the germination of Dalbergia sissoo (S1) and Gmelina arborea (S2) respectively where both the species germination was studied independently for one month. Seed germination of both the species were recorded on daily basis from each treatment. Experiment 3 with Dalbergia sissoo (D) and 4 with Gmelina arborea (G) were conducted for the study of growth and quality of seedlings of both the species under six watering frequencies. Results pertaining to the data of Experiment 1 (Dalbergia sissoo) and 2 (Gmelina arborea) showed that increasing intervals of watering frequencies delays the germination of seeds of both the species and also reduces the germination percentage and germination energy. In experiments 1 and 2 data recorded on commencement of germination showed that S1W1, S1W2, S1W3 are at par and significantly different from S1W6. In Gmelina arborea S2W1, S2W2, S2W3, and S2W4 (at par) are statistically different from S2W5, S2W6 which are at par with each other .ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN FODDER OAT + LATHYRUS INTERCROPPING SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Tirkey, Niketa; Kumar, BirendraHuge livestock population of Indian subcontinent is not only a source of livelihood for poor, but also a source for human and crop nutrition. India supports nearly 20 % of the world livestock and 16.8 % human population on a land area of only 2.3 %. It is leader in cattle (16%) and buffalo (55%) population and has world’s second largest goat (20%) and fourth largest sheep (5%) population (ICAR, 2009). The livestock sector adds almost 32% of Agriculture output in India. But, the area under fodder cultivation is only 4 % of total cropped area. The area under fodder cultivation is only 8.3 m ha (4 % of total cropped area). At present, the country faces a net deficit of 61.1% green fodder and also recent population trends of India is not matching with the required trend of livestock growth rate (Datta, 2013). Cattles and other lactating animal needed balance quality diet (Tripathy et al., 2009). As feed and fodder contains about 60% of total cost of milk production (Singh, 2008), thus good quality of green fodder having sufficient nutritive value are the demand of the day. The present investigation entitled “Integrated Nutrient Management in fodder oat + lathyrus intercropping system” was carried out during Rabi season of 2017-2018 at forage research field situated at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi with the objective to find out the effect of fodder oat+ lathyrus intercropping system and INM on growth, yield, quality and economics of green herbage. The experimental plot was well drained with a fairly uniform topography. The climate of the region is sub-humid. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with four cropping stems in main plot. sole oat, sole lathyrus, oat + lathyrus (3:2) and oat + lathyrus (3:3) and three integrated nutrient management as 100 per cent RDF (inorganic), 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N through FYM and 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N through vermicompost under Sub-plot. Inoculation of Rhizobium @ 500 g/ha in lathyrus and Azotobactor @ 500 g/ha in oat were carried through seed treatment. Bio- fertilizer (Azotobactor) having more than 108 CFUg-1 was used and seed treatment was carried with bavistin (fungicide) @ 2 g kg-1 of seed. Oat variety JHO-99-2 with a seed rate of 80 kg/ha and lathyrus variety ‘Mahateora’ with a seed rate of 50 kg/ha were sown at 25 cm R-R distance. RDF of oat and lathyrus were 60:40:20 and 30:40:20 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha respectively. Result showed that oat + lathyrus (3:2), grown at 100 % RDF as inorganic recorded higher plant height (149.70 cm) of oat while longer vine length of lathyrus (103.67 cm) grown under 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost). Fodder oat equivalent yield (FOEY) 374.87 q/ha and productivity per day (green 5.20 & dry 1.52 q/ha/day) were recorded significantly more under oat + lathyrus (3:2) at 50 % N of RDF + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost). It was 143 % more than at 100 % RDF as inorganic. Crude protein content in fodder lathyrus (14.82%) was nearly 47.0 % more than fodder oat (10.06 %). Total crude protein yield (CPY) 12.09 qha-1 was obtained when lathyrus was sown with oat in 3:2 ratio at 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost). Organic carbon and soil pH were not influenced by intercropping system and nutrient management, while more available N, P and K were recorded under oat + lathyrus intercropping system when the crops were fertilized with 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost) Biological properties in terms of microbial population density (Azotobactor and Actinimycetes) was improved under sole lathyrus and 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost). oat + lathyrus (3:2) converted maximum gross return ( 74,975 ha-1) grown at 50 % N of RDF (inorganic) + 50 % N of RDF (vermicompost) while, B:C ratio (1.59) and profitability 653/ha/day were recorded under oat + lathyrus (3:2) at 100 % RDF as inorganic. On the basis of the findings of the experiment it may be concluded that, the fodder oat + lathyrus (3:2) grown at 50 % N of RDF as inorganic (60:40:20 kgha-1) + 50 % N through vermicompost under rice fallow will be beneficial to take maximum fodder production and monetary out come.
